Mbatata zomwe zimamera m'chigawo cha Sverdlovsk
Nyengo yathayi, mabizinesi azolimo ku dera la Sverdlovsk adalima mbatata pamalo a mahekitala 13,9 zikwi. Zokolola zambiri zidakonzedwa pa 180,4 c / ha. Kuchuluka kwa zokolola zonsezo pachaka zidakwana matani 250,7 zikwi.
Malo: 194 sq. km, kutalika kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera 307 km, kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa - 660 km.
Anthu: Anthu 4 325 256, mwa omwe 84,78% ndi okhala m'mizinda. Malo: ili kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Ural komanso m'malire ndi West Siberian lowland. Kum'mwera chakumadzulo, derali limafikira kutsetsereka chakumadzulo kwa Urals wapakati.
Nyengo: Continental, koma chifukwa cha kutalika kwa gawo m'mbali mwa makilomita opitilira 600 ndi kusiyanasiyana, nyengo zambiri zimadziwika m'derali.
M'mapiri, kutentha kwa Januware kumakhazikika pa -20 ° С kumpoto ndi -16 ° С kumwera. Kutentha kwapakati pa Julayi kumasiyana kuyambira 16 ° С kumpoto mpaka 19 ° С kumwera. Mukamachoka kumtunda ndikupita kumwera, kutentha kumawonjezeka ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi amvula kumachepa. Gawo lalikulu la zigwa lili mdera lotentha, ndipo kumwera chakum'mawa komanso mbali zina zakumwera chakumadzulo kwa derali zaikidwa kale m'dera lotentha lomwe lili ndi nyengo yabwino kwambiri yazaulimi. Nyengo ya lamba wamapiri ndiyotsika kontrakitala, ndi kutentha kotsika kwa chilimwe komanso chinyezi kuposa mapiri. Mvula yamvula yapakati pachaka ndi 350-400 mm kumwera chakum'mawa ndi 500 mm kumpoto, ndipo kumapiri akumwera chakumadzulo amapitilira 500-600 mm. Chifukwa cha nyengo iyi, nyengo yokula mchigawo cha Sverdlovsk pafupifupi masiku 130.
Mpumulo: gawo lakumadzulo kwa derali lili mkati mwa Central and Northern Urals, ndipo gawo lakummawa lili kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa West Siberian Lowland. Dera la Middle Urals limafanana ndi chigwa - kumadzulo, kutalika kwa mapiri kumayambira 300 mpaka 500 mita, ndipo kum'mawa, malowa ali ndi mpumulo wolimba ndi kukwera kwapakati pa 200 mpaka 300 mita. Malo okwera kwambiri m'derali ndi Konzhakovsky Kamen nsonga (1539 m kutalika).
Nthaka: Mitundu 35 ya dothi yapezeka m'derali - kuyambira kumapiri a tundra ndi podzolic kumpoto kwa derali kupita ku chernozems ndi chernozem-meadow kumwera. Nthaka za podzolic ndi soddy-podzolic zimakhalapo (33,2% ya nthaka yonse), dothi lakuda lakuda limafalikira kudera la 20%. Dothi loyera komanso loyera limakhala ndi 13,1%. Chernozems amapezeka m'matraketi ang'onoang'ono kumwera ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa dera. Kudera lamapiri kuli dothi lamapiri-taiga ndi phiri lamapiri.
Malo olimapo: 4082,6 ha (21,0%) ..
Mbatata ndi mbewu yofunika ku Middle Urals. Dera la Sverdlovsk kwazaka zambiri akhala ali osasunthika m'malo oyambira a mbatata khumi aku Russia.
Komabe, malinga ndi zoyambirira zaubwino wa Census wa Zaulimi wa All-Russian wa 2016 lofalitsidwa ndi Sverdlovskstat, kuyambira 2006, malo olimidwa mbatata m'derali adatsika kuchoka pa 50,3 mpaka 48,9 ha. Ziwerengero zake zimachepa makamaka chifukwa chakuchepa kwa magawo azinthu zothandizira nzika zawo.
Koma m'mabungwe akulu azilimi ndi minda nthawi yayitali, kuchuluka kwa malo omwe amapatsidwa mbatata, m'malo mwake, kudakulirakulira. Zizindikiro za Zokolola zachulukanso kwambiri: m'mafamu ogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloji amakono, ziwerengerozi masiku ano zikufanana ndi zomwe European yapeza.
Ngakhale m'zaka zina, chidwi cha chikhalidwe pakati pa opanga ulimi sichinachepe. Chifukwa chake, mu 2016, m'gawo la mafakitale m'derali, kuchepa kwa mapangidwe abzala mbatata (poyerekeza ndi 2015) adalemba ndi mahekitala chikwi chimodzi. Mafamu ambiri (makamaka ang'ono ndi apakati) anakana kugwira ntchito ndi mbewuyo, chifukwa mtengo wa mbatata unakhalabe wotsika kwambiri kwa nyengo zingapo zotsatizana.
Nyengo yathayi, m'mafamu ogulitsa a Sverdlovsk, mbatata adalimidwa pamalo a 13,9 ha. Zokolola zapakati zimakhazikitsidwa pa 180,4 c / ha. Malinga ndi zotsatira za chaka, zokolola zonse zinali zokwana matani 250,7.
Kusankha ndi KUGWIRA
Kuthandizira kwakukulu pakukonza masankhidwe ndi kupanga mbatata m'derali komanso dziko lonselo zimapangidwa ndi Federal State Budgetary Science Science Institution Ural Science Science Institute Institute of Agriculture. Pazaka zambiri, chochitika chambiri chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata. Mitundu yambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi State Record of Kukula Kukwaniritsidwa kwa Russian Federation, kuphatikiza odziwika osati odziwika okha a Ural mbatata Mayak, Otrada, Amur, Bravo, Gornyak, Lux, Start, etc.
FSBI Ural Science Science Research Institute of Agriculture inali imodzi yoyamba ku Russia kuchita zamtundu wa mitundu yake komanso mitundu yotsimikizika kwambiri: motere, kusankhidwa ndikusankhidwa malingana ndi machitidwe amtengo wapatali amachitika kwambiri. Pa tsamba loyesera pachaka amayesa mitundu yoposa 20 ya genotypes.
Kuyambira 2013, Ural Research Institute of Agriculture, limodzi ndi AIC AO Belorechensky, akhala akugwira ntchito yokhazikitsa ntchito yolumikizana ya Ural Potato Seed Breeding Center. Oposa ma ruble 100 miliyoni adayikapo kale ntchitoyi, pomwe 23 miliyoni ndi ndalama zothandizira boma.
Ntchito ya Mbewu Yobzala Mbeu ndikuchita ntchito zokulitsa mbewu: gwirani ntchito ndi mitundu 15-20 ya mbatata, yomwe 60% yake ndi mitundu ya kusankha ndi kusankha kwa Ural Research Institute, ina 40% - mitundu ya kuswana kwa Russia ndi akunja.
Pakadali pano, gawo loyamba la ntchitoyi lamalizidwa: ma labotale apamwamba kwambiri opangira michere komanso njira zofufuzira adakhazikitsidwa (Ural Potato ndi amodzi mwa malo amakono opangira zida zama labotale), malo asanu ndi amodzi omanga nyumba adamangidwa kuti azikulitsa minitubers.
Zikuyembekezeka kuti mu 2018 mayunitsi zikwi 70 adzapangidwa m'malo opangira mbewu. zomera mu vitro ndi zidutswa 560 zikwi zidapezeka. minitubers, mu 2019 - matani 200 a mbewu za "gawo loyamba", mu 2020 - matani 1400 a mbewu za gulu la "apamwamba kwambiri". Ndipo kuyambira 2021, akukonzekera kuyamba kupanga matani 10 zikwi za mbewu za "osankhika" kuti apatse opanga zaulimi mderalo ndi zigawo zina za Russia. Komanso, mbatata zogulitsidwa zimalimidwa mwachindunji m'minda (kubereka koyamba).
VESETSI YA TOPATO TOPER FGBNU "URAL NIISH"
MinER. Zoyambirira zapakatikati, perekani mpaka 62 t / ha; kukhuthala 14-19%; kuthekera kwa 4,3-4,8 mfundo; kusowa chakudya bwino (mtundu B).
Osagwirizana ndi khansa komanso golidi wozungulira wa potato nematode (RO1). Otopa kwambiri chifukwa cha vuto lakelo ndi nkhanambo.
Tchire ndi lalitali, lokongola; maluwa ndi ochulukirapo, motalika. The inflorescence ukufalikira, maluwa osiyanasiyana. Whisk ndi yoyera. Maphunziro a Berry ndi osowa komanso apamwamba.
Mizu yake ndi yozungulira, yachikaso; maso ndi ochepa; mesh peel; mnofu ndi wachikasu.
Amadziwika ndi zokolola zambiri za tuber zochepa komanso nitrate yochepa mwa iwo, komanso kukaniza chilala.
AMUR. Zoyambirira zapakatikati, perekani 48 t / ha; kukhuthala 12-14%; palatability 4,0-4,4 mfundo; digestibility yapakatikati (mtundu B).
Pewani khansa. Amakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi mochedwa choipitsa pamutu. Wofooka ndi nkhanambo wamba.
Tchire ndi lalitali, lophulika; maluwa ochepa, apafupi. Inflorescence ikufalikira. Corolla kuwala utoto. Maphunziro a Berry ndi osowa.
The tubers ndi chowulungika, ofiira; mawonekedwe amiyendo, maso ang'ono; peel ndiyosalala; mnofu ndi wachikasu, osati wakuda pakuphika.
Amasiyanitsidwa ndi oyambirira tuberization ndikuchulukitsa mwachangu kwa mbewuyo mu theka loyambirira lakumakula, msika wokwera komanso mawonekedwe okongola.
Bravo. Zoyambirira zapakatikati, perekani mpaka 57 t / ha; kukhuthala 12-14%; palatability 4,0-4,2 mfundo; kusowa chakudya bwino (mtundu B).
Osagwirizana ndi khansa komanso golidi wozungulira wa potato nematode (RO1). Amakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi mochedwa choipitsa pamutu. Wofooka ndi nkhanambo wamba.
Tchire ndi lalitali, lophulika; maluwa ochepa, apafupi. Mtundu wa inflorescence ndi wophatikiza. Corolla kuwala utoto. Mapangidwe a Berry ndi osowa.
Tubers ndi ozungulira, ofiira; maso ndi ochepa; peel ndiyosalala; mnofu ndi wachikasu, osati wakuda pakuphika.
Zosiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wowonjezera, wokhala ndi zipatso zambiri, ndipo amalimbana ndi chilala.
LUX. Oyambirira, perekani mpaka 49 t / ha; kukhuthala 13%; palatability 17,0-4,2 mfundo; kusowa chakudya bwino (mtundu B).
Osagwirizana ndi khansa komanso golidi wozungulira wopanga mbatata nematode (RO1). Modekha kugonjetsedwa ndi mochedwa choipitsa. Wofooka ndi nkhanambo wamba.
Tchire ndi lotsika, limamera; maluwa ndi ofooka, osakhalitsa. Mtundu wa inflorescence ndi wophatikiza. Corolla kuwala utoto. Mapangidwe a Berry ndi osowa.
The tubers ndi okwera chowulungika, ofiira; mawonekedwe amiyendo, maso ang'ono; peel ndiyosalala; mnofu ndi wachikasu, osati wakuda pakuphika.
Zimasiyana mu mkulu oyambirira zipatso, masanjidwe a tubers; mawonekedwe okongola. Kumvera kuyambitsa mkulu Mlingo wa mchere feteleza.
Start. Oyambirira, zokolola mpaka 50 t / ha; kukhuthala 13-17,7%; palatability 3,9-4,6 mfundo; digestibility yapakatikati (mtundu B).
Osagwirizana ndi khansa komanso cyst-kupanga potato nematode (RO1). Wofooka chifukwa chakumapeto kwa masamba. Yapakatikati yolimbana ndi nkhanambo wamba. Kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa ma virus Y, X, S, M, L.
Tchire ndi lalitali, lophulika; maluwa ndi ambiri, maluwa angapo. Corolla red-violet. Kupanga kwa Berry kuli pafupifupi.
Tubers ndi ozungulira, ofiira; maso ndi ochepa, ofiira; peel ndiyosalala; mnofu ndi wachikasu.
Amasiyanitsidwa ndi zokolola zambiri zoyambirira zomwe zimagulitsidwa, zikuluzikulu; zambiri za vitamini C (26 mg /%).
KUMASULIRA
Chisamaliro chochuluka chimaperekedwa ku bungwe losungirako masamba ndi mbatata m'derali: storages amakono amalola alimi kupatsa nzika zam'deralo zinthu wamba zakomweko kufikira nyengo yotsatira.
Mu 2014, chigawo chinakhazikitsa pulogalamu yachigawo yopanga masamba ogulitsa masamba. Kwa zaka ziwiri zagwirira ntchitoyi m'derali, mafiriji osungira masamba a Ural okhala ndi matani 27 adamangidwa.
Lero, kupezeka kwa malo ogulitsa masamba kudera la Sverdlovsk kufika 84%.
KUPhunzitsa SYSTEM
Kuphunzitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito pamakampani omwe akukula mbatata mdera la Sverdlovsk kumachitika ku yunivesite yayikulu kwambiri m'chigawochi - Ural State Agrarian University (Ural State Agrarian University). Kwa zaka 78 zakugwira ntchito, Ural State Agrarian University yaphunzitsa akatswiri opitilira makumi atatu ndi awiri pafupifupi pafupifupi nthambi zonse za mafakitale.
Masiku ano, ophunzira oposa 7 omwe amaphunzira ku yunivesiteyo, mapulogalamu akuchitika mmadera 32 akukonzekera maphunziro apamwamba, komanso magawo 9 a maphunziro apamwamba.
Kulemba ntchito chaka choyamba kumachitika m'malo a bajeti okwanira 947 (mu 2018, kulembedwa ntchito zapadera monga uinjiniya waulimi, mankhwala a Chowona Zanyama, ntchito za ziweto, kasamalidwe ka malo ndi ma cadastres, ndi zina zambiri) zidakulitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, chaka chino magawo a omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ntchito zamtunda adakula (kuchoka pa 30% mpaka 50%). Chifukwa chake, Unduna wa Zaulimi mdera lino ukukonzekera "kukulitsa" akatswiri omwe ali osowa kwambiri kumidzi ndikuthandizanso anthu omwe akuchita ntchito zaulimi.
Pa Ogasiti 22-23, ku Sverdlovsk Region (mudzi wa Kochnevskoye, Chigawo cha Beloyarsky), pamaziko a Belorechensky Agricultural Combine, Tsiku Lonse la Russia Potato Field likhala likuchitika, lomwe, monga okonza akukhulupirira, lidzakhala tchuthi kwa onse omwe amalima mbatata mdziko muno.
Nkhani zake zidakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zama media komanso magawo onse.