Kukula kwa mbatata ku Tajikistan, komwe kupitilira 90% ya gawo ili ndi mapiri, kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zina. Komabe, opanga zaulimi agwirizana ndi nyengo ndi malo mwa kuphatikiza njira zogwirira ntchito za makolo awo ndi matekinoloje apamwamba. Zotsatira zake, gawo laling'ono likupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kupambana kwake kumayendetsedwa ndi ndondomeko yaulimi ya akuluakulu aboma.
Kufikira mwayi watsopano
Masiku ano, mbatata imabzalidwa m'magawo onse a Republic of Tajikistan, okhala ndi madera ang'onoang'ono pamafamu apawokha: kuchokera pa mahekitala 0,1 mpaka 0,5. Ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha chakudya cha anthu akumaloko, mbewu ya tuber iyi idayamba kutchedwa mkate wachiwiri. Ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwa, kulima mbatata kwakhala gawo limodzi lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mbewu.
"Kuyambira 2018, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zokolola," akutero mkulu wa labotale ya genetics ndi kuswana mbewu ku Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetics ya National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Sayansi, Pulofesa RAE Kurbonali Partoev. - Koma kukula makamaka chifukwa cha kukula kwa kubzala malo. Njira yokulirapo ya ulimi ndi yosagwira ntchito, makamaka m'madera otentha komanso opanda nthaka yothirira. Choncho, asayansi ndi alimi adzafunika kupeza mipata yatsopano kulimbikitsa ulimi posachedwapa.
Zokolola zapakati pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi zasiyana pakati pa 21,8-22,3 t/ha, ndipo dera lomwe lili pansi pake lawonjezeka kuchoka pa 41 kufika pa mahekitala 57. Pakadali pano, 6% ya minda yonse yothirira ku Tajikistan imakhala ndi mbatata. Chaka chilichonse dziko limatulutsa matani pakati pa 1-1,1 miliyoni, pomwe matani 130 ndi mbewu.
"Kuchepa kwa mbatata za chakudya ndi matani 15-18 pachaka," akutero Wachiwiri kwa Director General wa Bokhtar Sozanda LLC, woimira Agribusiness Association kudera la Khatlon, woyimira sayansi yaulimi. sayansi Safarali Oripov. - Pakalipano, tikupangira zoperewerazo kudzera muzopereka zokhazikika zochokera kumayiko ena, mwachitsanzo, Pakistan, Russia, Belarus. Koma ndikofunikira kupanga zopanga zathu kuti titsimikizire chitetezo cha chakudya cha dziko lathu.
Izi makamaka
Kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri m'zigawo, mbewu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yakucha zimakula. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha Khatlon - mbatata yoyambirira, m'chigwa cha Gissar ndi Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region - chakumapeto koyambirira, m'chigawo cha Tajikabad - mochedwa.
"Mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi Picasso, Tajikistan, Big Rose, Red Scarlett, Gala, Cosmos," akutero. Safarali Oripov. - Alimi amafunikiranso mitundu yosankhidwa yachi Dutch ndi Germany komanso omwe amawetedwa ndi asayansi athu kutengera akunja. Komanso mitundu yopangidwa mogwirizana ndi oweta a International Potato Center ochokera ku Peru.
“Ndakhala ndikulima mbewu za mbatata za mtundu wa Rasht, Tajikistan, Faizabad kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi,” akutero mkulu wa famuyo. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. - Malo onse omwe amalimidwa ndi mahekitala asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo palinso mitundu ina isanu ya chimanga ndi mitundu itatu ya nyemba zomwe zikupanga. Polima timagulu ting'onoting'ono, alimi nthawi zambiri amasankha mbewu za nyemba zomwe zimawonjezera nthaka ndi nayitrogeni kuti mbeu zizisintha.
M'madera omwe ali ndi nyengo yotentha, kuphatikizapo Rasht Valley, Shahristan dera ndi Kukhistoni Mastchokh (Mountain Mastcha), zokolola zambiri zimawonedwa. Alimi otsogola omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo amenewa amasonkhanitsa matani ofikira 45-50 a tubers pa hekitala iliyonse.
"Zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndinalima mbatata m'chigawo cha Vanj m'chigawo cha Republic kudera la mahekitala pafupifupi anayi," akukumbukira motero mlimi wakale, wamkulu wa mapulogalamu achitukuko ku Aga Khan Foundation. Imatbek Nikhmonov. - Pafamu yanga, zokonda zidaperekedwa ku mitundu ya Tajik, Russian, European, Pakistani, ndipo zokolola zambiri zinali kuyambira matani 35 mpaka 40 pa hekitala.
Mbatata zoyambilira, zomwe timapeza kumwera kwa dzikolo,” akufotokoza motero Safarali Oripov, - yobzalidwa mu December ndikukolola mu May. Mu Ogasiti, kubzalanso kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mbande zomwe zidakula kale mu greenhouses. Izi zimapangitsa kukumba mbatata isanayambe chisanu. Koma m’madera a m’munsi ndi m’mapiri, alimi amakolola mbewu imodzi yokha ya tubers
Makampani owonjezera kutentha akukula ku Tajikistan, ndikutengapo gawo mwachindunji kwa alimi a mbatata. Filimu yapadera yomwe amaphimba nayo minda yawo imawathandiza kuteteza mbande ku mame ochuluka a m'mawa ndi mvula yamkuntho. Nthawi zambiri, opanga amasunga mbewu pansi pafilimu mpaka kukolola, kotero kukumba ma tubers kumayamba masiku 10-12 m'mbuyomu.
Abulu, ng'ombe, ngalande zothirira
Mubizinesi yaulimi kumayiko aku Central Asia, gawo la ntchito yamanja ndilokwera kwambiri. Ndipo chifukwa chake si nthawi zonse kukwera mtengo kwa makina ndi mayunitsi.
"Mafamu ambiri m'dzikoli amapatsidwa zida zamitundu yonse kuchokera kwa opanga otsogola," akutsimikizira Safarali Oripov. - Chifukwa cha thandizo la boma, ndondomeko yobwereketsa zaulimi imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Mukabzala, makina opangidwa ku Europe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka, ndipo opangidwa ku Russia akakolola. Kumapiri, kumene kuli madera ang'onoang'ono komanso kumene zipangizo zamakono sizingafike, makina ang'onoang'ono amateteza tsikulo. Koma nthawi zambiri mbewuyo imabzalidwa ndikukumbidwa ndi manja, ndipo kulima mizere yotalikirana kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi akavalo.
“Ntchito zonse kupatulapo kulima,” akutsimikizira mkulu wa famuyo Mulloidi Safarov, - timayimba mothandizidwa ndi ziweto: abulu, ng'ombe ndi akavalo. M'madera amapiri sikutheka kugwiritsa ntchito njira. Koma njira zathu n’zotetezeka ku chilengedwe ndipo zimatithandiza kusunga dothi lomwe lili ndi minyewa.
"Monga zaka 100 zapitazo, alimi a Tajik amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito yamanja," akuwonjezera Dzhumabek Abdulloev. - Kulima munda wawung'ono sikovuta komanso kumatenga nthawi. Ngakhale sitingakane zida zazing'ono zamakono zomwe zidasinthidwa malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri.
“M’dera la Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, mathirakitala nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima, kuvutitsa ndi kulima pakati pa mizere,” akufotokoza motero. Imatbek Nikhmonov. - Ndipo panthawi yobzala ndi kukolola, ng'ombe zogwira ntchito zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga momwe makolo athu ankachitira kale.
Mbatata ku Tajikistan amalimidwa mothirira. Komabe, zida zamakono zothirira sizimayikidwa kawirikawiri m'mafamu. Izi zimachitika makamaka ndi opanga akuluakulu komanso olemera. Monga lamulo, madzi amayenda m'minda ndi mphamvu yokoka, kudzera mumtsinje womwe unakumbidwa kale - ngalande. Ndipo ngati palibe matupi amadzi pafupi, alimi amabowola zitsime ndikupopa madzi kuchokera kuya kwa 60-80 metres.
Sayansi ndi machitidwe
M'dziko la Republic, madera omwe amaperekedwa kuti abzale mitundu yatsopano ya mbewu akukulira chaka chilichonse. Pogwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe chawo, ogwira ntchito ku Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetics ya National Academy of Sciences ya Tajikistan akuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino. Mitundu yopikisana yopikisana Faizabad, Rasht, Tajikistan, Zarina, Ovchi, Shukrona, Nurinisso, Surkhob, AN-1, Muhabbat ndi ena adayambitsidwa kale pamsika.
“Boma lathu lavomereza mndandanda wamakampani opanga mbewu omwe amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi asayansi,” akutero Safarali Oripov.- Opambana apamwamba ndi osankhika amakula m'minda ya Institute, ndiye zinthuzo zimasamutsidwa ku minda yambewu m'madera osiyanasiyana, kumene imafalitsidwa mpaka kubereka koyamba.
Akuluakulu a dziko lino amapereka chithandizo kwa olima mbewu. Chaka chilichonse, mbewu za mbatata zimagulidwa kuchokera ku bajeti ndikugawidwa kudzera mu Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Republican pakati pa mafamu apadera. Ndipo kokha kumapeto kwa nyengo, pambuyo pa kukolola, amabwezera ngongole ku boma ndi katundu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zokolola zonse kuti agulitse ndi zosowa zawo.
“Pafupifupi 90% ya mbewu zimabzalidwa kudera lamapiri la Republic,” akutero Kurbonali Partoev. - Pamtunda wa 1,8 mpaka mamita zikwi zitatu pamwamba pa nyanja, matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitimapezeka konse. Mwachitsanzo, dera la Kuhistoni Mastchokh limakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zopangira mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri.
Sungani kapena gulitsani
Vuto losunga mbewu likukulirakulira m'malo otentha, koma alimi a mbatata am'deralo amapeza njira yothanirana ndi vutoli ndi ndalama zochepa.
“M’zigawo za dziko la Republic, kumene madera aakulu kwambiri amakhala ndi mbewu, phindu la olima limakhala lalikulu,” akufotokoza mmene zinthu zinalili. Imatbek Nikhmonov. "Izi zikutanthauza kuti atha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pomanga malo osungirako zinthu zamakono, mwachitsanzo, polumikizana m'mabungwe a alimi." Ndipo m'madera amapiri amagwiritsabe ntchito nyumba zosungiramo agogo akale, zomwe zimatha kusunga matani 10-15 azinthu.
"Malo anga osungira mbatata ali pansi, mozama mamita awiri, ndipo amatha kusunga matani asanu ndi atatu a mbatata," akugawana zomwe adakumana nazo. Mulloidi Safarov. - Kumanga kwake sikunafune ndalama zazikulu, ndipo zinali zotheka kupanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotetezera tubers.
“Ndimasunga bwino mbatata zokololedwa m’chipinda chapansi,” iye akutero. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. "Ndi kuchuluka kwathu komwe timapanga, nyumba zosungiramo katundu zazikulu sizifunika, ndipo palibe chifukwa chowonongera ndalama popanga.
Mbatata amagulitsidwa makamaka mothandizidwa ndi amkhalapakati. Mafamu apakati ndi akulu, ngati angafune, amagulitsa gawo la zokolola kwa ogula kapena kuzipereka ku malo ogulitsa.
"Alimi alibe nthawi yokhala pa kauntala," akutero Safarali Oripov. "Ogulitsa amabwera kwa iwo, amatenga mbatata m'munda mochuluka ndikugulitsa kudzera munjira zawozawo zambiri. Kumbali imodzi, opanga amataya gawo la phindu lawo, komano, amachotsa zoopsa zomwe zimatsagana ndi njira yosungiramo zinthu.
Kulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu
Mothandizidwa ndi akuluakulu a Tajikistan, ntchito yambiri ikuchitika m'dzikoli pa ulimi wobiriwira. Dongosolo lamalamulo lomwe limatengedwa pamlingo wapamwamba limatanthauzira momveka bwino mayendedwe ake.
"Pang'onopang'ono tikusiya chemistry m'mawonekedwe ake onse," akutero Safarali Oripov. - Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa microbiological mdziko muno kukukulirakulira. Gawo lazinthu zoteteza zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zikuchepa. Pochepetsa kuthekera kwa zotsatira zoyipa kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe, alimi akuchoka pakulima minda ya thirakitala ndi ndege. Cholinga chachikulu cha ndondomeko yotereyi ndikupeza zinthu zaulimi zotetezeka komanso zotetezeka.
"Polima mbatata, ndimayesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamba," akutero Mulloidi Safarov. - Ndimadzikonzera ndekha kompositi yapadera. Ndipo pakati pa feteleza wamchere, nitroammophoska yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiyeno pang'ono kwambiri.
Njira imeneyi imapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yachonde komanso zokolola. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito organic, mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba zimacha masiku 8-10 pasadakhale, kukoma kwawo, alumali komanso kuyenda bwino..
Zochita zazikuludi zikubwera. Ndipo alimi a mbatata aku Tajik akuyenera kulimbikira kuti gawoli lifike pamlingo wina.
"Ndikudya mbatata pachaka pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 92 pa munthu aliyense, dziko liyenera kupanga matani opitilira miliyoni miliyoni pachaka," akutero. Kurbonali Partoev, - Choncho, m'tsogolomu akukonzekera kukulitsa malo omwe amalimidwa mpaka mahekitala 60 ndikuonjezera zokolola zambiri mpaka matani 23-25 pa hekitala. Kuti athane ndi mavutowa, alimi ayenera kulimbikira kwambiri kuyambitsa umisiri wamakono ndi njira zaulimi zapamwamba, kugwirizana ndi sayansi ndi kuyesetsa mosalekeza za ubwino wa zokolola zawo.
Irina Berg