India ili pamalo achiwiri padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa China pankhani yopanga mbatata. Malinga ndi tsamba la Statista.com, pafupifupi matani 2023 miliyoni adakololedwa mdziko muno mu 59,74, omwe ndi matani opitilira 2022 miliyoni kuposa mu XNUMX.
Amalankhula za momwe amwenye amakwanitsira kukwaniritsa zotsatirazi. Rajveer Singh (Rajvir Singh), Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa KF Biotech Pvt Ltd.
Malingaliro a kampani KF Biotech Pvt Limited ndi bizinesi yayikulu ya agro-biotechnological, gawo la gulu lamakampani la Kapur.
Ili ndi magawo awiri, imodzi imagwira ntchito yopanga mbatata yapamwamba kwambiri, yachiwiri - popanga zinthu zobzala nthochi.
Chaka chilichonse kampaniyo imapereka msika ndi pafupifupi matani 50 zikwi za mbatata.
KF Biotech Pvt Ltd ili ndi malo odzipatulira, opangira zatsopano omwe ali ku Bangalore, likulu la biotechnology ku India. Magawo ambewu amakhazikika m'chigawo cha Punjab, m'dera lopanda tizilombo tofunika kukhala kwaokha.
Kuchokera ku mbiri
Amakhulupirira kuti mbatata idabweretsedwa ku India ndi amalinyero aku Portugal koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17. Kufalikira kwa chikhalidwechi kudathandizidwa ndi British East India Company: Amalonda achingerezi adalimbikitsa ndikulimbikitsa kulima ndikudya mbatata pakati pa anthu akumidzi. Kampaniyo inapereka ngakhale msonkho wapaulendo. Zoyesayesa za atsamunda zidapindula, ndipo mbatata idaphatikizidwa mosavuta muzakudya zaku India.
Amwenye amakonda mbatata mwanjira iliyonse - yokazinga, yophika, yophika. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chofunikira pakudzaza ma pie otchuka kwambiri a samosa mdziko muno; amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokhwasula-khwasula za aloo tikki, Calcutta biryani ndi mbale zina zambiri.
Kukula kwa kupanga
Malinga ndi FAO, pakati pa 1960 ndi 2000, mbatata ku India idakwera pafupifupi 850%, mwina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu olemera akumatauni. M'zaka za m'ma 90, kudya kwa mbatata kwa munthu kunakwera kuchokera pa 12 mpaka 17 kg pachaka.
Koma kupindula kwa zotsatira za mbiri kunali chifukwa cha kukula kwa madera osati kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola.
Kukula Zinthu
Mbatata imabzalidwa m'maboma 23 ku India, koma zokolola zambiri (pafupifupi 74%) zimakhazikika ku Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal ndi Bihar.
Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbewu zonse za mbatata mdziko muno zimakololedwa ku Uttar Pradesh, komwe kuli nyengo yabwino, nthaka yachonde komanso ntchito zaulimi zambiri.
Nyengo ya madera ambiri a dzikolo imalola kukolola mbatata imodzi yokha pachaka. Kupatulapo ndi ku Punjab, komwe mbali zina alimi amakolola mbewu ziwiri, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi boma likuletsa mchitidwewu.
Mbatata nthawi zambiri amalimidwa mosinthana ndi mbewu zina, nthawi zambiri mpunga ndi tirigu.
Kubzala mbatata nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Novembala, kukolola kuyambira February mpaka Marichi.
Kukula kwapakati pa famu ya mbatata ndi maekala 5 mpaka 10 (pafupifupi mahekitala 2,025 mpaka 4,05). Koma mbewuyi imabzalidwanso ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu azaulimi.
Alimi akuluakulu ku Punjab amagwiritsa ntchito makina obzala ndi kukolola, pomwe m'maboma ngati West Bengal ndi Bihar ntchito zonse zaulimi zimachitidwa pamanja.
Pa ulimi wothirira, alimi amagwiritsa ntchito zitsime zawo, komanso madzi a m'ngalande zothirira. M'maboma ena ngati Gujarat, mbatata imabzalidwa ndi ulimi wothirira.
Mitundu ya mbatata
Alimi amalima makamaka mitundu ya matebulo aku India opangidwa ndi Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute).
Kuti mudziwe: Central Potato Research Institute ili ku Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Zolinga za bungweli zikuphatikiza kuchita kafukufuku wofunikira, waluso komanso wogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika, zokolola, komanso mtundu wa mbatata; kupeza mbewu zathanzi zamitundu yopangidwa ndi bungweli.
Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu ndikokulirakulira; m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, zatsopano 65 zidapangidwa, zomwe 33 zimagonjetsedwa ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana za biotic ndi abiotic, ndipo zisanu ndi zitatu ndizoyenera kukonza mafakitale. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu 23 pakadali pano imatenga 95% ya malo obzala mbatata mdziko muno.
Zokonda pakati pa Amwenye posankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mtundu wa khungu, mtundu wa zamkati) zimasiyana malinga ndi dera. Chifukwa chake, ku West Bengal, anthu amakonda mbatata zofiira, pomwe m'maiko ena, mbatata zoyera zokhala ndi thupi loyera kapena lopepuka.
Ena mwa otchuka kwambiri mdziko muno ndi Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Chipsona, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Jawahar ndi ena. Pali mitundu yapadera yopangira: K Frysona, K Chipsona 1, K Chipsona 2, K Chipsona 3 ndi K Fryom, ndi zina.
Makampani abizinesi akubweretsanso mitundu yakunja kumsika waku India.
Njira zatsopano zoswana
Mu 2010, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala ochokera ku National Plant Genome Research Institute ku New Delhi adalengeza za kupangidwa kwa mbatata zosinthidwa chibadwa zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni 60% kuposa ma tubers wamba.
Opangawo adagwiritsa ntchito jini ya AmA1 kuchokera ku chomera cha amaranth, chomwe chadyedwa kwazaka zambiri ku Central America ndi Asia. Asayansiwa adawona kuti adakumana ndi ntchito yopeza mapuloteni otsika mtengo, chifukwa nyemba, nsomba kapena soya ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa mbatata.
Kumapeto kwa 2023, Minister of Biotechnology of India, Dr. Manju Sharma, adatsimikiza kuti zotsatira za zaka zitatu zakuyesa mbatata zokhala ndi mapuloteni ochulukirapo zinali zolimbikitsa kwambiri ndipo chida chatsopanocho chitha kuvomerezedwa kuti chibzalidwe posachedwa. m'tsogolo.
Koma ndondomekoyi ili ndi otsutsa okwanira. Otsutsa amanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata zosinthidwa chibadwa kudzanyalanyaza magwero a zakudya zomanga thupi ndipo motero kumawonjezera kuperewera kwa zakudya zofunika kwambiri.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti dziko la India silinavomereze kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zosinthidwa chibadwa m'dzikoli. M'mbuyomu mu 2023, boma linakana kupereka matani masauzande angapo a soya osinthidwa chibadwa kuchokera ku United States.
Kusungirako ndi kugulitsa mbatata
Akakolola, alimi ang'onoang'ono amagulitsa mbatata m'misika yamasamba kapena kuipereka kumalo okonza. Monga lamulo, mbatata zimagulitsidwa ngati "zonyansa"; opanga ochepa okha amanyamula zinthuzo asanazigulitse ku masitolo akuluakulu.
Opanga akuluakulu amaika zinthu zawo posungira. Malo osungira mbatata okhala ndi firiji amakulolani kuti musunge katundu wapamwamba kwambiri kwa miyezi 10-12. Avereji mphamvu ya kusunga mbatata ndi 5 zikwi matani.
Zomwe zikuchitika popereka malo osungirako zakhala zikuyenda bwino m'zaka zaposachedwa, popeza malo osungiramo zinthu zatsopano zamakono akumangidwa mwachangu m'malo akuluakulu opanga mbatata.
Mavuto a olima mbatata
Alimi ku India amakumana ndi mavuto ofanana ndi alimi a m’mayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi. Makampaniwa akukumana ndi kusowa kwa mbatata yabwino pamtengo wotsika mtengo. Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu kumayamba chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa matenda (kuchedwa choipitsa, bacteria wilt, nkhanambo, mizu yowola) ndi tizirombo (cyst nematodes).
Koma chinthu chachikulu ndikuti phindu la kupanga mbatata likugwa. Pazaka 20 zapitazi, mtengo wolima mbewu wakwera kawiri, koma mitengo yomaliza sinasinthe. Zinthu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri m’zaka zomwe, chifukwa cha nyengo yabwino, alimi amalandira zokolola zambiri.
Mapologalamu a boma kwa alimi
Boma limapatsa alimi thandizo lalikulu popanga machitidwe amthirira, amalipira pang'ono mtengo wamagetsi ndi feteleza, amapereka thandizo la ndalama panthawi yakukula kwambiri, amalimbikitsa opanga kuti atumize katundu wawo powalipira ndalama zoyendera, etc. Pali chithandizo chapadera mapulogalamu a alimi omwe akuchita ulimi wa organic
Kubwezeretsanso
Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90s, kukonza mbatata mdziko muno kunalibe chitukuko. Kenako, ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito kwamabizinesi amitundu yonse komanso kuwonekera kwa osewera am'deralo pamsika, bizinesiyo idayamba mwachangu ndikuwonetsa kukula kwakukulu pazaka 10. Pakadali pano, 6 mpaka 8% ya mbatata yonse ku India imakonzedwa. Ndipo zinthu zopangidwa (tchipisi, zokazinga za ku France) zikukula kwambiri mdziko muno, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata.
Ku India kuli mafakitale akuluakulu amakampani otchuka padziko lonse lapansi monga McCain, Hyfun, Funwave, Pepsico. Amatulutsa zopangira kuchokera kumadera onse omwe amalima mbatata monga Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal.
Kumapeto kwa 2023, PepsiCo adalengeza za kuyamba kwa ntchito yomanga chomera chatsopano chopanga tchipisi ta Lay ku India. Ndalama zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pamalo opangira, zomwe zizikhala m'boma la Assam, zitha kufika pafupifupi $95 miliyoni.
Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga zinthu za mbatata, zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira nthawi zonse, zimathandiziranso pakukula kwa kukonza. Mwachitsanzo, makeke a mbatata opyapyala ndi kukoma kwa tchipisi adawonekera pamsika.
Kutumiza kunja
India imatumiza mbatata kumayiko osiyanasiyana monga Russia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Turkey, Senegal, Bangladesh ndi Nepal.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zopangira mbatata zimaperekedwa kunja. Tiyeni titenge zokazinga za ku France monga chitsanzo. Kale mu 2007, India pachaka idatumiza matani 6 azinthu izi, ndipo mu 2019 dzikolo lidatumiza kale matani 30 a mbatata yoziziritsa. Masiku ano, India imapereka zochuluka zazinthuzi ku Philippines. India imatumizanso tchipisi ta mbatata, makamaka ku Japan ndi Middle East.
Kulima mbatata ku India kumabweretsa zovuta zambiri, koma akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti mbewuyo ikhalabe yopindulitsa komanso yopindulitsa kwa alimi. Chinsinsi cha izi ndi chitukuko chogwira ntchito cha gawo lokonzekera. Dzikoli likuwona chiwonjezeko chokhazikika cha kufunikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mbatata, ndipo motsutsana ndi izi, tsogolo lake likuwoneka bwino.