Dera la Saratov lili kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe mbali ya Russia, kumpoto kwa dera Lower Volga. Kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa, gawo limafalikira 575 km, kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera - kwa 330 km.
Chiwerengero cha anthu kuderali malinga ndi State Statistics Committee of Russia ndi anthu 2. (496). Gawo la anthu akumidzi ndi 552%. Dera la Saratov mwachikhalidwe limakhala dera laulimi. Potengera kuchuluka kwa zopangidwa kuchokera kuulimi, dera limakhala la 2014th pakati pa zigawo za Russia.
Chigawo chonse cha nthaka yaulimi (pamitundu yonse) ndi mahekitala 8417,6 zikwi. Gawo la minda yomwe yabzalidwa ndi 45%.
Nyengo m'derali ndiyotentha kwambiri: nyengo yotentha yayitali, masiku ambiri ndi kutentha kuposa 30 ° C. Zima ndi kuzizira, masika ndi achidule. Dzinja silimasiyana chaka ndi chaka nyengo yanthawi zonse. Chipinda chokhazikika cha matalala chimakhazikika kumadera akumpoto pofika Novembala 25, komanso zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi kumwera - kuyambira Novembala 29 mpaka Disembala 8.
Ogulitsa mbatata pakufunika kwake amadziwika kuti ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pantchito yolima mdera la Volga. Dothi komanso nyengo yam'madera a Saratov nthawi zambiri imakhala yabwino polima mbatata, yomwe imatsimikizira kufunika kwachuma mderali. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwakukulu kwachitika mu mbatata zomwe zikukula m'derali m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje opanga mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zochepa zomwe zapangitsa kuti kupanga mbatata kukhala okwera mtengo kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, malo olimidwa pansi pa mbatata ndi magawo ake opanga achepa kwambiri pagulu la anthu. Chifukwa chake, gawo lamabizinesi azamalimi ndi K (F) X pakupanga mbatata m'chigawo cha Saratov lidatsika kuchoka pa 22% mu 1990 mpaka 5% mu 2012.
Zinthu zomwe zidachitika pakadali pano sizinakhudze kupezeka kwa mbatata kwa anthu akumatauni, makamaka nthawi yozizira-kasupe, komwe kunayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa malonda, kunapangitsa kuchepa kwa mpikisano wa mbatata zam'deralo poyerekeza ndi zinthu kuchokera ku Penza, Tambov, Voronezh zigawo ndi madera ena apafupi a Russia, komanso ochokera kwina .
Kukula kwa zinthu
Ngakhale zovuta, zotsatirazi zikuthandizira kukulitsa mbatata m'derali:
- kudya mbatata mwachikhalidwe ndi anthu;
- nyengo zabwino zachilengedwe ndi nyengo zambiri mderali;
- chonde chambiri cha dothi la chernozem ku Right Bank, kumpoto ndi pakati pa Left Bank, komwe kuli kotheka kupanga mbatata zokhazikika zothirira;
- chitukuko cha zomangamanga ndi zidziwitso;
- kupezeka kwa kulumikizana kwothandizidwa ndi asayansi pamakampaniwa kuchokera ku All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming (VNIIKH, Moscow Region), "Saratov GAU im. NI Vavilov ”, Institute of Agriculture ya South-East ndi Penza Research Institute of Agriculture;
- kukhazikitsa ntchito yayikulu yopanga ndalama ndikupititsa patsogolo njira yosungira mbatata (mu Okutobala 2012, mgwirizano udasainidwa ndi kampani ya Malino, yomwe ikugwira ntchito yopanga matekinoloje amakono a mbatata zomwe zikukula m'malo ambiri a Russia);
- njira zothandiza zothandizira boma la mbatata kuchokera ku bajeti.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, m'makampani olima ndi K (F) X, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zokolola za mbatata poyerekeza ndi minda yapakhomo (tebulo). Komabe, malo obzalidwa si akulu - mu 2012, m'mabizinesi azolimo m'derali, mbatata zimalimidwa kudera la mahekitala 0,5 zikwi ndipo mu K (F) X - pa mahekitala 0,7 zikwi. M'minda isanu yokha yomwe munafesa mbatata panali mahekitala opitilira 50 (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC, dera la Krasnokutsk, famu ya Rubin m'boma la Bazarno-Karabulaksky, VIT LLC, famu ya PY Shherenko ndi famu ya M.P. Kryuchkova) . "Chigawo cha Engels). Mu 2013, opitilira 35 opangira zazikulu, zapakatikati ndi zazing'ono adachita kulima mbatata mdera la Saratov. Nthawi yomweyo m'minda isanu ndi itatu, mbatata idapitilira mahekitala 50.
Kupititsa patsogolo kwachulukidwe kwa mbatata kuyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chopatsa anthu akumatauni a m'derali zinthu zabwino, makamaka nyengo yachisanu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata panthawiyi, kutengera mankhwala abwino (95 makilogalamu pachaka), kumatha kupitilira matani 60,0 miliyoni. Kuchulukitsa matani 10 mpaka 20 a mbatata ku dziko lino, gawo lalikulu lomwe limatha kupangidwa m'mafamu a mbatata am'deralo. Chofunikanso kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata yomwe ikula m'derali liyenera kukhala dongosolo la momwe lingasungire, kukonzanso ndi kugulitsa.
Nkhani Zosungirako
M'misika yamakono, ndikofunikira kuti musangotulutsa mbatata zapamwamba zokha, komanso kuti muzitha kuzisunga mpaka mbewu yatsopano, ipangitse malonda ake kuti awoneke, agulitsidwe zikuluzikulu kuti awonetsetse kuti mabungwe ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa onse atuluka. Izi zitha kuchitika pokhapokha pokhazikitsa njira yosungira komanso kukonza.
Pakadali pano, mulibe malo osungira mbatata apadera okwanira mdera lokhala ndi njira zamagetsi, mpweya wabwino komanso njira zowongolera nyengo. Mbatata zimasungidwa makamaka m'masitolo ogulitsa masamba kapena malo ogulitsa akale. Malo akuluakulu osungira mbatata amakono ali mu "Shherenko P.Yu." ndi KFH "Kryuchkova M.P." Chigawo cha Engels.
Opanga mbatata ali ndi matani 10 osungirako mbatata mwachindunji. Tiyenera kutsimikizira kuti malo osungira amagawidwa mosasiyanitsa pakati pa opanga: 12 mwa 35 akuluakulu, apakatikati ndi ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga mbatata ali nawo.
Ndizachidziwikire kuti malo osungira omwe alipo alipo osakwanira kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zakonzedwa. Kupanga kwa nkhokwe zatsopano kumapanikizika ndi mtengo wokwera pomanga. Mtengo wa kusungira mbatata ndi voliyumu ya 1,5-2 zikwi matani ukufika 11-12 miliyoni ruble, ndi voliyumu ya matani 3-3,5 zikwi - 22-23 miliyoni ruble.
Palibe mabizinesi oyendetsera mbatata m'derali omwe angathandize alimi kuti azigulitsa bwino malonda, monga momwe zilili ku Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, France, USA ndi mayiko ena.
Thandizo la boma
Kuti apange mbatata yomwe ikukula mchaka cha 2013, pulogalamu yotsogola idapangidwa "Kuchulukitsa kupanga mbatata m'chigawo cha Saratov cha 2013-2015". Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pulogalamuyi kumapangitsa kuti mbatata yowonjezera mbatata yolimidwa mwa njira zamakono zamatekinoloje, kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ndi kupanga kwakukulu kwa zinthu zamatumbo, kupanga kwatsopano ndiukadaulo m'mafamu a mbatata, ndikupanga ntchito zina.
Mu 2013-2015, Boma la Chigawo cha Saratov likukonzekera kuthandiza mabungwe azolimo ndi K (F) X omwe amapanga kupanga mbatata pogula makina ndi zida, mbewu ndi feteleza wamafuta, zomwe ziziwonetsetsa kuti kukolola kwakukulu kwa mbatata pofika 2015 poyerekeza ndi 2012 ndi 2013 zaka ndi 1,9 ndi 1,5 nthawi, motsatana.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa magawo azinthu zothandizira boma kuti mbatata zikulire ndikukula kwa bajeti ya dera la Saratov zithandizira kukulitsa kukopa kwa msika uno kwa mabizinesi aulimi ndi K (F) X.
1. Kuyambitsa kugawa mbatata m'derali mwakugwiritsa ntchito, kutsegulira kagawidwe ka mitundu ndikupanga magulu otsogolera osankhika.
Takonzedwa kuti akwanitse kulima mbatata yamafuta ku Bogara ku Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburasky, Lysogorsky ndi madera ena a Banki Yoyenera. M'mbali mwa Doko lakumanzere, malo othirira a mafamu a Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marx ndi madera ena adzagawidwa kuti apange mbatata.
Zabwino kwambiri komanso zofananira ndi dothi komanso nyengo yamaderawo ndi mitundu yapadera yolimbana ndi mbatata yomwe idapangidwa ndi obereketsa a VNIIKH ndi Penza NIIISH makamaka m'dera la Volga.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuti tiwonjezere momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito ntchito, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti timere mitundu yamagulu osiyanasiyana akukhwima - mitundu yakucha msanga nthawi yachilimwe; nyengo yapakatikati - yophukira; kukhwima mochedwa - kuti mugwiritse ntchito nthawi yozizira komanso koyambirira kwamasika.
2. Gulu lodziwika bwino bwino za mbeu mchigawochi.
Mbewu zabwino kwambiri zokulitsa mbatata zidzakonzedwa m'mabungwe azolimo aku kumpoto kwa microzone, komwe kulibe mwayi wowononga mbewu ndi matenda a tizilombo ndipo ukadaulo wopitilira mbewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito (kubzala chilimwe, kusiyanasiyana, njira yophatikizira yoteteza mbeu, ndi zina zambiri). Akatswiri ochokera ku VNIIKH ndi Saratov State Agrarian University azithandizira pothandizira asayansi pakupanga mbewu zapamwamba. Pakukula kwa mbewu zonal, ndikofunikira, choyambirira, kuti apange njira zogulitsa mbewu za mbatata za obereketsa zoweta.
3. Kubweretsa njira zamakono zopulumutsira zida zopangira mbatata.
Chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa pulogalamuyi ndikukhazikitsa matekinoloje amakono okulitsa mbatata potengera kubwezeretsa chilengedwe ndi kasungidwe ka zinthu. Zinthu zonse zomwe zatulutsidwa ziyenera kusiyanitsidwa malinga ndi dothi komanso nyengo yazinthu zingapo zam'magawo azigawo komanso zofunikira zaukadaulo.
Ukadaulo wa biologized umathandizira kulima udzu wosatha ndi manyowa obiriwira, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zochizira tubers ndi mbewu za mbatata (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rhizoagrin, flavobacterin, ndi zina zambiri), zomwe zimaloleza kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa feteleza wamafuta ndi organic kwinaku ndikusunga gawo labwino la chonde. Kugwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe achilengedwe otetezera mbewu (boverin, trichogramma, ndi zina zambiri) kumachepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zisawonongeke. Pofuna kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chilala m'dera lathu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
4. Kusintha kwamakono kwamakampani a mbatata.
Kuyendetsa mbatata zamakono zomwe zikukula m'derali, zakonzedwa kuti zigwire ntchito m'minda ya opanga zaulimi ndi makina opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zida zopangira, kukonza ndikusunga ma tubers, poganizira mawonekedwe amachitidwe osiyanasiyana. Njira zazikulu zosankhira zida: kudalirika, kusinthasintha, kupezeka ndi magawo ndi kupezeka kwa ntchito yotsimikizika.
5. Kuchulukitsa kwa mbatata zakothiriridwa ndikubwezeretsanso malo ena atsopano ndikukhazikitsa.
Kukula mbatata nthawi yothirira sikuti kumangochepetsa chiopsezo chachilengedwe, komanso kumachulukitsa phindu laachuma popanga. Zotuluka kuchokera kumadera othiriridwa pansi pa mbatata ndizochulukirapo kuposa poyerekeza ndi malo omwewo popanda kuthirira, komanso zokolola zantchito, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu ndi ukadaulo, kuphatikiza feteleza, kumachulukitsa katatu mpaka kasanu.
Pamodzi ndi makina amakono a ulimi wothirira "Fregat" ndi "Volzhanka" m'malo omwe ali ndi dothi loyera komanso kwapakatikati, akukonzekera kusinthana ndi makina amakono operekera zida zothirira - makina othirira otsika pang'ono, komanso kuthirira.
6. Kukonzanso zakadali pano ndikumapanganso mbatata zatsopano.
Mwa kuphatikiza mbatata kwa chaka chonse kwa anthu am'chigawo cha Saratov, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mbatata zamakono zamatumba zomwe zimakhala ndi matani osachepera 40, zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, kuwongolera nyengo komanso kukonza makina ndi kutsitsa, kumangidwa. Storage zazikulu za mbatata zimapangitsa mabizinesi azinthu zazikulu (zotsiriza kumaliza) komanso zakuya (mowa, wowuma, tchipisi, ma fries aku France, ndi zina) kukonza mbatata.
7. Kukhazikitsa malo osungira, kukonza ndi kugulitsa mbatata kuchokera kwa opanga alimi akumaloko.
Bungwe la malo opangira zida zithandiza kwambiri mpikisano wa mbatata ndi omwe amalima wamba.
8. Akatswiri olipira mgwirizano wamaphunziro.
Kuphunzitsidwa komwe akatswiri opanga mbatata adzagwire ndi Saratov State Agrarian University. Mwinanso kuphunzitsa gulu lapadera la masters potengera "Mbatata".
9. Maphunziro apamwamba a akatswiri a mabungwe azaulimi komanso atsogoleri a K (F) X omwe amapanga mbatata.
Pulogalamuyi imapereka maphunziro apamwamba opititsa patsogolo olima mbatata m'makonzedwe ophunziridwa ku Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University atchedwa N.I. Vavilova "pamodzi ndi ICS yachigawo.
Mukukula kwa mbatata, amakonzekera maphunziro angapo azisayansi komanso othandiza pamaziko a mafamu otchuka a mbatata m'derali, omwe cholinga chake ndi kuphunzitsa ndi kusinthana kwa luso pakati pa omwe akuchita nawo zochitika. Momwe zimapangidwira chiwonetsero cha "Day Day" pachaka, atsogoleri ndi akatswiri am'makampani a mbatata azitha kudziwa bwino zitsanzo zamakono za makina azilimidwe ndi zida ndi kulonjeza mitundu ya mbatata.