Malo: 95,5 masauzande mita km
Anthu: Anthu 2 miliyoni 709
Malo: dera ili kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Western Siberia. Kumpoto kumalire ndi Tomsk Region, kum'mawa ndi Krasnoyarsk Territory ndi Republic of Khakassia, kum'mwera ndi Republic of Altai ndi Altai Territory, kumadzulo ndi Novosibirsk Region.
Nyengo kwambiri kontinenti. Nthawi yachisanu imakhala yozizira komanso yayitali, chilimwe chimakhala chachifupi komanso chofunda. Kutentha kwapakati pamwezi mwezi wa Januware kumachokera -18 mpaka -22 ° С, mu Julayi kuchokera + 17 ° С mpaka + 22 ° С. Kutentha kwa mpweya kumafika pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri m'chilimwe (+ 38 ° С), otsika kwambiri - m'nyengo yozizira (kum'mwera kwa dera mpaka -54 ° С, kumpoto mpaka -57 ° С). Kuchuluka kwa mvula kumachokera ku 300 mpaka 500 mm pachaka, m'madera amapiri - mpaka 900 mm pachaka.
Chithandizo: m'dera la dera pali mapiri-taiga, nkhalango steppe ndi steppe malo. Kumpoto kwa chigawocho ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa West Siberia Plain, kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi mapiri a Kuznetsk Alatau, kum'mwera chakumadzulo ndi Salair ridge, kum'mwera ndi zitunda Gornaya Shoria, chapakati ndi Kuznetsk maganizo. .
Dothi: zosiyanasiyana mpumulo ndi nyengo imapanga variegated nthaka ndi zomera chivundikirocho. Dera lalikulu kwambiri limakhala ndi dothi la sod-podzolic; ma chernozems amapezeka ku Kuznetsk Basin.
Malo azaulimi: Mahekitala 2,66 miliyoni, pomwe malo olima - mahekitala miliyoni 1,47.
SEASON 2017. KUKULA NDI KUKULA KWA YIELD
Mu 2017, malo obzala mbatata m'chigawo cha Kemerovo anali mahekitala 45,7, zokolola zonse zinali matani 723 ndi zokolola za 158 c / ha. Motere kuchokera pamwamba ziwerengero, mbatata kupanga poyerekeza 2015-2016. chinawonjezeka ndi 3% ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola zapakati ndi 13%.
Pakadali pano, minda 41 ikugwira ntchito yolima mbatata m'chigawo cha Kemerovo. Koma zokolola zambiri (76%) zimagwera m'minda yaing'ono ya nzika. Monga ku Russia konse, ku Kuzbass, pali chizolowezi chochepetsa malo obzala mbatata (ndi 10% pazaka zisanu zapitazi), koma zokolola, chifukwa chake kukolola kwakukulu kwa mbatata mwachinsinsi. mabanja, ikukula (ndi 38% ndi 23%, motero).
Potato Union ikuyerekeza kudya mbatata ku Russia pafupifupi 80 kg pa munthu pachaka, Food and Agriculture Organisation ya United Nations - pa 130 kg pa munthu aliyense.
Malinga ndi Kemerovostat, kumayambiriro kwa 2017, chiwerengero cha Kemerovo Region chinali anthu 2,709 miliyoni (kuphatikizapo ana aang'ono). Chifukwa chake, ngakhale poganizira kuchuluka kwa zomwe amadya (130 kg pa munthu / chaka), Kuzbass kumapeto kwa 2017 adadzipatsa mbatata ndi 205,3%.
INDUSTRY TRAINING SYSTEM
Maphunziro a ogwira ntchito pamakampani olima mbatata m'chigawo cha Kemerovo amachitikira ku Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute" (FGBOU VO Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute). Bungwe ili limapereka maphunziro apadera a "Agronomy" pansi pa pulogalamu ya maphunziro a sekondale ndi maphunziro apamwamba a maphunziro apamwamba (mbiri "Technology ya ulimi wothirira mbewu", "Technology ya kupanga, kusunga ndi kukonza zinthu zokolola", "Technical systems in agribusiness"). ndi masters degree...
Chaka chilichonse, a Faculty of Agrarian Technologies of the Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute amamaliza maphunziro awo pafupifupi 35 agronomists (m'madipatimenti anthawi zonse komanso anthawi yochepa).
KUKULIRA ZINTHU ZIMAMVEKA
Masiku ano m'chigawo cha Kemerovo pali masitolo 52 a masamba omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwana matani 162,9 zikwi zosungirako nthawi imodzi. Poganizira kuti 76% ya mbewu ya mbatata imabzalidwa ndipo, chifukwa chake, zosungidwa ndi anthu paokha, malo osungira omwe alipo ndiokwanira gawo la mafakitale.
Monga lamulo, alimi amamanga malo osungiramo zinthu zatsopano ndikuyembekeza kuonjezera malo obzala, motero, kuchuluka kwa mbatata zokolola. Chifukwa chake, mtsogoleri wosatsutsika ku Kuzbass potengera gawo lonse la minda ya mbatata ndi kusonkhanitsa mbatata - KDV-Agro LLC - akufuna kukulitsa malo obzala kuchokera ku 2,3 mpaka 3 mahekitala. Pachifukwa ichi, kampaniyo ikumanga malo atsopano osungira mbatata omwe amatha matani 12; ntchito yake ikukonzekera 2018.
Zidzakhala zovuta zamakono zamakono zomwe zili ndi zipangizo zamakono - kutentha ndi chinyezi chofunikira zidzasungidwa momwemo.
Ponseponse, mu 2018, Kuzbass akukonzekera kutumiza malo awiri amakono osungira mbatata okhala ndi matani 14,5, mu 2019 - masitolo ena awiri a masamba okhala ndi matani 1,8.
Kusankha ndi KUGWIRA
Kemerovo Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture (nthambi ya Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) ili ndi labotale yosankha mbatata, biotechnology ndi ukadaulo waulimi (mtsogoleri wa labotale - Valentina Ivanovna Kulikova, woyimira sayansi yaulimi. , Purofesa Wothandizira). Madera akuluakulu a ntchito ya labotale ndi kusankha ndi kupanga mbewu zoyambirira za mbatata.
KUSANKHA
Maziko a kuswana mbatata ndikufufuza mwadongosolo ndikusankha magwero azinthu zofunikira kuti apange mitundu yokhala ndi zovuta zachuma. Pazifukwa izi, zitsanzo zopitilira 150 za mbatata zochokera ku All-Russian Institute of Plant Viwanda (VIR) zimawerengedwa pachaka. Ntchito yopanga mitundu ya mbatata imachitika molingana ndi dongosolo lonse la kuswana m'madera otsatirawa:
- kukhwima koyambirira;
- zokolola zambiri;
- kukana matenda oyamba ndi fungal ndi ma virus;
- kukana golide mbatata nematode;
- kukana ku Colorado mbatata kachilomboka;
- kukwanira kulima makina;
LYUBAVA - zosiyanasiyana zoyamba zodyeramo. Ma tubers ndi ofiira, oval-ozungulira, thupi ndi loyera. Maso ndi akuya kwapakati. Zopanga mpaka 55 t / ha. Kugulitsa 90-96%. Kulemera kwa tuber yogulitsidwa ndi 120-220 g. Wowuma ndi 12-16%. Kugonjetsedwa ndi khansa ya mbatata. Imayankha bwino kumayambiriro kwa organic ndi mchere feteleza, kuthirira. Kukoma kwabwino. Mtengo wamitundumitundu: imakhala ndi nthawi yochulukirapo, yosunga bwino, zokolola zambiri za mbatata zoyambilira (zambiri zothirira 60 t / ha).
CHOTSA - kusiyanasiyana koyambirira pazolinga za tebulo. Ma tubers ndi oyera, ozungulira-oval, thupi loyera. Maso ndi akuya kwapakati. Zopanga mpaka 60 t / ha. Kuchuluka kwa ma tubers ogulitsa ndi 100-110 g. Kugulitsa ndi 86-91%. Wowuma wamafuta ndi 13-15%. Kulimbana ndi mochedwa fluorosis, nkhanambo wamba, Alternaria. Mtengo wosiyanasiyana: wowonetsedwa mofooka ndi nematode ya mbatata yagolide, imakhala ndi mphamvu yoyeretsa nthaka kuchokera ku nematode ya mbatata yagolide, kuchuluka kwa dormancy.
Kufulumizitsa njira yobereketsa ndikuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano yopanga, kusankha kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira za biotechnological (hybridization pa zinthu zoyeretsedwa, kutsitsimutsanso ma hybrids odalirika ndi chikhalidwe cha minyewa, kufulumizitsa kuberekana kwa in vitro, kuwunika kwa ma virus azinthu zosakanizidwa ndi ELISA).
Kuyambira 2016, ntchito yakhala ikukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito cholembera chothandizira, chomwe kupezeka kwa zolembera za DNA zolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizirombo kumatsimikiziridwa mu zitsanzo za zosonkhanitsira, mitundu yatsopano ndi ma hybrids odalirika: ma virus a mbatata a Y ndi X, golide. potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll), pale nematode (Globodera pallida), nkhanu za mbatata (Synchytrium endobioticum).
KUWERENGA MBEU ZOYAMBIRA ZA MBAYA
Kupanga mbewu koyambirira kumachitika ndi mitundu ya mbatata yomwe ikuphatikizidwa mu State Register of Breeding Achievements m'chigawo chakhumi: Nevsky, Lyubava, Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Tanay ndi Kemerovochanin.
TULEYEVSKY - kusiyanasiyana koyambirira pazolinga za tebulo. Mtundu wa tubers ndi zamkati ndi wachikasu, mawonekedwe ake ndi oval. Maso ndi apamtunda. Zopanga mpaka 48 t / ha. Kuchuluka kwa ma tubers ogulitsa ndi 122 g. Kugulitsa ndi 270-88%. Wowuma wokhutira 99-12%. Kusamva khansa. Kugonjetsedwa mochedwa choipitsa, nkhanambo, Alternaria. Zosiyanasiyana mtengo: kukoma kwambiri, kukoma kokoma ndi crumbly zamkati kusasinthasintha, mkulu khola zokolola.
KUZNECHANKA - yapakatikati - mitundu yoyambirira yogwiritsidwa ntchito patebulo. Tuber ndi yozungulira-oval, yosalala, yofiira, thupi ndi loyera. Maso ndi apamtunda. Wowuma zili 12,5-16,3%. Zopanga mpaka 46 t / ha. Kulemera kwa tuber yamalonda ndi 140-180 g. Kugulitsa ndi 93-97%. Kukoma kwabwino. Ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mavairasi, phytophthorosis, wamba nkhanambo. Mtengo wosiyanasiyana: woyenera kukonzedwa kukhala mbatata yowoneka bwino, zokolola zambiri za 104,2 t / ha, zowoneka bwino.
- Kuchulukitsa kuchulukitsidwa kwa mbatata zoyambilira zotsitsimutsidwa ndi ma microclonal cuttings mu mu vitro chikhalidwe, mpaka zomera 5 pachaka.
- Kupititsa patsogolo mitundu mwa njira ya apical meristem kuphatikiza ndi kutentha ndi chemotherapy, pali mitundu 29 mu Bank of Healthy Varieties of Mbatata.
- Kuchulukitsa kwamphamvu kwa mbatata zoyambira mu vivo, mpaka 11 zomera pachaka.
- Kupeza choyambirira tuberous zamba mbatata (minitubers), mpaka 60 zikwi tubers pachaka.
- Kupanga pachaka mpaka matani 70,0 a mbewu zambatata zam'badwo woyamba komanso matani 200,0 a gulu lapamwamba kwambiri.
- Kuzindikira kwa kukhalapo kwa latent pathogenesis (ma virus, bacteriosis) ndi ELISA pamagawo onse akuchira ndi kubereka.
Mbewu zoyambirira za mbatata zopangidwa ndi Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture zafalikira osati m'mafamu a Kemerovo okha, komanso m'madera a Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Amur, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Tver, Ulyanovsk ndi Chelyabinsk; m'madera Krasnoyarsk ndi Altai; Malipabuliki a Khakassia, Buryatia, Tuva.
Ku Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture (nthambi ya SFSCA RAS), mitundu ya mbatata idapangidwa, yomwe, ndi katundu wawo, imasiyanitsidwa ndi zokolola zambiri, pulasitiki, komanso kukana matenda.
ZOCHITITSA ZAZOLEKA
Kumapeto kwa 2017, Vesna LLC (yotsogoleredwa ndi Nikolai Petrovich Safonov) anakhala mtsogoleri pankhani ya zokolola m'dera la Kemerovo, malondawo adapeza zizindikiro za 272,1 c / ha.
Kwa zaka zingapo, KDV-Agro LLC (gawo la KDV Gulu, mutu wa KDV-Agro ndi Viktor Vasilyevich Beskorovaev) yatenga malo oyamba pankhani ya minda ya mbatata ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola: mu 2017 , kampaniyo inasonkhanitsa matani 2311 a mbatata.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti KDV Group imapanga mbatata pano, pomwepo: mu 2011, m'gawo la KDV Yashkino LLC (bizinesi ina ya gululo), msonkhano wosiyana wokhala ndi malo oyandikana nawo unamangidwa, mu 2012 mzere wamakono kupanga tchipisi kunayikidwa, makina anayi onyamula. Kuchuluka kwa ndalamazo kunafikira 2 biliyoni rubles.
Mphamvu yopanga mzere ndi matani 8,64 pachaka. Bizinesiyo imapanga pafupifupi matani 60 a mbatata pachaka, kuchuluka kwa matani 2015 - 6,404 matani, mu 2016 - matani 7,301, mu 2017 - matani 8,17.
Gulu la KDV likugogomezera zabwino zogwirira ntchito moyenera: polima, kusonkhanitsa, kusunga mbatata ndi kupanga tchipisi m'dera limodzi, ndalama zoyendera zimachepetsedwa.
ZOYENERA ZOCHITIKA ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIRA NTCHITO M'chigawochi
Nyengo ya dera la Kemerovo ndi yabwino pakukula kwa mbewu ndi mbatata zamalonda. Mitundu yoyenera kwambiri m'derali ndi mitundu yamagulu oyambilira, apakati komanso apakati, okhala ndi nyengo yokulira ya masiku 65-80.
Chidwi cha olima mbewu imeneyi chimathandizidwanso ndi zinthu zachuma. Chifukwa chake, phindu lopanga mbatata likadali lokwera kwambiri pakupanga mbewu - malinga ndi 2017, chiwerengerochi chinali + 87,2%. Mitengo yamsika ya mbatata yakula posachedwapa - malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, mu 2017 mitengo yogulitsa ku Russia yonse idakwera ndi 9,46-24%. M'dera la Kemerovo, kukula kunali 13,9% (data ya Kemerovostat).
Nthawi yomweyo, mbatata ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pagulu, kufunikira kwake pakudzidalira pa chiphunzitso chachitetezo cha chakudya cha Russian Federation ndi 95%. Kumapeto kwa 2017, kudzidalira kwa Russia pa mbatata kumayerekezedwa 90,7% (deta yochokera ku Unduna wa Zaulimi), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kulosera za msika wabwino.
KUCHOKERA M’MBIRI
Mu 1942, pafamu yapagulu "Krasny Perekop" ya Mariinsky District m'chigawo cha Kemerovo, ulalo wa Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina adalandira mbiri ya mbatata - 1331 c / ha.
Pazokolola zabwino kwambiri izi (mpaka pano sizinapambane ndi aliyense padziko lapansi), alimi a mbatata adalandira mphoto ya Stalin (analandira ma ruble zikwi zisanu). Amayiwo adasamutsa ndalama zonsezo ku thumba lachitetezo cha dzikolo. Ndipo membala mzere, Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina, anali kupereka Order ya Lenin. Pa May 20, 1948, ndi lamulo la Presidium wa Supreme Soviet wa USSR, iye anali kupereka mutu wa Hero wa Socialist Labor.
Kuyenera kudziŵika kuti mu 1942 A.K. Yutkina anaphwanya mbiri yake ya zokolola padziko lonse lapansi. M'mbuyomu, mu 1939, gulu lomwelo pamalo oyesera a famu ya Krasny Perekop idakolola ma quintals 1217,28 a mbatata pa hekitala imodzi, yomwe idaposa mbiri yapadziko lonse yaku America ndi 117,8 quintals. Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina ndiye adapatsidwa Mendulo Yaikulu ya Golide ya All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, ndipo ulalo wake unalembedwa m'buku laulemu.
Ulalo wa Yutkina udapitilirabe kuwonetsa zotsatira zapamwamba, kulandira, makamaka, masenti 700 pa hekitala ya mbatata kuchokera m'minda yawo.
Asayansi akutsutsanabe chomwe chinali chifukwa cha kupambana kwa mbiriyi. Malinga ndi Sergei Sheshukov, mkulu wa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a Mariinsk Istoricheskiy, kuwonjezera pa luso lapadera laulimi, chinsinsicho chinabisika mu chitukuko cha sayansi cha asayansi otsogolera Soviet. M'zaka za kuponderezedwa kwa Stalinist, Mariinsk anali likulu la Siblag.
TANAI - kusiyanasiyana koyambirira pazolinga za tebulo. Ma tubers ndi achikasu, ozungulira oval, peel ndi yozungulira pang'ono, thupi ndi lachikasu. Maso ndi akuya kwapakati, ochepa mu chiwerengero. Zopanga mpaka 63 t / ha. Kulemera kwa tuber yamalonda ndi 100 g. Kugulitsa ndi 180-92%. Wowuma wokhutira 98-13%. Wapakatikati atengeke mochedwa choipitsa ndi mavairasi. Zosiyanasiyana mtengo: kugonjetsedwa ndi khansa ndi golide mbatata nematode, kugonjetsedwa ndi chilala, kugonjetsedwa ndi mawotchi kuwonongeka.
Chithunzi cha KEMEROVCHANIN - kusiyanasiyana koyambirira pazolinga za tebulo. Ma tubers ndi achikasu, ozungulira-oval, peel ndi yozungulira pang'ono, thupi ndi lachikasu. Zopanga mpaka 58 t / ha. Wowuma wokhutira 17,5%. Kugulitsa tuber kulemera - 95 g. Kugulitsa - 19-90%. Avereji yokana kudwala mochedwa. Mtengo wosiyanasiyana: kugonjetsedwa ndi khansa, golide wa mbatata nematode, mavairasi, fusarium wilt ndi alternaria, kugonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina, kusunga khalidwe.
MARIINSKY - m'ma koyambirira, pazakudya. Mtundu wa maluwa ndi wofiira-violet, tuber ndi wofiira, zamkati ndi zonona; mawonekedwe a tuber ndi oval, maso ndi apamwamba, peel ndi yosalala. Wowuma zili 14-6%. Zopanga 35,0-45,0 t / ha. Kulemera kwa tuber yogulitsidwa ndi 80 g. Kukoma ndi kwabwino. Kugonjetsedwa ndi golide mbatata nematode. Kugonjetsedwa ndi ma virus, choipitsa mochedwa, nkhanambo wamba. Mtengo wosiyanasiyana: mawonekedwe owoneka bwino.
Akatswiri opezeka olakwa ochokera ku Moscow ndi Leningrad ankagwira ntchito pa siteshoni yaulimi yoyeserera. Anagwira ntchito yopeza mbewu zapamwamba, kupanga njira zaulimi zolima mbewu ku Siberia. Pofika m'chaka cha 1942, m'chigawo cha Mariinsky, panali madera olamulira, minda ya zipatso, mabulosi ndi minda ya mpesa kudera la mahekitala 50,5. Ndi kuthetsedwa kwa Siblag koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, siteshoniyi idasiya kukhalapo.
Pokumbukira mbiriyi, chipilala cha mbatata chinakhazikitsidwa ku Mariinsk mu 2008. Linapangidwa (losema ndi matabwa) ndi wosema wa m'deralo Yuri Mikhailov. Kuyambira pamenepo, zaka ziwiri zilizonse, mzindawu umakondwerera Tsiku la Mbatata.