Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 2 2014
Gulu: Chigawo
Viktor Narushev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Pulofesa wa Dipatimenti Yolima Zomera, Kuswana ndi Genetics, Saratov State Agrarian University yotchedwa N.I. Vavilov
Bizinesi yolima mbatata imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pazachuma chachigawo cha Volga. Dothi ndi nyengo ya dera la Saratov nthawi zambiri ndi yabwino kulima mbatata, zomwe zimatsimikizira kufunika kwake kwachuma m'derali. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwakukulu kwachitika pakukula kwa mbatata m'derali m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje opangira mphamvu komanso mphamvu zochepa zapangitsa kuti mtengo wopangira mbatata ukhale wokwera. Zotsatira zake, mabungwe aboma achepetsa kwambiri dera lomwe lili pansi pa mbatata komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe amapanga. Chifukwa chake, gawo lamabizinesi aulimi pakupanga mbatata kudera la Saratov latsika kuchokera 22% mu 1990 mpaka 5% mu 2012.
Zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano zidasokoneza kukhazikika kwa mbatata kwa anthu akumatauni, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira-kasupe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa mpikisano wa mbatata zam'deralo poyerekeza ndi zomwe zidachokera. madera a Penza, Tambov, Voronezh ndi madera ena apafupi a Russia, komanso ochokera kunja.
Ngakhale pali zovuta, zotsatirazi zimathandizira pakukula kwa mbatata m'derali:
- pachikhalidwe mkulu ndi zisathe kudya mbatata ndi anthu;
- nyengo yabwino komanso nyengo m'madera ambiri;
- mkulu chonde cha chernozem dothi mu Kumanja Bank, kumpoto ndi chapakati mbali ya Kumanzere Bank, kumene n'zotheka bungwe khola kupanga mbatata pansi ulimi wothirira;
- adakhazikitsa zoyendera ndi chidziwitso;
- kukhalapo kwa maulumikizidwe othandizira asayansi amakampani kuchokera ku All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming (VNIIKH, dera la Moscow), Saratov State Agrarian University dzina lake. N.I. Vavilov”, Research Institute of Agriculture of the South-East and Penza Research Institute of Agriculture;
- kukhazikitsa ma projekiti akuluakulu azachuma kuti apange kupanga ndi kukonza njira yosungira mbatata (mu Okutobala 2012, mgwirizano udamalizidwa ndi kampani ya Malino, yomwe ikupanga ukadaulo wamakono wolima mbatata m'magawo ambiri a Russia);
- njira zogwirira ntchito zothandizira boma kwa opanga mbatata kuchokera ku bajeti yachigawo.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabizinesi azaulimi ndi minda yawona kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zokolola za mbatata poyerekeza ndi minda yapakhomo (tebulo). Komabe, madera ofesedwa ndi ang'onoang'ono - mu 2012, m'mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono am'deralo, mbatata idabzalidwa pamalo okwana mahekitala 0,5 ndi K (F)H - mahekitala 0,7. M'mafamu asanu okha omwe adafesedwa mbatata anali mahekitala oposa 50 (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC m'chigawo cha Krasnokutsk, famu ya Rubin m'boma la Bazarno-Karabulak, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. famu ya anthu wamba ndi famu ya Kryuchkova M.P.." Engels dera). Mu 2013, alimi opitilira 35 akuluakulu, apakati komanso ang'onoang'ono adalima mbatata m'chigawo cha Saratov. Nthawi yomweyo, m'mafamu asanu ndi atatu malo a mbatata adapitilira mahekitala 50.
Mphamvu zopanga mbatata kudera la Saratov
Chizindikiro | 2011 ga | 2012 ga | 2013 |
Mbatata kukula dera, zikwi mahekitala | 27,0 | 26,8 | 25,4 |
Zokolola za mbatata, c/ha | 157,6 | 132,3 | 144,6 |
Kukolola mbatata zambiri, matani chikwi | 425,8 | 354,6 | 353,4 |
Kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mbatata kuyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chopatsa anthu akumidzi m'derali zinthu zabwino, makamaka m'nyengo yachisanu-kasupe. Kuchuluka kwa zakudya za mbatata panthawiyi, kutengera miyezo yoyenera yachipatala (95 kg pachaka), kumatha kupitilira matani 60,0. Kuyambira matani 10 mpaka 20 a mbatata amatumizidwa kuderali chaka chilichonse, gawo lalikulu lomwe limapangidwa m'minda ya mbatata m'derali. Komanso chofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata m'derali chiyenera kukhala bungwe la dongosolo la kusungirako, kukonza ndi kugulitsa.
M'misika yamakono, ndikofunikira osati kungopanga mbatata zapamwamba zokha, komanso kuzisunga mpaka kukolola kwatsopano, kuti malondawo awoneke bwino, ndikupanga magulu akulu kuti awonetsetse kupezeka kwanthawi zonse kwa mabungwe ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa. . Izi zitha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati pali njira yosungiramo komanso yopangira.
Pakadali pano, m'derali mulibe malo okwanira osungira mbatata omwe ali ndi makina, mpweya wabwino komanso machitidwe owongolera nyengo. Mbatata zimasungidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa masamba kapena malo osungira zakale. Malo akuluakulu amakono osungira mbatata, omwe adapangidwa mu 2008-2012, amagwira ntchito m'famu yaulimi "Shcherenko P.Yu." ndi famu wamba "Kryuchkova M.P." Engels dera.
Opanga mbatata ali ndi mphamvu yosungiramo mbatata pafupifupi matani 10. Tiyenera kutsindika kuti malo osungiramo amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana pakati pa opanga zinthu: 12 mwa 35 opanga mbatata zazikulu, zapakati ndi zazing'ono ali nazo. N'zoonekeratu kuti malo osungira omwe alipo sikokwanira kuti akonzekere kuchuluka kwa mbatata.
Kupanga nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zatsopano kumalephereka chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa zomangamanga. Mtengo womanga malo osungira mbatata okhala ndi matani 1,5-2 amafika ma ruble 11-12 miliyoni, ndi voliyumu ya matani 3-3,5 - 22-23 miliyoni rubles.
Palibe mabizinesi okonza mbatata m'derali omwe angathandize opanga zaulimi kugulitsa zinthu moyenera, monga zimachitikira ku Holland, Germany, Denmark, France, USA ndi mayiko ena ambiri.
Pofuna kukulitsa kukula kwa mbatata m'derali, pulogalamu yoti "Kuchulukitsa kwa mbatata kudera la Saratov mu 2013-2013" idapangidwa mu 2015. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pulogalamuyi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mbatata zomwe zimabzalidwa potengera njira zamakono komanso zamakono, kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola ndi kupanga kwakukulu kwa zinthu za mbatata, kupangidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano ndi luso lamakono m'minda ya mbatata, ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito zowonjezera.
Mu 2013-2015, Boma la Saratov Region likukonzekera kupereka thandizo kwa mabungwe azaulimi ndi minda yomwe ikugwira ntchito yopanga mbatata pakupeza makina ndi zida, mbewu ndi feteleza zamchere, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zidzawonetsetse kuti kuchulukitsitsa kwa zokolola za mbatata 2015 poyerekeza ndi 2012 ndi 2013 ndi 1,9 ndi 1,5 nthawi, motero.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zingapo zothandizira boma pakukula kwa mbatata motengera bajeti ya dera la Saratov zithandizira kukulitsa chidwi chambiri chamakampani awa m'mabizinesi aulimi.
1. Kugawa mbatata m'derali molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito, kukulitsa kakhazikitsidwe ka mitundu ndi kukonza mbewu zosankhika.
Kulima mbatata m'nthaka yamvula kumakonzedwa ku Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky ndi madera ena a Right Bank. M'malo owuma a Left Bank, minda yothirira madzi ku Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky ndi zigawo zina zidzaperekedwa kuti apange mbatata.
Zokolola kwambiri komanso zomwe zimatengera nthaka komanso nyengo yaderali ndi mitundu yapadera ya mbatata yosamva chilala yopangidwa ndi obereketsa a All-Russia Research Institute of Agriculture ndi Penza Research Institute of Agriculture makamaka kudera la Volga. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuti muwonjezere nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, tikulimbikitsidwa kukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagulu akucha - mitundu yoyambirira yakucha kuti idye chilimwe; pakati pa nyengo - kwa autumn; kuchedwa-kucha - kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyengo yozizira komanso koyambirira kwa masika.
2. Gulu lodziwika bwino bwino za mbeu mchigawochi.
Kupanga mbewu zambatata osankhika kudzapangidwa m'mabungwe aulimi aku Northern Microzone of the Right Bank, pomwe palibe mwayi woti mbewu zitha kutenga matenda a virus komanso njira zamaukadaulo zopangira mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (kubzala chilimwe, kupalira kwamitundumitundu, njira yophatikizira yoteteza mbewu, etc.). Akatswiri ochokera ku VNIIKH ndi Saratov State Agrarian University apereka chithandizo chasayansi pakupanga mbewu zapamwamba. Kukulitsa kupanga mbewu za zonal, ndikofunikira, choyamba, kupanga zinthu zogulitsa mbewu zamitundu ya mbatata zomwe zimapangidwa ndi obereketsa apakhomo.
3. Kubweretsa njira zamakono zopulumutsira zida zopangira mbatata.
Chochitika chachikulu pakukhazikitsa Pulogalamuyi ndikukhazikitsa umisiri wamakono wolima mbatata potengera kutengera kwa biologization ndi kasungidwe kazinthu. Iwo ayenera kusiyanitsidwa malinga ndi nthaka ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana microzones m'dera ndi zakuthupi ndi luso m'munsi mwa minda.
Ukadaulo wa biologized umaphatikizapo kulima udzu osatha ndi manyowa obiriwira, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe pochiza ma tubers ndi mbewu za mbatata (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, etc.), zomwe zimathandizira kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mineral ndi organic pomwe amasunga bwino organic matter ndi chonde m'nthaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwachilengedwe kwa chitetezo cha zomera (boverine, trichogramma, etc.) kudzachepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwonetsetsa kupanga zinthu zowononga chilengedwe. Pofuna kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa chilala m'dera lathu, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera a anti-stress akulimbikitsidwa.
4. Kusintha kwamakono kwamakampani a mbatata.
Pofuna kukulitsa mbatata zamakono m'derali, akukonzekera kukonzekeretsa minda ya olima ulimi ndi makina opangira zida ndi zida zopangira, kusanja ndi kusungirako ma tubers, potengera mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kasamalidwe. Njira yayikulu yosankha zida: kudalirika, kusinthasintha, kupezeka kwa zida zosinthira ndi ntchito yotsimikizika mwachangu.
5. Kuchulukitsa madera a mbatata yothirira kudzera mu kukonzanso komwe kulipo komanso kupanga madera atsopano othirira.
Kulima mbatata pansi pa ulimi wothirira sikungochepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe, komanso kumawonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwachuma pakupanga kwake. Zokolola za minda ya mbatata yothirira ndizokwera kawiri kuposa ziwembu zofananira popanda kuthirira, komanso zokolola zantchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zakuthupi ndiukadaulo, kuphatikiza feteleza, kumawonjezeka katatu mpaka kasanu.
Pamodzi ndi kufalikira kwa makina amthirira omwe alipo a Fregat ndi Volzhanka, m'malo okhala ndi dothi lopepuka komanso lopaka utoto wapakatikati, akukonzekera kusinthana ndi njira zamakono zopulumutsira zopulumutsira - makina otsika amtundu wa ng'oma, omwazika bwino komanso omwazika. drip ulimi wothirira.
6. Kumanganso zomwe zilipo ndi kumanga malo osungirako mbatata zatsopano.
Pofuna kupatsa anthu ambiri m'chigawo cha Saratov mbatata chaka chonse, tikulimbikitsidwa kumanga malo osungira mbatata omwe amatha kufika matani 40 a tubers okhala ndi mpweya wabwino, kuwongolera nyengo ndi makina onyamula ndi kutsitsa. za mankhwala.
M'malo akuluakulu osungira mbatata, mabizinesi oyambira (zomaliza zomaliza) ndi zakuya (mowa, wowuma, tchipisi, zokazinga zaku France, ndi zina zambiri) zidzapangidwa. Derali likukonzekera kupangidwa mkati mwa mgwirizano ndi kampani ya Malino.
7. Kupanga malo osungira, kukonza ndi kugulitsa mbatata kuchokera kwa alimi am'deralo.
Kukonzekera kwa malo opangira zinthu kudzakulitsa kwambiri mpikisano wa mbatata kuchokera kwa omwe akupanga zaulimi.
8. Cholinga cha maphunziro a mgwirizano wa akatswiri.
Maphunziro omwe akuyembekezeredwa a akatswiri olima mbatata adzachitidwa ndi Saratov State Agrarian University, omwe aphunzitsi awo pakali pano amaphunzitsa akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito zamafakitale. Ndizotheka kuphunzitsa gulu lapadera la ambuye pamunda wa Kukula kwa Mbatata.
9. Kupititsa patsogolo ziyeneretso za akatswiri ochokera m'mabungwe azaulimi ndi atsogoleri amabizinesi aulimi omwe akuchita nawo ntchito yopanga mbatata.
Pulogalamuyi imapereka maphunziro apamwamba a pachaka a alimi a mbatata pamaphunziro omwe amakonzedwa m'nyengo yozizira ku malo ophunzitsira ku Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University dzina lake. N.I. Vavilov" pamodzi ndi ICS Regional.
Munthawi yakukula kwa mbatata, akukonzekera kuti achite masemina angapo asayansi ndi othandiza pamaziko otsogolera minda yolima mbatata m'derali, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuphunzitsa komanso kusinthana chidziwitso pakati pa omwe atenga nawo gawo. Monga gawo lachiwonetsero chapachaka chachigawo ndi chiwonetsero cha "Tsiku la Munda", mameneja ndi akatswiri amakampani olima mbatata adziwa mitundu yaposachedwa yamakina ndi zida zaulimi komanso mitundu yodalirika ya mbatata.