Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 4 2016
Gulu: Kubwezeretsanso
Semyon Ganich, General Director wa Dry Food LLC
Chaka chilichonse, minda yaulimi ikukumana ndi mavuto osunga ndi kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zakula. Kukhazikitsa njira zosagwirizana ndi muyezo nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa zovuta zina. M'mafamu ena, mpaka 50% ya zokolola zamasamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Tiyeni tikumbukire. Njira yosavuta yosungira masamba ndi zipatso ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyanika. Mafamu ambiri aku Soviet adagwiritsapo ntchito zowumitsa zazing'ono pokonza zinthu zomwe sizinali wamba. Tsoka ilo, palibe pafupifupi chilichonse chotsalira chamakampani owumitsa ku Russian Federation, kupatula Institute of Canning and Drying Viwanda (kupatulapo ma workshop angapo ang'onoang'ono amwazikana). Koma “malo oyera sakhala opanda kanthu.” Vutoli lidayamba kudzazidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zidatumizidwa kuchokera ku China, India, Poland, ndi zina zambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali kufunikira kokhazikika kwa masamba owuma ku Russian Federation.
Kufuna
Kulowetsedwa kwapachaka kwa zinthu zouma ku Russian Federation, malinga ndi ziwerengero zamasitomu, ndi matani 189. Kodi kuyenda uku kumapita kuti?
A khalidwe mbali ya panopa mphindi ndi chitukuko mofulumira wa dongosolo Catering anthu. Chiŵerengero cha malo odyera, malo odyera, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakudya zachangu chikukula. Kuphatikiza apo, kuperekera kwa sanatorium-resort, zamankhwala, maphunziro, mafakitale ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe ena. Ndipo kulikonse pakufunika masamba owuma.
Payokha, ndi bwino kutchula msika wa opanga zinthu zaposachedwa komanso zanthawi yomweyo. Kugulitsa zakudya zachilengedwe kumayang'ana kwambiri komanso kudya nthawi yomweyo kumachitika m'magawo awa:
- chiwerengero cha anthu;
- ogula apadera (mabungwe azamalamulo, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Defense, GUIN, etc.)
- public catering system, incl. chikhalidwe (canteens sukulu, kindergartens, mayunivesite, zipatala, etc.);
- kupanga chakudya (kupanga zakudya zamzitini, timadziti tachilengedwe ndi zakumwa, zinthu za othamanga; kuphika, kupanga confectionery, etc.);
- mabizinesi ogulitsa.
Mlingo wa kufunikira kwa masamba owuma okhala ndi ma voliyumu otere apa ndizovuta kupitilira.
Kodi anthu aku Russia "akhoza kupambana" niche kuchokera kwa ogulitsa akunja? Ndili wotsimikiza kuti opanga zapakhomo amayenera kukumana ndi zovuta kwambiri panthawi yolowa m'malo. Pankhaniyi, zonse ndizosavuta: tenga ndikukhala ndi sushi!
Kuyanika luso
Pali mitundu ingapo ya kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi pazinthu zonyowa kwambiri: kuyanika kwa convective, vacuum, vacuum-sublimation, infrared, kuyanika kwa microwave.
Mtundu wosavuta komanso wodziwika bwino ndi kuyanika kwa convective.
Madera otsatirawa akuyenera kuperekedwa pamsonkhano wopanga zowumitsa zamtunduwu:
- kusungirako zinthu zina zopangira kuti akonzekere ntchito yosasokoneza yopangira;
- kukonza zopangira (kuyeretsa, kudula);
- mwachindunji kuyanika chipinda;
- malo osungira ndi kusunga zinthu zomalizidwa;
- madera opangira othandizira.
Nkhaniyi sikufuna kuwulula zonse zaukadaulo zaukadaulo. Koma ndikofunikira kutsindikanso kuphweka kwa njira yobwezeretsanso.
Zida zazikulu zamabizinesi zowumitsa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndizapamwamba kwambiri, koma zosawoneka bwino (kukula) zotsalira zazinthu zochokera kumalo osungiramo zinthu komanso malo ogawa. Inde, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zanu, muli ndi zosankha zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chinyezi muzinthu zopangira posankha mitundu yokhala ndi zinthu zowuma kwambiri zobzala. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowuma, kumapangitsa kuti zokolola zatha komanso zokondweretsa kwambiri zachuma zopanga.
Ngati mukonza zopanga potengera zinthu zomwe zagulidwa, muyenera kusintha mitengo yogulira kutengera mtundu wazinthu zoyambira komanso zokolola zomwe zikuyerekezedwa.
Economics za polojekitiyi
Chuma cha kuyanika, ndithudi, chimawerengedwa payekha. Zambiri zimatengera kuchuluka kwa zopangira, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mtengo wazinthu zopangira ndi zinthu m'dera linalake.
Pali zambiri zomwe mungachite pokonzekera kupanga: mini-workshops ndi mphamvu ya 100 kg / ola la zipangizo; zokambirana zapakatikati - kuchokera tani 1 / ola; zokambirana zamphamvu kwambiri - matani 1,5-3 pa ola la zopangira (iyi ndiyo ntchito yotsika mtengo kwambiri). Mabizinesi ochita bwino amafunikira ndalama zambiri zoyendera ndi zosungiramo zinthu. Njira kumene mukukulira.
Monga momwe zimasonyezera, ndi kulinganiza koyenera kwa ntchito, zinthu zamabizinesi akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono zimapikisana pamitengo.
Ngakhale simungathe kuyang'ana pa mtengo wotsika. Pali zochitika pamene bizinesi, itasunga pamtundu wina wa zida kapena ukadaulo, imalandira chinthu chomwe sichikufunika pamsika.
Ndiroleni ndikupatseni chitsanzo (popanda dzina la kampani). Kampani X inagula, ngakhale kuti sichinali chatsopano, chowumitsa chopangidwa ku Ulaya chomwe chinali ndi luso labwino. Ndinaganiza zosiya kugula chodula masamba. Zotsatira zake, mawonekedwe a organoleptic a chinthu chomalizidwa amatsatira miyezo ya GOST, ndipo mawonekedwe ong'ambika a odulidwawo sakhutiritsa aliyense wa makasitomala.
Zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zambiri pokonzekera msonkhano ndikunyalanyaza matekinoloje ovomerezeka. Kuchulukirachulukira pamlingo wopangira mizere yopangira ndi kulakwitsa kwa chibadwa pakulowetsa. Zachidziwikire, chilichonse chimadalira luso lathu; timakakamizika kugwira ntchito m'malo opanda chuma. Koma ndi bwino kusankha mzere wokhala ndi zokolola zochepa, koma ndi malo opangira bwino komanso zipangizo zamakono.
Vuto lina ndi kusankha zipangizo pokonza. Pali zotsatsa zochepa zomwe zimaperekedwa pamsika waku Russia. Pokhazikitsa ma projekiti okonzekera kuyanika, timakakamizika kusonkhanitsa, monga mikanda kukhala mikanda, zida zochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ndipo pangani pamaziko awa njira yolumikizana yopitilira njira.
Mukasankha kukonza zowumitsa, dzifunseni mafunso oyamba:
- Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe ndili nazo kale (kapena zilipo): malo, gasi, madzi ndi zimbudzi, magetsi?
- Ndi zipangizo ziti zomwe zilipo (zake kapena zogulidwa) pamtunda wa makilomita 200?
- Ndi bajeti yanji yomwe ndingapereke pokonzekera kupanga?
- Kodi ndi nthawi yanji yomwe ndikufuna kukhazikitsa pulojekiti yanga?
Mukayankha mafunsowa, mutha kuyamba kukambirana ndi ogulitsa zida kapena akatswiri ochokera kumakampani opanga uinjiniya omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamakampaniwa.
Payokha, za kaloti
Kaloti masiku ano ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ku Russia. M'mikhalidwe ya mpikisano wowonjezereka kwa ogula, masitolo ndi maunyolo amapereka zinthu zatsopano: pamashelefu mungapeze kaloti zotsukidwa, zophika, ndi zina zotero. ina, zofunika kwa ogulitsa. Ogula akufunikira kwambiri zipatso "zokhazikika", "zokongola". Wogula amakhala wofunitsitsa kugula kaloti zomwe sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira zake pakukula ndi mawonekedwe. Zotsatira zake, zokolola zambiri (nthawi zina mpaka 50%) zimakhalabe zosawerengeka. Mogwirizana ndi izi, mlimi amakumana ndi zovuta za kusinthasintha kwamitengo ndi kasungidwe ka mbewu zomwe wakula. Chifukwa chake, panthawiyi, mtengo wa kaloti waiwisi umachepa kwambiri, ndipo kuti musunge zochulukirapo m'nyengo yozizira ndi masika, ndalama zazikulu zosungira zimafunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, atasunga zokolola, opanga sangalandire phindu lomwe akufuna, akukumana ndi mpikisano wotsatsa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa karoti ochokera kumayiko akumwera (Iran, Azerbaijan, etc.).
Chotsatira chake, alimi ambiri, kuti mwanjira inayake "abweze" ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula ndi kukolola, amakakamizika "kupereka" mbewuyo kwa ogulitsa pamitengo yotsika.
Momwe mungakulitsire phindu lanu ndikupewa zoopsa zamitengo? Kukhazikitsa processing kupanga, ndicho, kuyamba kuyanika kaloti.
Nazi zina mwazabwino za kupanga izi: kaloti zouma sizifuna kusungirako kwapadera ndi zoyendera; amachepetsa voliyumu (mpaka 4 nthawi) ndi kulemera (mpaka 8). Alumali moyo amakula mpaka zaka 3, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zoteteza zina. Nthawi zonse pamakhala kufunika kokhazikika kwa kaloti zouma; ogula kwambiri ndi mafakitale opangira zinthu. Kupanga bizinesi sikufuna ndalama zambiri, nthawi yobwezera ndi nyengo 1-2.
Tsopano, makamaka, kaloti zouma zimatumizidwa ndi makampani ogulitsa kuchokera kunja, ngakhale ogula ambiri ali ndi chidwi chogula zinthu zapakhomo. Izi zimachepetsa chiwopsezo chandalama zawo, mtengo wamayendedwe ndi mayendedwe, komanso kudalira kutengera zinthu zomwe zatha.
Ndalama ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa opanga ulimi. Makampani akuluakulu ambiri tsopano akuganiza mozama za kuyika ndalama zawo pazaulimi. Mabizinesi omwe adziwa bwino kukonza zinthu zomwe zakula, ngakhale zochepa, amapeza zabwino zambiri posankha ntchito zopangira ndalama.