Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 3 2014
Gulu: Mu Focus
Boris Anisimov Wachiwiri kwa Director All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming dzina lake pambuyo. A.G. Lorja
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zofunikira za phytosanitary ku matenda a virus ndi mabakiteriya, omwe amayenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa m'malire a madera apadera opangira mbewu za mbatata. Chidwi kwambiri chimaperekedwa pakuchepetsa komwe kungatheke komanso ma vectors a matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera komanso kuwongolera ma phytopathogens m'malo apadera popanga mbatata yoyambirira komanso yosankhika.
Matenda opatsirana omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya angayambitse kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mbeu ya mbatata. Pali njira yovomerezeka - kuchuluka kwa matenda m'malo omwe mbewu zimabzalidwa, m'pamenenso mwayi wofalitsa matenda umakhala wokulirapo. kudzera mumbewu ndi nthaka, ndi kuopsa koopsa kwa matenda amenewa [1].
M'machitidwe amasiku ano, vutoli limathetsedwa bwino ndikupanga madera otetezedwa apadera (magawo) okhala ndi malo abwino achilengedwe, nyengo ndi phytosanitary kuti akule athanzi (opanda phytopathogens) mbewu za mbatata. Kupangidwa kwa madera oterowo, kumakhala gawo lofunikira pakupanga mbewu za mbatata zopanda kachilomboka [2,3,4,5].
Chodziwika bwino, mwachitsanzo, ndikuchita bwino pakupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito malo apadera odzala mbatata zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri ku Finland, m'dera lomwe kuli nyengo yozizira (chigawo cha Tyrnavä), komwe miyezo yolimba kwambiri yazakudya zamafuta yakhala ikukhazikitsidwa. zoyambitsidwa m'derali. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi zomwe zinachitikira Great Britain, kumene madera abwino kwambiri a phytosanitary adadziwikanso m'mayiko a Scotland ndi Northern Ireland, omwe apatsidwa udindo wapadera wa EU. "Chigawo chokulitsa mbewu zambatata zapamwamba kwambiri" (Dera la Mbatata Yapamwamba) [6,7].
M'zaka zaposachedwa, m'madera ena a Russian Federation, ntchito yogwira ntchito yakhala ikuchitika popanga madera abwino opangira mbewu za mbatata, komwe kumakhazikitsidwa mwamphamvu kwa boma la phytosanitary ndipo chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa pakuchepetsa ziwopsezo zomwe zitha kufalikira. kudzera mumbewu ndi nthaka [2,3,4]
M'machitidwe amakono a phytosanitary control m'malire a madera omwe amamera mbewu, magulu anayi a zinthu za pathogenic amawongoleredwa kwambiri:
- matenda ndi tizirombo tomwe timafunikira kukhala kwaokha (khansa ya mbatata, zowola zofiirira, chotupa cha mbatata nematode);
- ma virus a phytopathogenic omwe amafalitsidwa ndi mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba (Y- virus ya mbatata (YBK - matenda osiyanasiyana), A- virus ya mbatata (ABKM-potato virus (MBK) ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a mbatata (PLV);
- ma virus omwe amafalitsidwa ndi nematode okhala m'nthaka ndi bowa (Potato top panicle virus (“MOP-TOP”) ndi fodya rattle virus (“RETTL” virus);
- mabakiteriya a pathogenic ("mwendo wakuda" ndi zowola mphete za tubers).
Matenda ndi tizirombo tomwe timafunikira kukhala kwaokha amawonedwa ngati owopsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake kuthekera kwa kufalikira kwawo kudzera mumbewu ndi m'nthaka m'malo omwe mbewu zimabzalidwa siziyenera kuphatikizidwa.
Zofunikira za phytosanitary pa matenda a ma virus ndi mabakiteriya zimayendetsedwa ndikuyambitsa kulolerana motsata malamulo apano padziko lonse lapansi komanso dziko lonse la mbatata zambewu [8,9]. Mayiko ambiri omwe amatumiza mbatata kunja salekerera matenda a bakiteriya (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Kufalikira kwa mbewu zokhala ndi ma virus omwe amatengedwa ndi mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba amayendetsedwa mosamalitsa kutengera kuyesa kwa labotale kwa zitsanzo za tuber kuchokera kwa ana achindunji a makalasi a SE (apamwamba apamwamba), E (osankhika), A ndi B (1-2 kubereka pambuyo osankhika) pogwiritsa ntchito Zofunikira zoyendetsera bwino (Table 1).
Table 1. Kulekerera kovomerezeka kwa miyezo ya kuipitsidwa kwa ma virus a mbatata yambewu yomwe imalowa mu malonda kumayiko a EU (ELIZA test)
Страны | Kulekerera kwa makalasi / mibadwo ya mbatata yambewu,% | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Germany** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finland*** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Republic Czech | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
*Malinga ndi malangizo a EU 2002/56 ndi 93/17
** Kulekerera kwa YVK
*** Kulekerera kwa ma virus YVK + AVK
Kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha matenda a virus a mbatata kumadalira kwambiri chilengedwe komanso nyengo yamadera. M'gawo lalikulu la Russia, mbatata imatha kukulitsidwa bwino pafupifupi kulikonse, koma ndizotheka kupanga mbewu zopikisana kwambiri pokhapokha pakakhala nyengo yabwino komanso chiopsezo chochepa cha kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (acute) matenda a virus, makamaka makwinya ndi ma banded mosaic (YBK) ndi necrotic ringspot mbatata tubers (YВКNTN) (Chithunzi 1).
Chithunzi 1 Zizindikiro za mosaic kwambiri (acute) (YBK) ndi malo a mphete za tubers (YBKNTN[9].
Poganizira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe komanso nyengo, komanso zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mtundu wa mbatata m'malo omwe amabzalidwa ku Russian Federation, padziko lonse lapansi titha kusiyanitsa madera atatu omwe amasiyana kwambiri. kuchuluka kwa matenda komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo Nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri kulima mbatata yamtundu wapamwamba. Nyengo yozizira m'nyengo yakukula, komanso malo otsika kwambiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zimathandiza kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa mavairasi owopsa kwambiri. Nyengo yakukula m'maderawa ndi yochepa kwambiri: kuyambira kumapeto kwa May mpaka pakati pa September (masiku 100-110). Koma kutalika kwa tsiku, khalidwe la kumpoto latitudes, makamaka koyamba kukula nyengo, amalenga zinthu zabwino kwa kukula mofulumira ndi chitukuko cha zomera, inapita patsogolo tuberization ndi mbewu mapangidwe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti maderawa akhale abwino kulima mbewu zamtengo wapatali.
Chigawo chapakati cha Russia, kuphatikizapo Central, Central Black Earth dera, Middle Volga dera, komanso Urals, Siberia, ndi Far East, ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo ndi dothi, nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi maziko apakati a katundu matenda ndi. itha kuonedwa ngati gawo labwino kwambiri pamawu a phytosanitary pokonzekera kupanga kwanu mbewu za mbatata molingana ndi malamulo oyendetsera miyezo.
Zakum'mwera ndi zigawo za South-East zochepa zabwino kukulitsa mbewu zamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa cha nyengo yotentha komanso yowuma, ndipo, monga lamulo, kuchuluka kwa matenda nthawi zonse komanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kupatulapo mapiri ndi mapiri a North Caucasus), kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. kuwonjezeka kwa matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mbadwo uliwonse wotsatira ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa m'madera omwe ali kumpoto kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumachepetsa zokolola ndikuwonongeka kwambiri kwa mbeu ya mbatata pambuyo pa nyengo yachiwiri yakukula, komanso mumitundu yosasinthika ngakhale itatha yoyamba.
Imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pakupanga madera apadera odzala mbewu ndikupatula malo omwe ali ndi malo pomwe mukusunga zofunikira zochotsa zinthu zathanzi kuchokera kuzinthu zilizonse zomwe zingatenge matenda a virus (kubzala mbatata, minda yamasamba, nyumba zazing'ono, ndi zina zambiri). . Pachifukwa ichi, m'malire a madera apadera odzala mbewu, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kutsatira mosamalitsa miyezo yocheperako yodzipatula pamagulu ofananirako ndi makalasi a mbatata yoyambirira komanso yapamwamba. Kutengera malingaliro amakono okhudzana ndi njira ndi mawonekedwe a kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa ma virus a phytopathogenic, komanso kusamuka kwa onyamula pa mbatata, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonetsetsa kuti patali ndi malo omwe angatengere matenda a mbewu zoyambira magawo oyambira. kubereka kwa 500 m, mibadwo yotsatira ya 100 m (Table 2)
Table 2. Miyezo ya malo kudzipatula akulimbikitsidwa kukulitsa choyambirira ndi osankhika mbewu mbatata.
gulu | Kalasi | Kutsegula |
Zopangira | Kukula mini-tubers pansi pa chitetezo ku ma vectors opatsirana | Mafelemu owonjezera kutentha kwa chilimwe okhala ndi zokutira za polycarbonate, zotchingira ngalande zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopepuka zophimba |
Mbatata yoyambirira yambewu | Kufalitsa kumunda (mibadwo 1-2) | mtunda wa 500m kuchokera kumagulu ena aliwonse a mbatata |
Mbatata yosankhika | Super Elite and Elite Nazale | Mtunda wa 100m kuchokera m'magulu otsika a mbewu ndi zobzala zamalonda |
Kawirikawiri, madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja ndi madzi akuluakulu, minda yomwe ili mozunguliridwa ndi minda ya nkhalango zotetezedwa, komanso malo olimapo omwe ali m'mapiri omwe ali oyenerera ngati zinthu zabwino zopanga chilengedwe mkati mwa malire a mbewu - madera okulirapo. Ndikofunikira kuti minda yoperekedwa kwa nazale yakumunda ikhale yotalikirapo kuchokera ku minda ya mbatata yamabizinesi amakampani komanso magawo apanyumba a anthu. M'malire a malo akutali odzala mbewu, kuthekera kobzala mbatata mwachisawawa kuyenera kuchotsedwa, makamaka m'minda ya anthu am'deralo ndi nyumba zazing'ono zachilimwe.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro othandiza, kupanga malo abwino kwambiri m'malo apadera opangira mbewu, makamaka pakukula mibadwo yoyambirira, njira yofikira komanso yothandiza kwambiri ndi "micro-isolation" pogwiritsa ntchito zowunikira zoteteza mbewu zambewu kapena udzu. m'mphepete mwa munda (mkuyu 2).
Mpunga. 2. Dongosolo lopatula mbewu za mibadwo yoyambirira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera kubzala mbewu m'mphepete mwa munda.
Kuti titsimikizire mtundu wa mbewu m'malo apadera opangira mbewu, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zaulimi zomwe zimachepetsa kufalikira kwa ma virus m'minda, kuphatikiza:
- kutsata miyezo yokhazikitsidwa yopatula mbatata yoyambirira komanso yosankhika kuchokera ku zobzala zazing'ono;
- kupanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimakula mwachangu komanso kukula kwa mbewu ndikupititsa patsogolo mapangidwe a tuber panyengo yakukula;
- kuyeretsa phyto nthawi zonse ndikukanidwa koyambirira ndikuchotsa mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kubzala, momwe zingathere magwero a matenda;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komanso kukonzekera kwamafuta amchere ndi masamba motsutsana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimanyamula matenda a virus;
- kukhazikitsa optimally oyambirira mawu kuchotsa pamwamba pamene kukwaniritsa pazipita mbewu marketability wa tubers, poganizira zotsatira za kuwunika magwero matenda ndi tizilombo kunyamula mavairasi (osamuka mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba) zikhalidwe za famu iliyonse;
- kupha tizilombo tosungirako, zida, makina, zotengera musanasunge mbewu.
M'malo omwe amalizidwamo, mbewu ziyenera kupangidwa motsatira njira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pamagulu ndi magulu a mbatata zomwe zimapangidwa.
Magwero a zinthu zolowera m'malire a madera omwe asankhidwa ayenera kukhala okhawo omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zoyenera. Ndizololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochokera kuzinthu zingapo, koma pokhapokha ngati zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Zinthu zoyambira zathanzi ziyenera kupangidwa m'malo opangira ma laboratories ndi ma greenhouses, omwe angakhale kunja kwa malo omwe asankhidwa.
Pambuyo pa chitukuko cha gawolo, mbewu zokha zomwe zimapangidwira m'malire ake ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera lake mtsogolomu. Kubzala zinthu zopangidwa kunja kwa malo sikuloledwa. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti minda ya anthu imayang'aniridwa bwino ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, konzekerani kasamalidwe ka mbatata yambewu yabwino kwambiri pazosowa za wamaluwa am'deralo ndi okhala m'chilimwe. Pochita izi, izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kutenga nawo mbali mwaufulu kwa anthu amderalo komanso chidwi cha nzika m'malo mwapang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa mbewu zawo zakale ndi zatsopano, zomwe zimapangidwira m'malire a mbewu yoyendetsedwa. - gawo lomwe likukula.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga kwaukadaulo wapadera m'gawo lolamulidwa ndikukhazikitsa njira yapadera yoyendera, yomwe iyenera kuphatikiza kafukufuku wanthawi zonse wa phytosanitary ndikuyesa ma labotale a mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamasamba ndi tuber. Kutsatira mosamalitsa miyezo yoyezetsa ma labotale ndi njira zamagulu oyenerera/mibadwo yambatata ziyenera kutsimikizika. Chifukwa chake, muzinthu zoyambira za invitro zomwe zimapangidwira clonal micropropagation m'ma labotale, 100% yazomera zimayesedwa ndi kusanthula kwa ELISA ndi PCR. Mukakulitsa ma mini-tubers m'malo obiriwira, mbewu zosachepera 250 kuchokera kumtundu uliwonse zimayesedwa ndi ELISA. M'munda woyamba wa machubu ang'onoang'ono, mbewu 200 pa chiwembu chilichonse chamtundu uliwonse zimayesedwa ndi ELISA (kapena machubu 200 pamtsamiro wokolola pambuyo pokolola). Pachitsanzo chokolola pambuyo pokolola kuchokera ku zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri, ma tubers 200 kuchokera mugulu lililonse amayesedwa ndi ELISA. Pa mbatata yapamwamba kwambiri komanso yosankhika, kuwonjezera pakuwunika kwa zomera, pakafukufuku wam'munda, mbewu zokhala ndi mawonetseredwe owoneka bwino a matenda amawunikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za immunodiagnostic.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yowunikira yomwe imaphatikiza kuwunika kwa phytosanitary ndikuwongolera ma labotale amitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mbatata mkati mwa madera apadera odzala mbewu kuyenera kukhala gawo lofunikira la malamulo aukadaulo opangira mbatata yoyambirira komanso yosankhika.
Pothana ndi vuto lopanga madera apadera opangira mbewu za mbatata, kutsimikizika kwa nthaka yaulimi pochita kafukufuku kuti azindikire tizirombo, matenda ndi namsongole ndikutulutsa mapasipoti a phytosanitary m'minda kungakhale kofunikira. Kukhalapo kwa mapasipoti a phytosanitary m'minda ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira pakuvomera kwaufulu kwa anthu ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka omwe amagwira ntchito yopanga (kulima), kukonza (kukonzekera), kulongedza ndi kugulitsa mbewu zamagulu apamwamba kwambiri.
Zolemba
1. Anisimov B.V. Ma virus a Phytopathogenic ndi kuwongolera kwawo pakupanga mbewu za mbatata (kalozera wothandiza) - M.: FGNU "Rosinformagrotekh", 2004. - 80 p.
2. Anisimov B.V. Magawo a phytosanitary ndi gawo lawo popanga mbewu za mbatata zopanda kachilombo // Kuteteza mbewu ndikuyika kwaokha. 2014, No. 11, p. 14-19.
3. Anisimov B.V. Kupanga mbeu ya mbatata pamalo okwera// Mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba. 2014 No.8. p.29
4. Anisimov B.V. Magawo apadera opangira mbewu za mbatata // Mbatata ndi masamba. 2015. No. 4. masamba 34-37.
5. Kuzindikira madera opanda tizilombo komanso madera omwe kulibe tizilombo tambiri. Roma, FAO = ISPM 22:2005. Njira yofikira: https://www.ippc.int/core-activiities/standards-setting/ispms.
6. Mbatata za Mbewu (Scotland) Amendmtnt Regulations 2000 No. 201.= (tsiku loyambira 01.04.2006). Njira yofikira: https://www.legislation.gov.uk - Chiyankhulo: Chingerezi, Chirasha.
7. Mbewu za Mbatata (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2010 No. 71.= (tsiku loyambira: 1.07.2010) Njira yofikira: https://www.malamulo.gov.uk/-
8. UNECE Standard S-1, Pankhani ya malonda ndi kasamalidwe kabwino ka mbeu za mbatata. UNITED NATIONS, New York ndi Geneva. 20B.- 41 p.
9. Maupangiri a UNECE pa Matenda a Mbatata. Tizirombo ndi Zowonongeka. Mgwirizano wamayiko. Economic Commission for Europ, Specialized Section on Standardization of Seed Potatoes .Geneva, 2014. -108p.