O. V. Abashkin, Yu. A. Masyuk, D. V. Abrosimov, O. A. Aleksyutina, V. I. Chernikov
M'zaka zaposachedwa, dziko lathu lawona kuchuluka kwa nsikidzi za herbivorous, kuphatikiza mitundu yomwe imatchedwa tizirombo ta mbatata. Kuphatikiza pa kuwononga mwachindunji zomera, mitunduyi imanyamulanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka mbatata spindle tuber viroid ndi mosaic leaf curl virus.
Mbatata tuber spindle viroid (Mbatata kutsitsa chubu viroid). Matendawa amakhala ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mphukira, shredding wa masamba, ndi kupindika kwa tsamba pamwamba. Mphukira ndi ma petioles a masamba amakhala pamtunda wovuta kwambiri. Ma lobes a chapamwamba chapamwamba amakhala opunduka kwambiri, amapindika m'mbali, kupanga mawonekedwe a chikwakwa, masamba amakhala ngati ivy chifukwa cha kupindika kwa mitsempha komanso kupindika kwa ma lobules a m'mphepete mwa masamba. Tchire zomwe zakhudzidwa zimasanduka zotumbululuka, kukhala chlorotic, ndipo nsonga zimakhala ndi mtundu wa anthocyanin. Ma tubers okhudzidwa amatalika, amatenga mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo nthawi zina ming'alu yakuya imapanga pa iwo. Ma tubers okhwima amakula mawanga ozungulira, otuluka pang'ono kuchokera ku 0.5 mpaka 2.5 masentimita m'mimba mwake; posungira, mawanga amadetsedwa, pamwamba pake amawuma ndikukanikizidwa mu tubers. Mumitundu yokhala ndi utoto wa anthocyanin (machubu ofiirira), ikakhudzidwa ndi viroid, kukula kwa ma tubers kumachepa. Matendawa amabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu.
Mosaic virus ckupotoza pamwamba masamba a mbatata amadziwikanso kuti: K-mosaic leafroll virus, M-kachilombo ka mbatata, kachilombo ka mbatata ka Salaman, kachilombo ka mbatata M (PVM), kachilombo ka mbatata 7 Smith. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zodziwika bwino: m'mphepete mwa masamba akumtunda, ofanana ndi mabwato. Chizindikirochi chimawonekera kwambiri panthawi yamaluwa. Pakutha kwa nyengo yakukula, zizindikiro za matendawa zimafooketsa kapena kutha kwathunthu. Nthawi zambiri matendawa amakhala mu zobisika (zobisika) boma ndiyeno akhoza wapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera - enzyme-zogwirizana immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nthawi zina matendawa amaphatikizidwa ndi matenda ena a virus (ma virus a mbatata S ndi X). Zomera zodwala zimachepetsa zokolola (ndi 25-40%) ndi wowuma wa tubers (2-3%). M'magawo a mbewu za mbatata zapamwamba, zomera zodwala ndi ma virus zimachotsedwa panthawi yoyeretsa phytosanitary.
nsikidzi (hemiptera kapena hemiptera) ndi gulu lalikulu la tizilombo lomwe lili ndi mitundu yopitilira 40.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika kwa oimira onse a dongosolo ili ndikuboola pakamwa pakamwa (proboscis ndi yolumikizana, yochokera kutsogolo kwa mutu). Malo okhala nsikidzi ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri: tizilombo titha kupezeka kunyumba (nsikidzi), m'madzi (oyenda pamadzi otentha okhala pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi nsikidzi zamadzi am'madzi, mphutsi zomwe zimadya nsomba mwachangu), mchenga, nkhalango, ndi zina zotero. Mitundu yambiri ya nsikidzi imadzetsa phindu lalikulu mwa kuyamwa ndi kudya tizirombo ta m’minda yaulimi, kuphatikizapo mbatata. Koma nsikidzi za herbivorous zitha kuwononga kwambiri famuyo.
Nsikidzi zopezeka pa mbatata
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsikidzi za herbivorous zimapezeka pamitengo ya mbatata: mpiru wa mpiru (Eurydema festiva L), bug wobiriwira (Nezara viridula L), bug wobiriwira (Orthotylus flavosparsus C), Norway bug (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - kuwonjezera pa kudyetsa mbewu. chakudya, mtunduwu umawononga mphutsi za tizilombo - kuphatikizapo Colorado mbatata kachilomboka; meadow bug (Lygus pratensis L), alfalfa bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze), green wood bug (Palomena prasina L), bug (Graphosoma italicus Mull), beet bug (Poecilos cytus - Polymerus cognatus Fieb), bug mkate (Tfirigonotylus Geoffr ). Oimira banja horsefly kwambiri mwachangu kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomera zomera mavairasi.
Slepnyaks kapena Miridae - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, nthawi zambiri tating'ono, tokhala ndi zophimba zofewa. Iwo amadya makamaka zomera kuyamwa. Pazonse, pali mitundu yopitilira 650 m'banjamo - iyi ndi yoposa theka la mitundu ya nsikidzi pazirombo zapakhomo. Mitundu pafupifupi 50 imawononga mbewu zaulimi. Mitundu ina imanyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mitundu ingapo ya banjali ndi yomwe imawononga kwambiri.
Mbatata bug (Kalori norvegicus Gmel) - Kachilombo kobiriwira kotuwa, sikisi mpaka 8 mm kutalika. Tinyanga ndi zazitali komanso ngati ulusi. Mazirawa ndi achikasu ndipo m'mimba mwake mpaka ma mm awiri. Amapezeka pa kabichi, mbatata, maluwa, ndi chrysanthemums. Mphutsi (nymphs) ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayamwa madzi a masamba, inflorescences, ndi maluwa. Mawanga a Necrotic amawonekera pamasamba owonongeka. Masamba amakwinya ndipo zimayambira zimapunduka. Pakati pa latitudes, kachilomboka kamatulutsa mibadwo iwiri pachaka. Akazi kuikira mazira mu zimayambira za mtengo zomera, kumene overwinter. Nymphs amaswa mazira m'chaka ndi kudya kuyamwa kwa zomera.
Bug dambo kapena vuto lakumunda (Lygus pratensis L). Kutalika kwa thupi 5-7 mm. Thupi ndi lalifupi chowulungika, mtundu ranges kuchokera wobiriwira-chikasu mpaka bulauni. Mutu uli ndi mizere itatu yakuda, mphutsi ndi zobiriwira zachikasu, ndi madontho asanu akuda pamwamba pa thupi (awiri pa pronotum, awiri pa mesonotum ndi wina kumtunda kwa mimba). Amagawidwa paliponse kupatula zone ya tundra. Nsikidzi zazikulu zimadutsa m'nyengo yozizira pansi pa zinyalala za zomera m'minda yamitengo. Kutuluka m'misasa kumachitika chipale chofewa chikasungunuka. Mu kasupe (Epulo - Meyi), kachilomboka kamene kamadya mbewu zanyengo yozizira, kenako amasamukira ku mbande zamasamba, beets wa shuga ndi udzu wa forage, kenako amasamukira kubzala mbatata. Akazi kuikira mazira mu zokoma zimakhala za petioles kapena mitsempha ya masamba ambiri zomera mitundu. Nthawi ya embryonic imatha masiku 10. Mphutsi zimakula pakatha masiku 25-35. M'dera steppe kum'mwera kwa Ukraine, m'chigawo Lower Volga ndi North Caucasus, tizilombo amapereka mibadwo itatu kapena inayi, m'nkhalango steppe zone - mibadwo itatu, m'chigawo chapakati cha gawo European la Russia. Federation - mibadwo iwiri, kumpoto m'badwo umodzi kapena iwiri. Kuthawa kwa m'badwo woyamba m'chigawo chapakati cha Russian Federation kumawonedwa kumapeto kwa June - kumayambiriro kwa July, m'badwo wachiwiri - kuyambira theka lachiwiri la July mpaka kumapeto kwa August. Nsikidzi za Meadow ndizoyenda kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimawuluka kufunafuna mbewu zoyenera. Masamba omwe amadyedwa chifukwa cha kupindika kwa tizirombo, mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi nthambi zanthambi modabwitsa ndipo amapunthwa pakukula. Masamba owonongeka ndi maluwa amagwa. M'zaka zina, nsikidzi zimawononga kwambiri mbewu zaulimi, zomwe sizingaunike nthawi zonse ndi maso, chifukwa tizirombo timagwiranso ntchito ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Alfalfa bug wamba kapena ntchentche nyemba (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze). Kutalika kwa thupi 7.5 - 9.0 mm. Proboscis imadutsa pakati pa prothorax. Kumtunda kwa thupi kuli ndi tsitsi lasiliva. Pali mawanga awiri kapena anayi akuda pa pronotum. Amapezeka kumadera aku Europe a Russia - kumpoto kupita kumadera a Karelia, Kirov ndi Sverdlovsk, m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango za Siberia ndi Central Asia - mpaka 62.о Ndi. w. Mazira anaika mu zimayambira wa osatha nyemba overwinter. Kukula kwa postembryonic kwa kachilomboka kumatenga masiku 14 - 60 pa kutentha kwa + 15 - 20оC. Kutentha koyenera kwa chitukuko cha tizilombo: + 20 - 30оC. Mphutsi za nsikidzi zimasungunuka kanayi ndipo zimakula, malingana ndi kutentha, kuyambira masiku 14 mpaka 34. Ku Ukraine amapereka awiri, ndipo ku Central Asia - mibadwo itatu.
Pa kutentha pansi + 15оNdi kukula kwa mazira mwa akazi, chitukuko chimasiya. Zinadziwika kuti kum'mwera kwa chigawo cha steppe cha Ukraine ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa gawo la Ulaya la Russia, kutentha kumayambitsa kuchepa kwa nsikidzi. Chiwerengero cha tizilombo chimachepetsanso kutentha kwachilimwe.
Pa mbatata, nsikidzi za alfalfa ndizochuluka kwambiri kumadera akumwera. Kwenikweni, tizirombo timadya ziwalo zoberekera za zomera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masamba ndi maluwa aziuma ndikugwa.
Bug munda (dambo (Lygus pratensis L)). Kachilomboka ndi 6.0 - 6.5 mm kutalika. Thupi ndi lathyathyathya, lalitali. Mtundu wake ndi wobiriwira wobiriwira kapena woderapo. Mphuno yam'munda ndi polyphagous. Amadyetsa zomera zambiri za herbaceous. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (imago) timabisala ndikudzuka chipale chofewa chikasungunuka. Mu Epulo - Meyi, nsikidzi zimadya mbewu zachisanu, kenako zimapita ku mbande zamasamba, beets wa shuga, udzu wa forage, etc., pambuyo pake zimawonekera pa mbatata. Mitunduyi imagawidwa paliponse kupatula kudera la tundra. M'chigawo chapakati cha Russian Federation, kachilomboka amapereka mibadwo iwiri (mibadwo), kum'mwera kwa Ukraine, m'chigawo cha Lower Volga, kumpoto kwa Caucasus - mibadwo itatu kapena inayi. Pakatikati, nsikidzi za m'badwo woyamba zimauluka kumapeto kwa June, koyambirira kwa July, ndipo akuluakulu a m'badwo wachiwiri amauluka kuchokera theka lachiwiri la July mpaka kumapeto kwa August. Zochita za nsikidzi zowuluka ndizokwera, zomwe zimathandizira kufalikira kwa matenda amtundu wa ma virus omwe amanyamula (monga mbatata spindle tuber viroid kapena mbatata gothic virus, ma virus a mbatata mosaic, stolbur of nightshade plant), makamaka kumwera kwa Russia.
Bug beti kapena kulop zofiirira beti (Poeciloscytus, Polima cognatus Fieb) kapena Beet horsefly. Kutalika 3-5 mm. Thupi lakutidwa ndi tsitsi la silika; m'mphepete mwa khomo lachiberekero, mphete ya khomo lachiberekero imasiyanitsidwa ndi poyambira. Mtunduwu ndi wosiyana, wamitundumitundu, nthawi zambiri wa bulauni-wachikasu. Pamwamba pa scutellum nthawi zonse amakhala achikasu. Mapiko akutsogolo ake ndi ofiirira-achikasu ndipo pakati pake pali malo akuda ngati mphero. Ma nembanembawo ndi ofiira-bulauni, makona atatu pakati pa nembanemba ndi ena onse a elytra ndi ofiira-bulauni. Mphutsiyi ndi yobiriwira ndi maso ofiira, mpaka 3.3 mm kutalika. Pali madontho awiri akuda pachishango. Pamimba pamimba pali malo akuda ozungulira. Mazira overwinter pa zomera zosiyanasiyana (bindweed, quinoa, nyemba, pigweed, rapeseed, etc.). M'chaka, mphutsi za tizilombo zimamera pa zomera izi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatuluka ndikuwuluka kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni. Amabalalika pamtunda wa makilomita atatu ndikupita ku mbewu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mbatata. Mtunduwu umawononga kwambiri mbewu komanso kabzala beets. Akazi a tizilombo kuikira mazira mu minofu ya mitsempha ndi petioles wa masamba, mu chapamwamba wachifundo mbali zimayambira, kuwayika iwo m'magulu angapo zidutswa, mbamuikha wina ndi mzake. Mayi mmodzi amaikira mazira 70 mpaka 240. Miluza ya nsikidzi, kutengera kutentha, imakula mkati mwa masiku 5-15. Mphutsi zimadyetsa ndikukula kwa miyezi 1 - 1.5. Pakatikati mwa Russia, kachilomboka kamapereka mibadwo iwiri, kumadera akumwera - mibadwo itatu kapena inayi. Masamba a beet akamakula ndikukhala osayenera kudyetsa nsikidzi, amasamukira ku quinoa, nyemba, chitsamba chowawa, ndi zina zambiri, komwe amakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa autumn ndikuikira mazira omwe amakhala nthawi yachisanu. Podyetsa beets, nsikidzi zimayamwa madzi a masamba, kuwapangitsa kuti azipiringa. Masamba owonongeka amasanduka bulauni ndikuuma. Kenako tizirombo timapita kumasamba apakati, omwe amasiya kukula kapena kuuma kwathunthu. Maluwa amauma ndipo mbewu zake zimasanduka zofiirira. Zikawonongeka ndi nsikidzi, kulemera ndi shuga wa mizu ya beet zimatsika, ndipo ma testes amatulutsa njere zazing'ono zomwe zimamera zochepa. Nsikidzi za Beet zimafalitsa ma virus a mosaic. Kachilomboka kamapezeka m'madera a steppe ndi steppe omwe amalima beet. Zimadziwika ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madera a steppe (Central Asia, Altai Territory, Eastern gawo la steppe zone ya Ukraine, dera la Voronezh, Krasnodar Territory, Western Siberia). Polyphagous. Chakudya chachikulu - kuwonjezera pa mbatata ndi beets - ndi vetch, nandolo, mpiru, hemp, fulakesi, nyemba, mpendadzuwa, soya, mphodza, sainfoin, etc. Potuluka, nsikidzi zimachoka kumadera oyandikana nawo ndi malo opanda kanthu kukabzala mbewu zobzalidwa. Nsikidzi zazikulu ndi mphutsi zimayamwa madzi a masamba, ndipo poyamba ntchito yawo ndi yosaoneka. Pamasamba akufota mumatha kuwona madontho owoneka bwino amadzi owuma. Zomera zomwe zikufa zimasanduka zakuda ndikuuma, ndipo mphukira zimakhala ngati ulusi. Nsikidzi zimanyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbatata ndi ma beets.
Adani achilengedwe a nsikidzi za herbivorous: ladybugs, pseudoscorpions, mitundu ina ya centipedes ndi nyerere.
Menyani
- Kuchotsa zotsalira za mbewu m'munda.
- Kulima koyambirira kophukira.
- Kuletsa udzu m'malire ndi madera ozungulira mbewu zaulimi.
Ndikofunikira kutchetcha mosamala ndikuchotsa zomera zakutchire m'munda, ndikudula nyemba zochepa kuti muchotse mazira a kachilomboka m'minda.
Asanayambe kuvutitsa masika, zitsamba zakutchire ziyenera kusonkhanitsidwa mosamala ndikuwotchedwa.
Sitikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mbewu za mbatata pafupi ndi mbewu za udzu osatha.