Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 3 2015
Gulu: Mu Focus
Boris Anisimov Mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti ya Miyezo ndi Zitsimikizo ya Federal State Budgetary Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming dzina lake. A.G. Lorja
M'zochitika zamakono zapadziko lonse lapansi, kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yokhazikitsidwa mwasayansi ndiye chida chofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi vuto lowongolera bwino mbewu zaulimi, kuphatikiza mbatata. Pokhazikitsa zofunikira zina, miyezo imathandizira kupanga mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri ndipo imakhala ngati maziko amtengo wapatali, poganizira zamtundu wamagulu ndi magulu a mbewu.
Zochita zapadziko lonse lapansi pakupanga, kuwongolera bwino komanso kutsimikizira kwa mbeu za mbatata zimayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga ndikusintha kosalekeza kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kutengera zomwe zachitika padziko lonse lapansi mderali. Ndipo pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito luso lapadera lomwe linasonkhanitsidwa ndi UNECE Specialized Section popanga ndi kukonza zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse wambatata.
Kusinthidwa pafupipafupi kwa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi muyezo kumathandizira kuti ziwonetsere munthawi yake komanso mwachangu zosintha zomwe zimayenderana ndi kasamalidwe ka mbatata yambewu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zatsopano zotsimikizira, kusinthika kwa tizirombo komanso kusintha kwa phytosanitary mogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika mdziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi. ndondomeko za kusintha kwa nyengo.
Muyezo wa UNECE wa Mbatata za Mbatata ndizofunikira kwambiri zoyendetsera dziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mapangano a WTO pa zopinga zaukadaulo pamalonda ndi njira zaukhondo komanso zaukhondo. Mulingo wa UNECE umapangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mabungwe otsimikizira dziko kuti awonetsetse kuti mbewu za mbatata zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zovomerezeka komanso zovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili mulingo wa UNECE, mawu ofananirako ndi zofunikira zogwirizana zimathandizira kuti wogulitsa ndi wogula amvetsetse kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, ndikuchepetsa kuopsa kwa zotchinga zaukadaulo. malonda apadziko lonse.
Zomwe zili mu muyezo wa UNECE zikukhudza pafupifupi mbali zonse zakuwongolera komanso kutsimikizira mbewu za mbatata.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi izi:
- zowona ndi chiyero cha zosiyanasiyana;
- traceability wa chiyambi cha mbewu zambiri;
- khalidwe mlingo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zakuthupi poyerekezera ndi matenda, tizirombo, zolakwika;
- kulolerana za mawonekedwe amtundu wa tubers, ma calibration awo ndi malonda;
-Malamulo oyika, kusindikiza ndi kulemba zilembo.
Zofunikira za muyezo wa UNECE zimakhazikitsidwa pamagulu atatu a mbatata yambewu: zoyambira, zoyambira komanso zotsimikizika. Iliyonse mwamagulu atatuwa idagawikanso m'magulu awiri, omwe amaganizira za kuchepa kwa mtundu wa zizindikiritso zamunthu payekhapayekha ndikuwonjezeka kwa mibadwo yam'munda panthawi yopanga mbewu za mbatata.
Mogwirizana ndi zofunikira za muyezo wa UNECE, mitundu yokhayo ndiyomwe imaloledwa kuchita malonda apadziko lonse lapansi omwe mafotokozedwe awo ndi mawonekedwe ake malinga ndi kusiyanitsa, kufanana komanso kukhazikika angapezeke kuchokera kwa olamulira oyenerera (oyambitsa mitundu) molingana ndi malamulowo. ndi njira zowongolera za UPOV (International Union for protection of new plant species).
Mayiko ambiri omwe amalima mbatata nthawi zambiri amayesetsa kubweretsa zofunika pamiyezo ya mbatata ya dziko lawo kufupi ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, miyezo yamayiko imatha kukhala ndi zofunikira zolimba pazizindikiro zina zofunika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zofunikira za muyezo wa UNECE.
M'mikhalidwe yamakono, kugwirizanitsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamtundu wa mbatata za dziko ndi ma analogue apadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka, mulingo wa UNECE ndiwofunika kwambiri.
Zofunikira pakuwongolera mulingo wadziko la Russia, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu zamitundu ina pobzala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata, komanso mbewu zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro za ma virus (zofooka ndi zolimba mosaic) ndi matenda a bakiteriya. (blackleg) ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi a UNECE (Table 1).
Kulekerera kwa muyezo wadziko la Russia pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa ma tubers omwe ali ndi matenda (Table 2) kulinso pafupi ndi gawo lazofunikira za muyezo wa UNECE. Ngakhale kufunikira kophatikizanso milingo yabwino m'magulu oyenera a mbatata kuti abweretse pafupi ndi zofunikira zapadziko lonse, mosakayikira ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera bwino mbewu za mbatata ku Russia ndipo zithandizira kuchepetsa ziwopsezo zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha zopinga zaukadaulo. mu malonda apadziko lonse a mbewu za mbatata.
Table 1. Kuyerekeza kulolerana kwa UNECE ndi Russian Federation miyezo yokhudzana ndi kuyera kwamitundumitundu komanso kufalikira kwa matenda obzala mbatata.
Magulu / Maphunziro | % ya zomera | ||
Mitundu ina | Ma virus* | Blackleg | |
UNECE muyezo | |||
Pre-Basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Zoyambira II | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0 |
Basic I | 0,25 | 0,4 (0,2) | 0,5 |
Basic II | 0,25 | 0,8 (0,4) | 1,0 |
Certified I | 0,5 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,5 |
Wotsimikizika II | 0,5 | 10 (2,0) | 2,0 |
GOST R 53 136-2008 | |||
Zida zoyambira (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Choyambirira (OS) | 0 | 0,4 | 0 |
Elite (ES) | 0 | 3,0 (1,0) | 0 |
Zoberekera (RS (1-2)) | 1,5 | 8,0 (2,0) | 1,0 |
* % yovomerezeka ya zomera zokhala ndi zojambula zolemera zimawonetsedwa m'mabulaketi
Table 2. Kuyerekeza kulolerana kwa UNECE ndi Russian Federation miyezo ya tuber matenda infestation.
Magulu / Maphunziro | % ya ma tubers omwe amakhudzidwa ndi matenda ** | |||||
Zowola zouma ndi zonyowa* | Wamba nkhanambo, mauna, | Mbalame poro zoyipa | Rizok tonia | S'mores ma tubers | ||
UNECE muyezo | ||||||
Pre-Basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Zoyambira II | 0,2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | |
Basic I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Basic II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Certified I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Wotsimikizika II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
GOST R 53 136 - 2008 | ||||||
Zida zoyambira (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Choyambirira (OS) | 0,5 (0) | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Elite (ES) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Zoberekera (RS (1-2)) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
* % yovomerezeka ya ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa ndi zowola zonyowa amawonetsedwa m'mabulaketi
** tuber imatengedwa kuti imakhudzidwa ndi matendawa ngati dera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi nkhanambo liposa 33,3% kapena kupitirira 1/3 ya pamwamba; mauna nkhanambo - 33,3%; ufa wofiira - 10%; rhizoctonia - 10%.
Kuti mupitirize kugwirizanitsa ndondomeko yoyendetsera khalidwe la mbatata ku Russia, m'pofunika kusintha kwambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa ponena za malamulo a zitsanzo, njira zowonetsera zowona ndi zoyera za mitundu, kuwerengera matenda, tizirombo, zolakwika zakunja pa zomera ndi ma tubers a mbatata. , kulolerana ponena za mawonekedwe a ma tubers, ma calibration awo ndi khalidwe lamalonda. Pachifukwa ichi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyambo yosiyana ndi njira zoyesera za labotale zodziwira kuipitsidwa kwa mbewu ndi ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a virus ndi bakiteriya amitundu yofananira ndi magulu a mbatata yambewu, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu GOST R "Mbeu Mbatata. . Kuvomereza ndi njira zowunikira" (Table 3).
Table 3. Miyezo ndi njira zoyezera ma labotale zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Russian Federation m'magulu osiyanasiyana (mibadwo) ya mbatata yambewu.
Zida zambewu | Kalasi/m'badwo | Miyezo yoyesera | Njira |
Ma clones oyambira a chikhalidwe cha vitro, | ИМ | 100% zomera | ICA, PCR, ELISA |
Ma microplants oyambilira a kufalitsa kwa clonal mu chikhalidwe cha vitro | ИМ | 100% zomera | ELISA, PCR |
Zomera m'zipinda zokulirapo kuti mupange ma mini-tubers | ИМ | Zomera zosachepera 250 pamitundu yosiyanasiyana | ELISA* |
Nazale zakumunda (500m kudzipatula) | 1st field generation kuchokera ku mini-tubers | Zomera 200 pamitundu yosiyanasiyana (kapena ma tubers 200 pa batch) | ELISA* (**) |
Wopambana wapamwamba kwambiri | 200 tubers pa batch | ELISA | |
Nazale zakumunda (100m insulation) | Superelite | Zomera pawokha *** | ICA, ELISA*** |
Elite | |||
*Kuwunika kwa zitsanzo zamasamba **Kuyesa kwa labotale pambuyo pa kukolola kwa zitsanzo za tuber. *** Kuyang'ana m'munda wa zomera pawokha ndi mawonetseredwe owoneka bwino azizindikiro za matenda pogwiritsa ntchito ICA pamizere yoyesera, ELISA |
Kuyambira 2011 ku Russia, mulingo wa UNECE waphatikizidwa pamndandanda wovomerezeka wa zikalata zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito paziphaso zodzifunira za mbatata za Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr".
Kugwiritsa ntchito mulingo wa UNECE wa mbatata zambewu ku Russia mosakayikira kudzathandizira pakupanga malo ampikisano atsopano pakati pa ogulitsa mbewu ndi omwe amapanga mbatata zamalonda. Zotsatira zake, mwayi wodziwikiratu udzapezeka kwa omwe akupanga omwe azitha kupereka pamsika wapakhomo komanso kugulitsa mbewu zambatata zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi zidzathandizanso kukhazikitsidwa kwaukadaulo wamakono, kuyika ndalama pakupanga zinthu zamakono, kupita patsogolo mwachangu pakupanga mitundu yomwe ikufunika kwambiri pamsika, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodziwira ma phytopathogens, ogwira ntchito yophunzitsira ndi kukulitsa luso la akatswiri pantchito yopanga mbewu za mbatata, kuwongolera bwino komanso kutsimikizira.