Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 1 2016
Gulu: Chigawo
GAWO. Andrianov, D. A. Andrianov,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Bashkir State Agrarian University
Gawo la Republic of Belarus: 143 Km2
Chiwerengero: Anthu 4, pomwe 071% ndi okhala mumzinda.
Malo: Republic ili kumapiri akumadzulo kwa Southern Urals komanso ku Cis-Urals.
Nyengo Kontinenti, ndi nyengo yamvula, yotentha komanso nyengo yachisanu. Nyengo imasintha nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha malo omwe derali lili pakati pa mvula yamkuntho yochokera kumadera otentha, Atlantic, Arctic ndi Siberia.
Avereji kutentha kwa January: -18°, pafupifupi July kutentha: +18°. Koma ziwerengerozi zitha kusiyanasiyana kumadera osiyanasiyana: zitunda za Urals, zotambasulidwa kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera, zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu kwanyengo kumadera akumadzulo ndi kummawa. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumatsika kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa. Kusintha kosasunthika kupita ku kutentha kwa pamwamba pa ziro kumachitika m'masiku khumi oyamba a Epulo, ndikufika pansi paziro m'masiku khumi achitatu a Okutobala. Kutalika kwa chipale chofewa ndi masiku 155 (m'madera a nkhalango ndi steppe), masiku 175 (m'madera amapiri amapiri).
Bashkortostan ndi wolemera mu madzi pamwamba. Pali mitsinje pafupifupi 13 ndi nyanja zopitilira chikwi (kuphatikiza madamu) mu Republic.
Chithandizo: zosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malo, geological and tectonic structure of the area. Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a derali ndi zigwa ndi mapiri (oyenera kwambiri ulimi); pali mapiri, mapiri, mapiri, ndi mapiri.
Dothi: 32% ya gawo lonseli ndi dothi la chernozem, 28% ndi dothi la nkhalango, 25,1% ndi dothi lamapiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pali madera a sod-podzolic (kumpoto kwa Republic), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa nkhalango-steppe zone), dothi la hydromorphic ndi meadow-chernozem. Kum'mwera kwa Cis-Urals ndi Trans-Urals, madera ogawa solonetzes, solonchaks ndi solonchak mitundu ya chernozems ndi dothi la dambo amadziwika.
Malo azaulimi: pafupifupi mahekitala 8 miliyoni, pomwe mahekitala pafupifupi 5 miliyoni ndi malo olimako
Kukula mbatata ku Republic of Bashkortostan. siteji yamakono
Mbatata ndi imodzi mwazakudya zofunika kwambiri ku Republic of Bashkortostan. Pazaka zisanu zapitazi, kudya kwa "mkate wachiwiri" (mpaka 180 kg / munthu) ndi kupanga (mpaka 270 kg / munthu) kwawonjezeka mu republic. Pakadali pano, m'mafamu amitundu yonse, malo obzala mbatata ndi mahekitala 93,5.
Mafamu otsogola azamalonda ku Republic of Bashkortostan ali ndi luso lopeza zokolola zambiri za mbatata kumadera akulu. Pamndandanda wa 100 minda yabwino kwambiri yamalonda ku Russian Federation ya 2005 - 2008. m'malo 46 ndi SPK KLH dzina lake. Chigawo cha Salavat Meleuzovsky, m'malo a 74 - State Unitary Enterprise yosungirako zosakhalitsa "Dmitrievsky", m'malo a 96 - State Unitary Enterprise yosungirako zosakhalitsa "Alekseevsky" ndi malo a 100 - Siberian Agricultural Farm-Collective Farm dzina lake. Salavat, chigawo cha Sterlitamak. Chifukwa chake, mu AKH im. Salavat, Meleuzovsky chigawo, pa dera la mahekitala 330, pafupifupi zokolola pachaka ndi 35 t/ha. Pa famu ya boma la Alekseevsky m'chigawo cha Ufa, dera la mahekitala 100 limapanga ma tubers ogulitsa pa 32-42 t/ha. SEC "Dzuwa" la chigawo cha Ilishevsky, pamtunda wa mahekitala oposa 300, amasonkhanitsa ma tubers ogulitsa pa 16 - 25 t / ha. Famu ya boma la Shemyak, yomwe ili pamtunda wa mahekitala oposa 600, imapanga 12-16 t/ha ya ma tubers ogulitsidwa. Famu ya anthu wamba "Agli" ya Chishminsky m'dera la mahekitala 400 imalandira zokolola za mbatata za 30 - 42 t/ha kwa zaka zingapo.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mbatata ku Republic of Belarus ndikotsika kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa chazifukwa zotsatirazi. 1. Kusowa kwa njira yopangira mbewu za mbatata komanso kuchepa kwa mitundu yomwe imacha msanga, kuphatikiza kusakhalapo konse kwa mitundu yamakono yophukira komanso yapakati pazaka zobzala. Zobzala zomwe zilipo zimasungidwa m'malo osayenera ngati dongosolo losungira silitsatiridwa. Pakuti kubzala, kubzala zakuthupi si pansi pa sayansi yochokera kukonzekera. 2. Kuphwanya kwakukulu kwaukadaulo waukadaulo pakukula kwake. 3. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusowa kwa kasinthasintha wapadera wa mbewu. 4. Kukhalapo kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzi kosalamulirika m'mitengo. 5. Kugwiritsa ntchito mopanda nzeru feteleza wa mchere ndi organic. 6. Kulephera kutsatira masiku oyenera kubzala ndi kuchulukitsitsa kosakwanira. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yobzala mopanda nzeru yokhala ndi kuya kosalingana kwa tuber. 7. Kuphwanya kofunika kuti nthaka ikhale yosasunthika komanso yopanda udzu - m'mizere ndi pakati pa mizere pakubzala chisamaliro. 8. Kusowa njira yotetezera mbewu za mbatata ku matenda. 9. Zinthu zanyengo, nyengo yoyipa panyengo yakukula. 10. Kupanda zovuta zamakono zamakono makina, zipangizo kulima mbatata ndi malo osungira. 11. Zifukwa za bungwe chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kayendetsedwe kabwino ka ntchito panthawi yolima komanso kusadziŵa bwino chikhalidwe cha mbatata zoyamba ndi zamakono ndi ochita masewera. 12. Kusakonzekera kwa minda (yachuma, mwaukadaulo komanso mwadongosolo) kuti ikhale yokolola kwambiri komanso yogwira ntchito bwino, ngakhale ayamba kuwonetsa chidwi ndi mbatata. 13. Kusowa njira yodziwitsira anthu za mitundu yatsopano ndi mawonekedwe ake, kusowa kwa malo ogulitsira mbewu zambatata pang'ono m'matumba ang'onoang'ono. 14. Kusowa kwa ziwerengero za mbatata yoyambirira. 15. Kusowa njira yophunzitsira anthu ogwira ntchito pamagulu onse a mbatata. 16. Kupanda agrometeoposts pa minda yoyesera.
Pakadali pano, kupanga mbatata ku Republic of Belarus kumakhazikika m'magawo ang'onoang'ono (95-97% ya malo onse obzala), ndiye kuti, mbatata yakhala pafupifupi mbewu yamunda.
M'mafamu akuluakulu amalonda amabzalidwa pamtunda wa mahekitala 3,0 zikwi ndi m'minda ya alimi (alimi) pamtunda wa mahekitala 1,0. Nthawi yomweyo, pali mawonekedwe owoneka bwino okhudzana ndi kupanga mbatata. M'maboma asanu ndi atatu a Republic of Belarus (mwa 54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa ndi Chishminsky - oposa theka (60%) a malo obzala ali m'minda yamalonda, 76,6% ya Mbatata amapangidwa, ndipo zokolola zimaposa avareji ya dziko pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi ndi 144...211%.
Izi zimawonekeranso kwambiri m'minda ya anthu wamba. M'maboma asanu - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa ndi Chishminsky - 57,4% ya malo okolola pansi pa mbatata ndi 59,8% ya zokolola zenizeni za tuber ndizokhazikika, ndipo zokolola ndizokwera kuposa za Republic of Belarus ndi 128,7 - 440,7 % pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi. Pazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi, zokolola za mbatata m'minda yamalonda ndi yaulimi zakwera kwambiri kuposa m'mafamu apadera.
Popanda kupereka kafukufuku wasayansi pa kafukufuku wa mbatata za biology komanso pakupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zamaukadaulo azaulimi a mbewu ndi zonse zofunika, popanda akatswiri oyenerera (kuchokera kwa oyendetsa makina kupita kwa oyang'anira ndi atsogoleri amakampani), popanda makina ndi zida zamakono zolima mbatata, popanda chithandizo chachangu komanso chapamwamba kwambiri, sikudzakhala kotheka kupikisana ndi makampani otsogola m'magawo a Russian Federation ndi makampani akunja posachedwa.
Zolinga za chitukuko
M'malingaliro athu, kuti tilimbikitse kupanga mbatata pamafakitale, kukonza bwino mbatata ndi zinthu za mbatata, kuwonjezera kugulitsa ndi kupindula kwa mbewu ku Bashkortostan, ndikofunikira kupanga Potato Center, kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ilipo. ndi zomanga zatsopano kukhala zovuta imodzi.
Ndikofunikira kupanga, kuvomereza ndikugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yanthawi yayitali yachitukuko pakupanga, kusunga, kukonza ndi kugulitsa mbatata ku Republic of Belarus mu 2016 - 2020.
Mkati mwa dongosolo la Potato Center ndi pulogalamu yopititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mbatata, pangani Gulu la Mbatata la Republic of Belarus.
Kutengera kuwunika komwe kulipo pano pakupanga mbatata ku Republic of Belarus, madera omwe ali patsogolo pakukula kwa mbatata ku Republic ndi awa:
- Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukonza kafukufuku wasayansi mu chikhalidwe cha mbatata kuchokera ku biology yake mpaka kugulitsa komaliza;
- kuonjezera zokolola zapakati pa minda yamalonda ndi ya anthu wamba kufika pa 30 t/ha;
- kusamutsa pang'onopang'ono mabizinesi olima mbatata kupita kuukadaulo wamakono wamakina kuti apange, kusunga ndi kukonza;
- kuchepetsa mtengo pa gawo lililonse la kupanga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu ndi ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachuma komanso zachilengedwe;
- kukulitsa luso logwiritsa ntchito zokolola zapakhomo;
- Kukhazikitsa njira zamakono zopangira mbewu mwasayansi ndi malamulo atsopano aukadaulo opangira mbatata zoyambilira, zapamwamba komanso zobereketsa;
- kuyambitsa ndi kutsatira mosamalitsa dongosolo lovomerezeka la certification ya mbatata kutengera malamulo amakono a Russian Federation ndi Republic of Belarus ndi GOSTs;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa maziko amsika wambewu (kuphatikiza malo am'nyumba), chakudya ndi mbatata zamakampani;
Chifukwa chake, kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mbatata ku Russian Federation ndi Belarus sikungatheke popanda kuwongolera sayansi yapakhomo, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ma genetic, zomwe zachitika mu physiology ya zomera, biotechnology, kuswana ndi kupanga mbewu.*, phytopathology, entomology ndi chitetezo cha zomera ndi kupanga mbewu, komanso kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri waulimi pazaulimi.
Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira pakuyambitsa ndi kukulitsa zatsopano pakukula kwa mbatata ndi izi:
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- kupezeka kwa ukadaulo waulimi wa mbatata womwe watsimikizira kuti ndi wothandiza pazachuma komanso zachilengedwe;
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- thandizo la boma kwa mabizinesi aulimi omwe akudziwa bwino zaukadaulo waulimi wa mbatata;
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- kachitidwe ka zidziwitso m'boma ndi ma municipalities pakupanga ukadaulo waukadaulo waulimi wa mbatata komanso momwe chuma chimachokera ku izi.
*M'chigawo cha Ural ndi Republic of Bashkortostan mu 2015, mitundu yotsatirayi inaphatikizidwa mu State Register ya Russian Federation ndipo inavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito: mitundu yowonjezereka yowonjezereka - Meteor, Charoit; Kucha koyambirira - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky oyambirira, Kamensky, Mtsogoleri, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch (mitundu yamaluwa); m'ma oyambirira - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, September (mitundu yamunda), Nthano, Madam, Evolution, Excellence, Effect; pakati pa nyengo - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaluwa), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; m'ma mochedwa - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.