Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 1 2016
Category: Kufunsira kwa akatswiri
B.V. Anisimov, S. N. Zebrin, V. N. Zeyruk,
All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming dzina lake pambuyo. A.G. Lorja
Mchitidwe wapano wa kuwongolera ndi kutsimikizira kwa mbewu za mbatata, zowola za tuberous nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu - youma ndi yonyowa.
Mwa zowola zowuma, zofala kwambiri ndi Fusarium dry rot ndi Phoma rot. Nthawi zambiri, zowola zowoneka bwino zimathanso kukhala pa tubers zikakhudzidwa ndi Alternaria.
Kukula kwa chonyowa tuber zowola nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa chotengera matenda kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi choipitsa mochedwa kapena leg lakuda kupita ku ma tubers a mbewu yatsopano. Mukabzala mbatata mu dothi lonyowa kwambiri, zowola za rabara zimatha kuphuka pa tubers panthawi yokolola kapena mukangomaliza kukolola. Chinyezi chambiri m'nthaka nthawi yakukula kumapangitsanso kuti pakhale nyengo yabwino ya zowola za pinki, ndipo nyengo yotentha nthawi ya tuberization imatha kupangitsa kuti ma tubers aziwola atangokolola.
Nthawi zina, "zowola zosakanikirana" zimatha kukhala zovulaza: mochedwa choipitsa-bakiteriya, fusarium-bacterial, fomosa-bacterial. Kulowa kwa matenda a fungal ndi mabakiteriya mu tubers ndi kukula kwa zowola kumathandizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa nematodes, wireworms ndi mphutsi za tizilombo. M'mikhalidwe yovuta yokolola ndi kusunga mbatata, zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa tuber kuvunda zitha kukhala hypothermia ndi kuzizira kwa ma tubers.
Kuwola kowuma kwa tubers chifukwa cha mafangasi phytopathogens
Fusarium (Fusarium spp.)
Matenda amatha kuchitika kudzera mumbewu ndi nthaka. Kuwonongeka kumalimbikitsa chitukuko cha zowola, makamaka pamene kusanja pa okwera kutentha.
Phomosis (Phoma sp.)
Magwero a matenda amakhala makamaka akhudzidwa ndi mbeu; matenda amatha kufalikira ndi mvula. Ma tubers nthawi zambiri amadwala panthawi yokolola, koma zowola za Phoma zimayamba kukolola ndi kusankha pambuyo pokolola komanso/kapena posungirako kutentha.
Alternariosis (Njira ina sp.)
Alternaria spores amakhala ndi mbatata kapena zinthu zina za m'munda kapena m'nthaka.
Kuwola konyowa chifukwa cha bowa ndi mabakiteriya
Mochedwa (Phitofthara operewera)
Spores kuchokera pamwamba amawononga tubers m'nthaka. Tuberous choipitsa mochedwa amatha kuwonedwa panthawi yokolola ndikupitilira kukula pakusungidwa. Kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers panthawi yokolola pambuyo pokolola nthawi zambiri kumathandizira izi.
Kuwola kwa pinki (Phytophora erythroseptika)
Matenda amapezeka m'nthaka. Kukula kwa matenda kumalimbikitsidwa ndi chinyezi chachikulu cha nthaka ndi kutentha. Kuvunda kumayamba nthawi yokolola kapena ikangotha kumene.
Kuwola kwa mphira (Geotrichum candidimu)
Gwero la matenda ndi dothi. Kukula kwa zowola kumalimbikitsidwa ndi chinyontho champhamvu cha dothi ndi nyengo yofunda nthawi isanakolole. Kuthirira nthaka moyenera ndi kusunga machubu kuchokera m'minda yomwe yasefukira motalikirana ndi mbewu zonse kumachepetsa kufalikira kwa zowola.
Kuwola kwa chilonda chamadzi (Pythium sp.)
Gwero la matenda: nthaka. Matenda a tubers amapezeka mwa mabala. Zowola zimafalikira pa ma tubers omwe angokumbidwa kumene omwe khungu lawo silinawumitsidwe. Kutentha nyengo yokolola kumalimbikitsa chitukuko cha zowola.
Mdima mwendo (Dickeya/Pectobacterium spp.)
Magwero a matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma m'munda matendawa amatha kufalikira kuchokera ku zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kupita ku madontho amadzi athanzi okhala ndi mabakiteriya (madontho amvula / aerosol) komanso tizilombo. Matenda opatsirana amatha kuchitika kuchokera ku zida zowonongeka kapena zotengera. Kupatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa komanso kukula kwa matendawa kumakondedwa ndi mikhalidwe yonyowa, koma ndi yabwino Pectobacteria ndi ozizira ndi kunyowa zinthu, ndi kwa Dickey - kutentha ndi chinyezi.
Limbani kuvunda (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus)
Magwero a matenda ndi mbewu zoipitsidwa. Ma tubers amitundu ina akhoza kukhala asymptomatically kachilombo. Mabakiteriya amafalitsidwanso ndi zida zoipitsidwa, makamaka zida zodulira. M'mayiko ambiri, matendawa amatengedwa ngati matenda odzipatula; pakabuka, zinthu zowonongeka zimachotsedwa ndikutayidwa kuti zisamayendetsedwe.
Kuwola ndi hypothermia ndi kuzizira kwa tubers
Zomwe zimayambitsa: kutentha kochepa (pansi pa 1 °C) musanakolole kapena kusunga. Kuwonongeka kwa tuber kumayambanso chifukwa cha kutentha kwachangu (osati kutsika kozizira) M'pofunika kukolola chisanu chisanayambe komanso kupewa kuzirala kosungirako.
Ziwola chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tubers ndi nematodes, wireworms ndi mphutsi za tizilombo
Mbatata tsinde nematode - Ditylenchosis (Ditylenchus wowononga)
Nematodes amafala kwambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu zotsimikizika zathanzi ndikupatula minda yomwe idadziwika kale. Nematodes ndizovuta kuchotsa chifukwa zimakhala pa zomera zambiri. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero chawo kungathe kuthandizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njere mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu pamodzi ndi kuletsa bwino udzu.
wireworms (Agriotes/Tandonia/Arion spp.)
Mphutsi zimadya tinjira tating'ono tating'ono kapena takuya mu tuber. Ndimezi nthawi zonse zimakhala zopapatiza (mosiyana ndi zowonongeka zomwe slugs zimayambitsa), koma zimatha kukhala nthambi zambiri. Kuwonongeka kwa wireworms kumapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tilowe mu tuber, zomwe zingayambitse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowola.
Pamodzi ndi wireworms, tuber kuvunda kwa mtundu wowuma kapena wonyowa wowola (kutengera momwe amasungirako) nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kafadala, ma cutworms, slugs, ndi njenjete za mbatata.
Khrushchi (mphutsi) zimadya mabowo mu tubers. Mosiyana ndi cutworms, samasiya zotsalira za peel kuzungulira m'mphepete mwa mapanga.
Zokopa (mbozi) zimaluma ziboda zazikulu zosiyanasiyana m'machubu. M'mphepete mwawo pali zotsalira za peel mu mawonekedwe a mphonje.
Slugs
Amadya ming'oma yamitundu yosiyanasiyana mu tuber zamkati, zomwe zimathandizira kuti ma phytopathogens alowe mu tuber, zomwe zimayambitsa zowola zosiyanasiyana.
njenjete ya mbatata
Imabowola ndime zopapatiza (2-4 mm) pansi pa khungu kapena mkati mwa tuber. A khalidwe chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka njenjete ndi kukhalapo kwa ndowe padziko ndi ndime mkati tubers.
Kukula kwa kukula kwa tuber kuvunda kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kwa matenda panyengo yakukula komanso kukolola mbatata. Choncho, ndikofunika kuyang'anira magwero a matenda kudzera mu kafukufuku wa m'munda pa nthawi ya kukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera zodzitetezera ndi zodzitetezera panthawi yolima nthaka, kukonza mbeu zobzala, kusamalira zomera ndi kukolola.
Mwa njira zodzitetezera ndi zoteteza, zogwira mtima kwambiri ndi izi: kulima mbatata mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu zam'mbuyomu zomwe zimachotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka; kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera feteleza wa organic ndi mineral, ma microelements ndi calcareous zipangizo zomwe zimawonjezera kukana kwa zomera ndi tubers ku matenda; kugwiritsa ntchito ma tubers athanzi pazakudya, kutenthetsa mbatata ndikutaya zomwe zili ndi kachilombo; kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda musanabzale; kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zonse zosamalira zomera ndi njira zowononga udzu zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale zomera zathanzi, zotukuka bwino zomwe zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu yachilengedwe yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Monga njira yodzitetezera pa kubzala mbewu, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchotsa zomera zomwe zili ndi matenda - magwero a matenda - poyeretsa bwino phyto. Zizindikiro za matenda pa zomera kuonekera pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana, choncho kwambiri zotsatira zambiri zimatheka ndi kuyeretsa katatu.
Kuyeretsa koyamba kumachitika pakangotha mphukira zonse, pomwe mbewu zimafika kutalika kwa 15-20 cm. Zomera zomwe zili ndi matenda zikangochotsedwa m'mundamo, m'mundamo magwero ochepa a matenda amafalikira.
Yachiwiri kuyeretsa ikuchitika pa maluwa. Panthawi imeneyi, zonyansa zamitundumitundu nthawi zambiri zimachotsedwa, komanso zomera zofowoka zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda a bakiteriya ndi ma virus. Nthawi zambiri, kuyeretsa kwachiwiri, kuyezetsa m'munda kumachitika ndikutsata zobzala ndi zowongolera zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso magulu a mbatata zambewu zimatsimikiziridwa.
Yachitatu kuyeretsa ikuchitika chisanadze kukolola kuchotsa nsonga. Panthawi imeneyi, zotsalira zotsalira zimachotsedwa, komanso zomera zomwe zikuwonetsa zizindikiro za bakiteriya (ring rot) ndi matenda a tizilombo.
Kuyeretsa kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa bwino pamaso pa katswiri wodziwa bwino yemwe ali ndi luso lozindikira zizindikiro za matenda ndi zonyansa zamitundu ya mbatata. Pamenepa, nthawi zambiri anthu awiri amayenda m'mphepete mwa ngalandeyo ndikuwunika mosamala zomerazo m'mizere iwiri kumanja ndi kumanzere kwa mzere womwe njirayo imapangidwira. Apezeka matenda zomera kapena MITUNDU YA NYEMBA zodetsedwa anakumba ndi fosholo pamodzi ndi tubers, kuphatikizapo mayi tubers, ndi kuchotsedwa m'munda. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kutulutsa mbewu, chifukwa izi zitha kusiya ma tubers pansi, kumeranso chaka chomwecho ndikutulutsanso mbewu za matenda. Nsonga ndi ma tubers omwe amachotsedwa pakuyeretsa ayenera kuwonongedwa kwathunthu.
Ngati pali chiwopsezo chakukula kwa choipitsa mochedwa ndi alternaria pamlingo wocheperako kapena wowopsa, kukonzekera kwamankhwala ndi kwachilengedwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popopera mbewu nthawi yakukula. Njirazi zimapangitsa kuti m'tsogolomu zichepetse kuwonongeka kwa zowola panthawi yosungirako mbatata.
Njira yofunikira yomwe imalepheretsa kufalikira kwa ma tubers panthawi yokolola komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha tuber kuvunda ndikuchotsa nsonga zisanakolole. Imachitidwa pobzala mbewu masiku 14 musanakolole, komanso pazobzala zamalonda masiku 7 asanakolole. Pamene nsonga zimachotsedwa nthawi yomweyo musanakolole, peel ya tuber ilibe nthawi yolimbitsa ndipo imavulazidwa kwambiri ndi makina okolola, omwe angayambitse matenda aakulu a mbatata ndi zowola zowuma ndi zonyowa. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, ngati kukula kwa choipitsa mochedwa pazomera kwafika 50% ndipo kulemera kwa mbewu sikukukulirakulira, nsonga ziyenera kuwonongedwa nthawi yomweyo kuti ma tubers asatengeke m'nthaka. Koma ngakhale mu nkhani iyi, m'pofunika kukhala ndi imeneyi pakati kuwononga nsonga ndi kukolola.
Nsonga za nsongazo zitha kuonongeka ndi kudula ndi makina pochotsa zomela m'munda, popeza nsonga zomwe zakhudzidwa ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda obwera mochedwa komanso tuber bacteriosis asanakolole komanso akamakolola. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala desiccation pa mbewu ziwembu. Pachifukwa ichi, mbatata imawazidwa ndi Reglon Super (2,0 l/ha). Kugwiritsa ntchito madzimadzi ogwira ntchito kuyenera kukhala osachepera 300 l/ha.
Panthawi yokolola, kunyamula mbatata ndikuzisunga, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tichotsere tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, magalimoto, masanjidwe, ndi zina zambiri ndi yankho la 2-3% yamkuwa sulfate. Mbatata zonse zotsalira pambuyo pa kusanja ndi kusanja zimatayidwa, ndipo zidazo zimatetezedwa ndi 5% yankho la mkuwa sulfate.
Polimbana ndi zowola, njira zonse zomwe zimalepheretsa kuvulala kwa ma tubers panthawi yokolola, kusanja, mayendedwe, ndi kusunga mbatata ndizothandiza. Kuti muchite izi, m'pofunika kusintha okolola bwino, ma diggers a mbatata, ma sorters, ndi kusamalira mosamala tubers, kuwateteza kuti asagwe kuchokera pamtunda waukulu. Kutalika kovomerezeka kwa ma tubers kugwera pazitsulo (tsamba lopyapyala) ndi 50-80 cm, matabwa olimba - 25-50, matabwa a matabwa - 15-25, rubberized - 50-75, nthaka - 200, pa mbatata - 100-125 cm.
Kuwongolera pambuyo pokolola ndi njira zochepetsera kuwonongeka kuchokera ku zowola panthawi yosunga mbatata
Pasanathe mwezi umodzi musanasunge mbatata, malo osungiramo amatsukidwa ndi dothi ndi ma tubers akale, otetezedwa ndi laimu ndikuwonjezera 2-3% yamkuwa sulphate, ndiye kuti makoma osungira, denga, makoma a bin ndi mapanelo amayeretsedwa ndi laimu. Fumigation ndi whist yokonzekera imagwiritsidwanso ntchito (zowunikira zambiri 150-200g/1000 m3 chipinda cha mbatata).
Panthawi yokolola pambuyo pokolola, kuyezetsa tuber kumachitika kuti azindikire matenda omwe awonekera pa tubers.
Njira zotsatsira sampuli pakuwunika kwa tuber ndi zofunikira pakuwongolera kwamtundu wa mbewu ndi mbatata zamalonda (zakudya) zimatsimikiziridwa ndi miyezo: GOST R 53136-2008 "Mbeu za mbatata. specifications luso"; GOST R 55329-2012 "Mbeu za mbatata. Kuvomereza ndi njira zowunikira" ndi GOST R 51808-2001 "mbatata yazakudya zatsopano, zokonzedwa ndi kuperekedwa."
Magome 1 ndi 2 akuwonetsa kulolerana kwamayendedwe a tuber rot pamagulu a mbatata zomwe zimalowa mu malonda kumayiko a EU, Canada, Russian Federation ndi Republic of Belarus.
Mayiko ambiri omwe amapanga ndi kutumiza mbewu za mbatata m'maiko awo nthawi zambiri amabweretsa kulolerana kolimba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zofunikira za UNECE wapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka zowola zonyowa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi bowa woyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya [6] (Table 1).
Table 1. Kulekerera kovomerezeka kwa milingo yowola ya tuber m'magulu / mibadwo yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata yogulitsidwa m'maiko a EU.
Страны | Kulekerera kwa makalasi a mbatata,% | ||||
S | SE | E1-3 | 1-2 | B | |
ЕС1 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | ||
UNECE | 0,2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Germany | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Holland2 | 1-4 tubers pa 50 kg | ||||
Finland | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
France | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 |
Belgium | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Denmark | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
Czech Republic3 | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) |
Canada4 | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | 1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) |
1 - Malingana ndi EU Directives 2002/56 ndi 93/17;
2 - Pa zowola zonyowa, tuber imodzi pa 1 kg imaloledwa;
3 - Chizindikiro cha zowola chonyowa chimasonyezedwa m'makolo;
4 - Kulekerera / kopita konyowa konyowa kulolerana kumaperekedwa m'makolo.
Zofunikira pakuwongolera miyezo yapadziko lonse ku Russia ndi Republic of Belarus pagawo la OS ndizofanana kwambiri ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ya UNECE. Nthawi yomweyo, kulolerana kwamagulu a mbatata ya EC ndi RS kumaposa mikhalidwe ya UNECE ya zowola zowuma ndi zonyowa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwamtundu komanso mpikisano wamba osankhika komanso zoberekera zapakhomo. . Pakadali pano, monga gawo lachitukuko chatsopano cha Interstate Standard cha mayiko omwe ali membala wa EAEU chopereka mbewu zambatata, akuyembekezeka kuwonetsa kulolerana kolimba kwa zowola zowuma ndi zonyowa, zomwe zingafanane kwambiri ndi miyezo ya ma analogue apadziko lonse lapansi. (Gulu 2).
Table 2. Kulolera kovomerezeka kwa miyezo ya tuber kuvunda kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata yomwe imalowa mu malonda ku Russian Federation ndi Republic of Belarus.
Miyezo | Kalasi/Zobadwa Zachikhalidwe* | ||
OS | ЭС | RS 1-2 | |
GOST R-2008 | 0,5 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) |
GOST wa Republic of Belarus | 0,5 (0) | 2 (1) | 3 (1) |
Mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi (zokonzekera) | 0,5 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
* OS - gulu la mbewu zoyambirira; ES - mbewu zosankhika; RS - mbewu zoberekera. Chizindikiro cha zowola chonyowa chikuwonetsedwa m'mabokosi.
Mogwirizana ndi GOST R 51808-2001, m'magulu onse a mbatata zatsopano, zokonzedwa ndi kuperekedwa, kupezeka kwa ma tubers omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kunyowa, kowuma, mphete, zowola za batani ndi choipitsa mochedwa, komanso chisanu ndi zizindikiro za "kugwa" sizololedwa. Musanayambe kusanthula tuber zitsanzo zosankhidwa kuti yambitsa phytopathogenic bowa, mabakiteriya ndi tsinde nematodes mu tubers, tikulimbikitsidwa kusunga tubers pa kutentha kwa 10-20.оC mkati mwa masiku 20.
Choyamba, chitsanzocho chimayesedwa, kenako nthaka yaulere ndi zonyansa zina zimalekanitsidwa. Kuchuluka kwa zonyansa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kulemera monga peresenti ya kulemera kwa ma tubers a chitsanzo chopatsidwa. Pambuyo pochotsa zonyansa, tuber iliyonse imatsukidwa m'madzi ndikuwunikiridwa. Zosavomerezeka ndi zolakwika zimadziwika ndikugawidwa ndi mtundu wa zowonongeka (matenda, tizirombo, makina). Chiwerengero cha ma tubers omwe ali ndi matenda amawonetsedwa ngati chiwerengero cha chiwerengero chonse mu zitsanzo. Kutengera ndizomwe zasanthula, migulu ya mbatata yambewu imagawidwa m'magulu ofananira a mbewu, ndipo mabatani a mbatata amaperekedwa m'magulu ofananira a mbatata yoyambirira kapena yochedwa (Owonjezera, makalasi oyamba kapena achiwiri).
Kuzindikira matenda ndi zolakwika mkati (mwendo wakuda, zowola mphete, choipitsa mochedwa, phomosis, mdima wa zamkati, malo a glandular, hollowness, ditylenchosis), ma tubers 100 pa chitsanzo amadulidwa mozungulira. Ngati matenda kapena zolakwika zipezeka, ma tubers otsala a zitsanzo amadulidwanso.
Ngati pali matenda angapo pa tuber imodzi, imodzi mwazowopsa kwambiri imaganiziridwa motere: zowola mphete, mwendo wakuda, choipitsa mochedwa, fomoz, zowola zowuma, ditelenhoz, kukomoka, frostbite, nkhanambo wamba, rhizoctonia, powdery. ndi nkhanambo siliva, mawotchi kuwonongeka.
Ma tubers omwe amakhudzidwa pamlingo uliwonse chifukwa cha choipitsa mochedwa, zowola zowuma, zowola zonyowa, mwendo wakuda, zowola mphete, phomosis, ndi nematodes zimawonedwa ngati zodwala. Kutengera ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwa tuber, lipoti la kusanthula kwa tuber limapangidwa, lomwe likuwonetsa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa ma tubers omwe ali ndi matenda.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kutayika kwa zowola, mbatata za mbewu kuchokera m'minda yomwe kuchedwa, phomosis, matenda a bakiteriya adakula kwambiri, ndipo ma tubers adawonongeka ndi makina, posungirako komanso nthawi yoyamba yosungiramo, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuyenera kuchitidwa motsutsana ndi matendawa. The causative wothandizila fusarium youma zowola (pamene kukolola ndi mbatata Chiphatikiza kudya chofunika) ntchito mankhwala Maxim (0,2 l/t) kapena Fitosporin (1 kg/t).
Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbatata kumachitika mu kugwa pogwiritsa ntchito majenereta a aerosol amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amayikidwa pazitsulo zonyamula katundu kapena kusanja mfundo. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzimadzi ndi 3-5 l/t. Ndi madzi awa, palibe chifukwa chowumitsa mbatata kuwonjezera. Fumigation ndi whist yokonzekera imagwiritsidwanso ntchito (zowerengera zambiri 5-10 g/t)
Kukonzekera kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri ngati kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pasanathe masiku atatu mutakolola mbatata, kapena bwino, mutangokolola posungira pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyenda mwachindunji. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito, muyenera kutsatira malamulo otetezeka mukamagwira ntchito ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
M'masiku oyamba a 20-25 osungidwa kwakanthawi kapena kosatha (nthawi yamankhwala), kutentha kuyenera kusungidwa pa 15-18.оC ndi chinyezi wachibale 90-95%. Izi zimathandiza kuti mofulumira machiritso a kuvulala pa tubers. Kutalika kwa tuber chulu kumadalira mtundu wa yosungirako komanso ngati ili ndi mpweya wabwino komanso machitidwe owongolera nyengo.
Mukamaliza chithandizo, kutentha kwa mbatata kumachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, koma osapitirira 0,5-1.оC patsiku kwa masiku 26 mpaka 30, ndipo imasungidwa nthawi yayitali yosungira mkati mwa 2-5.оC, zosiyanasiyana penapake kutengera kwachilengedwenso makhalidwe a mitundu.
Mulingo woyenera kwambiri yosungirako zinthu amaonetsetsa kudzera mpweya wabwino, kuzirala ndi mpweya kunja kapena osakaniza ndi kusunga mpweya. Nthawi zonse, mpweya woperekedwa uyenera kukhala ndi kutentha kwabwino. M'chaka, njira yabwino kwambiri imasungidwa ndi mpweya wabwino usiku komanso m'mawa kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa m'nyengo yozizira.
Kutentha kwa mpweya kapena kusakaniza kwa mpweya komwe kumaperekedwa ku chulu cha mbatata kuyenera kukhala koyenera, koma kutsika kuposa kutentha kwa mbatata ndi 2-5.оC. Kutentha kwa malo osungiramo kuyenera kukhala kofanana kapena kupitirira kuposa kutentha kwa chulu cha mbatata, koma osapitirira 1.оC.
Kusunga kutentha ndi kusungirako chinyezi kumatheka mwa kutulutsa mpweya mu chulu cha mbatata 2-3 pa sabata kwa mphindi 30.
Zochita zawonetsa kuti njira yosungiramo mbatata yomwe ikulimbikitsidwa imatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa kuvunda kwa tuber ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kutayika kosungirako.
Kutola mbatata m'nyengo yozizira ndi osafunika, chifukwa kungachititse kuti overinfection wa tubers ndi youma zowola, choncho, kuwonjezera kuopsa kwa matenda. Ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa ndi zowola zowuma ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuchotsedwa pamwamba pa mpanda. Wazindikira matumba a chonyowa zowola ayeneranso mosamala kuchotsedwa pamodzi ndi moyandikana wosanjikiza wathanzi tubers.
Mbatata zimasanjidwa kwathunthu ngati ma tubers opitilira 10% amakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus ndi mabakiteriya.