M'chaka cha 2020 Federal Research Center of Potato yotchedwa A.G. Lokha (mpaka August chaka chatha - A.G. Lorkh All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming) amakondwerera chaka chachikulu. Ndipo ili ndi tsiku lofunika osati kwa ogwira ntchito a bungwe lolemekezekali, gulu la obereketsa ndi olima mbewu, komanso kwa makampani onse. M'malo mwake, tikukondwerera zaka XNUMX za njira yasayansi yolima mbatata. Za momwe zonsezi zinayambira ndi ntchito zomwe Institute idzathetsere mtsogolomu, - m'nkhani ya mkulu wa Federal Research Center wotchedwa pambuyo pake. Lorkh SERGEY Zhevora.
Kuyambira Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse mpaka lero
- Tiuzeni pang'ono za mbiri ya All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Potato Farming. A. G. Lokha. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi Korenovsk Potato Breeding Station?
- Mwina kale pang'ono. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 1914, mbatata inali kale yofunika kwambiri pazachuma ku Ufumu wa Russia. Koma panthawi yomwe dzikolo lidalowa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, kuthekera kogula mbatata zakunja kunali kochepa. M'mikhalidwe imeneyi, adaganiza zokonza mu XNUMX m'chigawo cha Bronnitsky m'chigawo cha Moscow, malo apadera oyesera kulima mbatata.
Munthawi yachisinthiko, ngakhale zinali zovuta, nkhani yokonzekera gawo lapadera loyesera kuti ayambe ntchito yosankha mitundu ya mbatata yakunyumba idawonedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Ntchito yokonza pulogalamu yokonza malo oyesera inaperekedwa kwa Alexander Georgievich Lorkh, panthawiyo wasayansi wachinyamata wa Moscow (anali ndi zaka 29 zokha). Ndipo iye amene mu April 1920 anatsogolera ntchito yatsopano analenga Regional Experimental Station, mmodzi wa magawano amene anali dipatimenti mbatata kuswana. M'chaka chomwecho, dipatimenti ya mbatata idasamutsidwa ku famu ya boma la Korenevo.
Mu 1925 A.G. Lorkh adatha kubweretsa ku Korenevo zida zapadera zopangira ma labotale komanso zosonkhanitsira zolemera (zopitilira 800) zamitundu yakunja, pamaziko omwe ntchito yosankha ndikukula kwaukadaulo wa kulima mbatata idayamba. Zoyesererazo zidakhala ndi zotsatira: mitundu yoyamba ya mbatata yakunyumba - Lorkh ndi Korenevsky - idapangidwa kale mu 1929. Iwo adakonzeratu tsogolo lalitali komanso losangalatsa, makamaka kwa mitundu ya Lorkh: kwa zaka 40, dera la kulima kwake ku Soviet Union linali lokhazikika pamlingo wa mahekitala 500.
Kuwonjezera pa kuswana ntchito palokha, kafukufuku physiology ndi chibadwa cha mbatata unakonzedwa pa Station; kuphunzira kwa biology ya maluwa kunachitika, machitidwe adadziwika ndipo chikhalidwe cha masinthidwe osinthika chinawululidwa. Panthawi imeneyi, dipatimenti ya phytopathology idapangidwa, yomwe idachita nawo kafukufuku wa matenda a mbatata. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mdziko muno, ntchito yoyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukana khansa ya mbatata idayamba.
Ogwira ntchito ku Station adapanganso njira ndi mfundo zoyendetsera mayeso osiyanasiyana a mbatata.
Kupambana kwa asayansi kudayamikiridwa kwambiri, ndipo mu 1930 Station idasinthidwa kukhala Scientific Research Institute of Potato Farming.
Mbiri ya Institute sinali yophweka, monga momwe zinalili mbiri ya dziko limene linagwira ntchito. Ndinayenera kugonjetsa zovuta za nkhondo ndi zaka za pambuyo pa nkhondo, nthawi yokonzanso. Koma timu yapambana mayeso onse. Pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano, asayansi adapanga chidziwitso chatsopano, mitundu, matekinoloje.
Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti pakusintha kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya Udacha idawonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, matekinoloje a enzyme olumikizidwa ndi immunosorbent assay adapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awone ngati pali kachilombo ka virus, ndipo ukadaulo wopanga mbewu wopanda ma virus wapangidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa.
Ntchito zamakono. Tsogolo lofiirira
- Chonde tchulani zomwe gulu lanu lachita kafukufuku mzaka zaposachedwa.
- Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 ku Institute. Lorkha adakhazikitsa Bank for Healthy Potato Varieties, yomwe tsopano ikupereka zopangira zovomerezeka kumafamu ambewu ku Russia konse.
Masiku ano bungwe lathu lofufuza limasunga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata. Pakadali pano, zikuphatikiza ma genotypes pafupifupi 700. Pamaziko a zosonkhanitsazo, Center for Collective Use idapangidwa ndipo imagwira ntchito, yomwe imatsegulidwa kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuchita kafukufuku pazachikhalidwe cha mbatata.
Komanso, akatswiri athu amapanga matekinoloje a patent pakupanga mbewu za mbatata, pofuna kukulitsa zokolola zamitundu yapakhomo, amapeza njira zodzitetezera pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aposachedwa.
Komabe, njira yayikulu pantchito ya FRC ndi ntchito yoweta. Chaka chilichonse, mitundu iwiri yatsopano ya mbatata, yopangidwa ndi asayansi athu, imalowetsedwa mu State Register of Breeding Achievements yomwe idavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ku Russia. Mitundu iyi si yotsika kuposa ma analogue akunja, ndipo nthawi zina imawaposa. Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya Gulliver ikuwoneka yodalirika kwambiri; pankhani ya zokolola, imaposa ambiri aku Europe (kuphatikiza omwe akuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa atsogoleri pankhani ya kulima ku Russia masiku ano). Zosiyanasiyana zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusunga bwino komanso kugulitsa kwambiri.
Kuyesetsa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito ku Federal Research Center of Mbatata otchulidwa pambuyo pake Lorkha amayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mitundu yobala zipatso kwambiri, yosinthika kwambiri, komanso mitundu "yamitundu" (ie zamkati zamitundu). Mitundu ya Violet ndi Northern Lights yalowetsedwa kale mu Register Register. Mitundu ina ingapo, monga imati, ili "panjira". Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iyi ndi yachikhalidwe ndikuti amasintha lingaliro la mbatata ngati chinthu chophikira. Ambiri amavomereza kuti mbatata si zakudya mankhwala. Komabe, mitundu iyi - chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa vitamini C ndi ma antioxidants (anthocyanins) - itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya komanso ngakhale zakudya zamankhwala.
Komabe, ngati mitundu "yamitundu" iyi iyenerabe kugonjetsa msika (zomwe mosakayikira idzachita), ndiye kuti zambiri zomwe bungwe lachita posankha zikufunika kale. Choyamba, tikukamba za mitundu yatsopano ya Grand, Gulliver, Sadon, yomwe ikukhala yotchuka ndi alimi apakhomo. Mitundu iyi imakwaniritsa zofunikira za ogula, kuwonetsa kugulidwa kokwanira kwa zokolola ndi kusunga khalidwe.
Mgwirizano ndi olima ulimi
- Bungwe la Potato Economy likuchita nawo ntchito zonse zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kusankha ndi kupanga mbewu za mbatata mdziko muno. Ndi uti mwa iwo amene mukuganiza kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri?
- Kwa zaka zambiri za kukhalapo kwa Institute, antchito ake atenga nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa ndi kukonza ma projekiti ambiri a "mbatata" m'dziko lonselo, ndipo ntchito iliyonse yotereyi, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake, imakhalabe yofunika komanso yofunika kwa ife.
Masiku ano anthu ambiri amapita ku Institute kuti awathandize. Nditchula madera awiri okha omwe amadziwika kwambiri a mgwirizano wathu ndi olima ulimi. Choyamba: Institute imakulitsa zomera zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono zomwe zasankha, kupereka kwa makasitomala zinthu zamtengo wapatali zovomerezeka. Posachedwapa, gulu lililonse lidadziwikanso ndi chizindikiro cha Institute, chomwe chimatsimikizira kukwezeka kwazinthuzo.
Chachiwiri: Institute nthawi zonse imapanga maphunziro apamwamba kwa ogwira ntchito m'mabizinesi ambewu, komanso masemina ndi matebulo ozungulira pamitu yokhudzana ndi akatswiri. The Institute limasindikiza zipangizo zambiri kwa thandizo la sayansi makampani, amakonza zisudzo thematic wa bwino sayansi.
Federal Research Center of Mbatata yotchedwa A.G. Lokha
- Dzina lovomerezeka la bungweli lero ndi A.G. Lorkha (pambuyo kukonzanso ndikulowa m'malo mwa mabungwe ena asayansi ku VNIIKH). Chifukwa chiyani zidachitika? Kodi ntchito za mabungwe onsewa zasintha chiyani?
- Pa Ogasiti 5, 2019, Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation adasaina lamulo lokhudza kukonzanso kwa FGBNU VNIIKH polowa FGBNU "Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture", FGBNU "Kostroma Research Institute of Agriculture" ndi FGBNU. "Leningrad Research Institute of Agriculture" Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka".
Cholinga cha kukonzanso koteroko nthawi zonse ndikuwonjezereka kwa kafukufuku wopangidwa m'mabungwe a sayansi omwe amakhudzidwa nawo, kupititsa patsogolo kuthekera kwa ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe okonzedwanso komanso kukonzanso zinthu zawo ndi luso lawo. Ndipo cholinga chimenechi chidzakwaniritsidwa. Pakalipano, kukonzanso sikunakwaniritsidwe, koma kuli kale kumapeto.
Kutengera zotsatira za kukonzanso, Pulogalamu Yachitukuko ya Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution" Federal Research Center of Potatoes yotchedwa A.G. Lorkha ", yomwe idzafotokozera zolinga za bungwe logwirizanitsa, zizindikiro zomwe zidzafunikire kukwaniritsidwa, zofunikira pa izi. Pomwe Pulogalamuyi ikali pano.
Komabe, chinthu chimodzi chomwe ndinganene motsimikiza: ntchito zonse zomwe zichitike mkati mwa kukonzanso zidzachitika molemekeza cholowa chambiri cha mabungwe asayansi omwe adakonzedwanso. Mayina a mbiri yakale ndi malo ofufuza achikhalidwe adzasungidwa. Komanso, ntchito idzachitidwa kuti asunge zomwe zilipo kale zamabungwe asayansi awa, kuphatikiza ogwira ntchito.
Subprogram "Kukula kwa kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu ku Russian Federation"
- Amawakwanira. Lorkha akutenga nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa pulogalamu yaying'ono "Kukula kwa kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu ku Russian Federation" FNTP chitukuko chaulimi ku Russian Federation kwa 2017-2025.
- Institute imagwira ntchito ngati wogwirizanitsa ntchito zasayansi ndi njira zomwe zimayendetsedwa mkati mwa kachigawo kakang'ono "Kukula kwa kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu ku Russian Federation" ya Federal Scientific and Technical Program for Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025.
Ndikuwona kuti Subprogram yokhayo ikuchitika ndi mabungwe ambiri ofufuza, ndipo zopereka za aliyense waiwo ndizofunika kwambiri.
Ndikochedwa kwambiri kuti tifotokoze zotsatira za ntchitoyi - Pulogalamuyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chaka chachiwiri, - koma zotsatira zina zakwaniritsidwa kale. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu itatu yatsopano ya mbatata idapangidwa (kuphatikiza Gulliver, wotchulidwa pamwambapa). Mayesero a chilengedwe ndi malo a mitundu ya mbatata akuchitika (mpaka pano, mitundu ingapo yadutsa). Gawo lotsatira la ntchito lidzakhala zoyesa zopanga, zomwe zotsatira zake, ndikutsimikiza, zidzakhala umboni womveka wa mpikisano wamitundu yapakhomo.
Mkati mwa Subprogramu pali chitukuko chokhazikika komanso zovomerezeka zaukadaulo pantchito yopanga mbewu za mbatata, kupeza mbewu zopanda ma virus. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zomera za aerohydroponic zokulitsa mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata zikukonzedwa. Mitundu yatsopano ya feteleza ndi njira zachilengedwe zotetezera mbatata zikupangidwa.
Nthawi yomweyo, kafukufuku wofunikira wokhudzana ndi chibadwa cha mbatata akuchitika. Chifukwa chake, zolembera zatsopano zimazindikiridwa zomwe zimakhala ndi zofunikira pazachuma, njira za CRISP / CAS9 zimakonzedwa kuti ziwongolere ntchito zawo pa mbewu za mbatata, ndipo njira zosankhidwa zothandizidwa ndi chikhomo zimalimbikitsidwa.
Zindikirani kuti zomwe mabungwe akwaniritsa zimayang'ana kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto - awa ndi mabizinesi aulimi amtundu uliwonse: kuchokera kuzinthu zaulimi kupita kuminda yaying'ono. Chifukwa chake, mlimi aliyense yemwe ali ndi intaneti amatha kugwiritsa ntchito geoinformation system kuti adziwe kuopsa kwa miliri yochedwa kapena kutchula database ya Solanum Tuberosum, yomwe idapangidwa chifukwa cha Subprogram.
Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi
- Tiuzeni za mgwirizano wa FRC ndi mabungwe apadera akunja.
- Institute ikugwira ntchito mwakhama pakupanga ubale wa sayansi pakati pa alimi a mbatata akunyumba ndi akunja. M'malo mwake, asayansi athu amalumikizana ndi makontinenti atatu mwa asanu omwe amakhala ndi anthu.
Woyamba pa mndandanda wa abwenzi akunja, ndithudi, ayenera kutchedwa International Potato Center (CIP). Bungwe ili ndi bungwe lathu lachita mgwirizano wotseguka pa mgwirizano wa sayansi ndi luso, mkati mwa njira yomwe kusinthana ndi kubwezeretsanso zosonkhanitsira za chibadwa cha mbatata ndi mitundu yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera komanso kukana kupsinjika kwa biotic ndi abiotic. zimachitika pachaka.
FRC imagwiranso ntchito mwachangu ndi kampani yofufuza "Agvenchur Exploitation B.V. Solynta (Netherlands) ndi Romanian National Institute for Potato Research and Development. Pakati pa FIC abwenzi ochokera kumayiko aku Asia, m'pofunika kuunikila Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Harbin, China), Institute of Vegetables ndi Maluwa a Chinese Agricultural Academy (Beijing, China), ndi Vietnamese Genetic Institute of Agriculture (Hanoi). , Vietnam).
Mgwirizano ndi mayiko a ku Africa ukukulanso: mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa sayansi ndi luso pakati pa Federal Research Center ndi National Seed Association (Angola) watsirizidwa, mkati mwa ndondomeko yomwe ntchito ikuchitika kuti apange mitundu yatsopano ya mitundu. mbatata ndi kulinganiza kusankhika mbewu kupanga.
Inde, maiko oyandikana nawo ayenera kuzindikiridwa. Ubale wapamtima wakhazikitsidwa ndi Kazakhstan, Tajikistan ndi Uzbekistan. Ndi mabungwe asayansi a mayikowa, ntchito yolumikizana ikuchitika pa kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana: kuyambira pakusankha mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata ndikutha ndikuyambitsa mitundu iyi pakupanga, komanso kupanga matekinoloje atsopano opangira mbewu. wa mbatata.
Chikumbutso pakati pa mliri
- Kachilomboka kanasokoneza mapulani ochita zochitika zachikondwerero polemekeza zaka 100 za Federal Potato Research Center. Tiuzeni zomwe zasintha mu pulogalamuyi?
- Ndikukhulupirira kuti zonse zomwe zimachitika ndizabwino! Bungweli linakakamizika kusintha maonekedwe a chikondwerero chachikumbutso, koma chifukwa chake, tinalandira zochitika ziwiri nthawi imodzi, maholide awiri.
Tidzakumana ndi woyamba pa Julayi 16, 2020 pamalo athu pafupi ndi mudzi wa Kraskovo, komwe kudzachitika Tsiku la Potato Field. Pamalo oyesera a Institute, mitundu ya mbatata idzawonetsedwa, zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje olima ndi njira zotetezera mbatata zidzawonetsedwa. Padzakhalanso mpikisano wa alimi, omwe opambana adzalandira mphoto ndi mphatso zamtengo wapatali.
Gawo lachiwiri lidzachitika pa September 28-29 ku Moscow. Mkati mwa dongosolo lake, International Scientific and Practical Congress (mothandizidwa ndi asayansi otsogola akunja ndi apakhomo), chiwonetsero ndi kuwonetseratu za kupambana kwa sayansi ndi luso zidzakonzedwa.
- Chikumbutso chimatengera mphatso. Ndi mphatso yanji yomwe mungafune kulandira ku Institute pofika tsiku lomaliza?
- Chaka chapitacho, tinali ndi lingaliro lolemba zaka zana za Potato Institute pomanga chipilala cha chikhalidwe chofunikira kwambiri kwa ife, chomwe mbiri yathu pazakudya za anthu imayamikiridwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Tsoka ilo, mpaka pano palibe ndalama zokwanira zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuti ntchitoyi ichitike, koma ntchito yopeza othandizira. Potengera mwayiwu, ndikupempha mabizinesi onse olima mbatata ndi pempho loti athandizire kuthetsa vutoli.
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