M'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, kupatsa anthu omwe akuchulukirachulukira padziko lapansi chakudya kudzafunika kuwirikiza kawiri ulimi wa mbewu zaulimi. Pamodzi ndi chimanga, mpunga ndi tirigu, mbatata ndi mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ubwino wake: kukwanitsa, mtengo wapamwamba wa zakudya, kukwanira kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso zokolola zambiri. Zimakhala ngati maziko okonzekera mbale zosiyanasiyana kunyumba komanso m'magulu odyetsera anthu, komanso zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri zopangira.
Koma mbatata ndi mbewu yovuta muzinthu zambiri zachuma komanso zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwachuma kwa madzi ndi kusinthasintha kwa nyengo yozizira kumaphatikizidwa ndi zofunikira zazikulu za kumasuka kwa nthaka ndi kusowa kwa miyala. Pachifukwachi, kugawidwa kwa madera olima mbatata m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndikosiyana kwambiri (mkuyu. 1).
Chithunzi 1. Kugawidwa kwa madera a mbatata padziko lonse lapansi (FAO 2016)
Kulima kwambiri mbewu zokolola 40-50 t/ha kumafuna kuwongolera mwachangu matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, chifukwa chake zinthu zambiri zoteteza zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimatha kukhudza chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi dera lonse lomwe lili ndi mbatata kumadera aku US omwe ali ndi luso lalitali komanso lalitali (Idaho, Washington, North Dakota) nthawi ndi nthawi amakhala ndi fumigation. Izi zikutanthauza kuwonjezera pafupifupi 500 kg/ha ya mankhwala amphamvu, monga metham sodium kapena chloropicrin, kunthaka. Popanda kutsekereza koteroko, sikutheka kupeza mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri kumeneko, popeza dothi lili ndi kachilomboka kwambiri. M'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, zokolola pa hekitala ndizochepa (15-20 t/ha) chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zotsika komanso njira zolima. Pa mapu a dziko lapansi, Russia ikuphatikizidwanso pakati pa madera otere (mkuyu 2).
Chithunzi 2. Kugawa kwa mbatata padziko lonse lapansi (t/ha), FAOSTAT, 2014-2016
Komabe, tisaiwale kuti ziwerengero za Russian Federation zimaganizirabe zokolola za mbatata pazigawo zapanyumba za anthu, zomwe mulimonse sizingakhale zokwera ngati m'mabizinesi apadera aulimi, omwe adafika nthawi yayitali. 30-40 t/ha. Iwo. Dera la Russia likuwonetsedwa bwino pamapuwa osati lalanje, koma lobiriwira kapena, nthawi zambiri, lachikasu.
Malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa FAO, malo omwe amalima mbatata m'tsogolomu adzawonjezeka kwambiri ku Africa, Latin America, ndi Southeast Asia (mkuyu 3).
Chithunzi 3. Tsogolo la kupanga mbatata. Blue bar - data ya 2015, lalanje - zolosera za 2030, zachikasu - zolosera za 2050
Madera aku North America ndi China adzakhalabe pamlingo womwewo, pomwe ku Europe adzachepa. Mwachiwonekere, kulosera kumeneku ndi kofala kwambiri. Mayiko omwewo aku Europe omwe amapanga mbatata NWEC-05 (Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium ndi England) sachepetsa, koma angowonjezera kupanga mbatata. Kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwamabizinesi aboma, mikhalidwe ndi mwayi wopititsa patsogolo ntchito yolima mbatata m'maikowa posachedwapa (Table 1).
Table 1. Kusanthula kwa SWOT kwa mbatata m'maiko a NWEC-05
Mphamvu: nthaka yabwino kwambiri komanso nyengo yolima mbatata, zomwe zimatsogolera ku zokolola zambiri za mbatata padziko lonse lapansi; olima mbatata ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso/kapena odziwa zambiri; adapanga maunyolo ophatikizika ophatikizika kuyambira pakuweta ndi kupanga mbewu mpaka kumsika womaliza; anayamba kupanga processing makampani, makamaka kupanga zakudya mazira; kupezeka ndi mwayi wopeza matekinoloje aposachedwa opangira mbatata, kuteteza ndi kusunga mbewu; kafukufuku wapamwamba wamaphunziro ndi anthu ammudzi kuti athetse mavuto omwe ali mu gawo la mbatata; kupezeka kwa chithandizo/ntchito zogawa mbatata mu NWEC-05; kukhalapo kwa mabungwe a mbatata padziko lonse lapansi monga Europatat (malonda), EUPPA (mapurosesa) ndi NEPG (opanga); maukonde otukuka bwino ogulitsira kunja kwa mbatata zatsopano ndi zokonzedwa.
Zofooka: Kuthirira kwa mbatata kumatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa CO2 pankhani ya zokolola zouma; kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ambiri pothana ndi matenda/tizilombo/udzu; mizu yokhala ndi mphamvu yotsika ya N, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri za N ndi zoopsa zochokera ku N leaching; kufunikira kwaukadaulo wapamwamba wogwiritsidwa ntchito; Mphepete mwa nthaka imayambitsa madzi ndi mchere komanso kukokoloka kwa minda yotsetsereka; kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwamitengo ya mbatata poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zopangira; kusowa kwa mgwirizano wapamwamba pakati pa anthu pakati pa mayiko kuti athetsere pamodzi nkhani zopanga; mavuto azachuma pakati pa ochita masewera a mbatata; chithunzi cholakwika cha gawo la mbatata muzofalitsa.
Zida: ukadaulo watsopano woswana kuti ufulumizitse kupanga mitundu; chitukuko cha ulimi wolondola ndi kuzindikira kutali; Kupanga zinthu zolimbana ndi matenda a mbatata, tizirombo ndi udzu; Kupanga njira zina zamakina m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda/tizirombo/udzu; kuthekera kokulitsa mgwirizano pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata mkati mwa NWEC-05; kufunikira kwakukula kwa organic mbatata; kusintha kwa nyengo kumabweretsa nyengo zokulirapo komanso kukwera kwa mbewu ndi zokolola; kuwonjezera njira zazifupi zogulitsa mbatata; kufunikira kwa chidziwitso, ma tubers ambewu, zinthu za mbatata kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.
Zowopseza: kuchepetsa kudya kwa mbatata ku Ulaya; matenda atsopano ndi mavuto a tizilombo; mavuto a chitetezo cha mbewu ndi tuber chifukwa choletsa zinthu zogwira ntchito; kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zochitika zanyengo; zotsatira za kukula kwa mbatata pa chonde cha nthaka padziko lonse lapansi ndi thanzi la nthaka (matenda/kusinthika kwa tizilombo, kusefukira kwa madzi, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuthinana kwa nthaka); m’madera ena (F, D, England) kuthirira kumafunika kusunga kapena kupeza zokolola zambiri; malo olandirira anthu opanda nzeru kapena malo otsatsa okhudzana ndi kukula (monga kampeni ya No Residue motsutsana ndi malamulo oletsa zotsalira); kwambiri chitukuko cha mbatata processing.
Russia ili ndi mikhalidwe yonse komanso mwayi wokhala mtsogoleri wotsogola wambatata zamalonda apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zambiri mwazodziwika bwino za kukula kwa mbatata ku Europe ndizomwe zimawonetsa kufooka kwa Russia. Bizinesi yolima mbatata ku Russian Federation yangopangidwa kumene ndipo yafika kudera la mahekitala 300 ndikupanga matani pafupifupi 8 miliyoni (mbatata yofananirayo imapangidwa ku Netherlands). Ilibe kukhazikika komanso mabungwe ambiri ogwira ntchito ndi othandizira omwe alembedwa mu Gulu 1. Koma pali ubwino wosatsutsika ponena za kupanga kwakukulu, mlingo wochepa wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (kufufuzidwa kwa nthaka, mwachitsanzo, sikugwiritsidwa ntchito konse), biologization, nyengo yachisanu yachisanu imathandizira kuthetsa mavuto a phytosanitary. Zomwezo za kukwera kwa kutentha ndi kuuma, kuwonjezereka kwa matenda, komwe alimi a mbatata aku Western Europe amavutika kwambiri, kukakamizidwa kusamutsa, mwachitsanzo, kupanga mbewu zambatata kupita kumadera ena, kuyenera kuyesedwa ngati kusintha kwanyengo kwa nyengo. mbatata ikukula ku Russia konse. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zikukhala zovuta kulima mbatata pamsika wamsika kumadera akumwera, koma zimakhala zotheka kusuntha mbatata kupita kumadera akumpoto.
Nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa mbatata yaku Russia kokha ndikomwe kumalonjeza kuti kudzakhala kupikisana nthawi zonse poyerekeza ndi Western Europe ndi America, komanso polima mbewu zina zazikulu (tirigu, mpunga, chimanga). , ndipo zidzalola kupeza zokolola zambiri m'nthaka zosiyanasiyana ndi nyengo. Vuto lalikulu la mtsogolo lidzakhala kupanga zinthu zambiri ndi zinthu zomwezo kapena zochepa komanso zosawonongeka. Zosungirako ndi ziyembekezo za Russian Federation pankhaniyi ndi zazikulu. Zachilengedwe za dzikolo zikangoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo chuma chake, kupanga mbatata ku Russia kudzakhala kopikisana, kopindulitsa komanso kopindulitsa kuposa madera ena padziko lapansi. Koma chifukwa cha izi ndikofunikira kuti mafuta, magetsi, gasi, zitsulo ndi feteleza aziperekedwa kumsika wapanyumba pamitengo yokwanira yapakhomo yomwe siyikulepheretsa chitukuko cha magawo ena azachuma. Mafuta aku Iran ku Iran amawononga ma ruble 10/lita (monga kutembenuka, ndithudi), ndipo mtengo wa potassium chloride wa ku Belarus 60% ku Republic of Belarus m'chaka cha chaka chino unali 6 rubles / t, pamene Russian mu Russian Federation inali 000 rubles / t.
Kufotokozera mwachidule za momwe kulima kwa mbatata padziko lonse lapansi kumaperekedwa makamaka chifukwa zotsatira za mbatata (P) zimatsimikiziridwa ndi malonda: P = G × E × M × S, kumene G ndi genotype kapena mitundu, E ndi nthaka ndi nyengo, M ndi kasamalidwe kapena mulingo waukadaulo ndi S - macroeconomic chilengedwe. Dothi labwino komanso nyengo ndizofunika kwambiri kuti tigwiritse ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zatsopano zaukadaulo ndikuthandizira kutukuka kwa gawo la mbatata. Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zachuma komanso zopanda ndalama (ndalama za ngongole, kubwereketsa, inshuwalansi, ndalama zothandizira ndalama zopangira ndi zomangamanga, ndi zina zotero) ndizo zigawo zikuluzikulu zowonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo ikugwira ntchito bwino (mkuyu 4).
Kujambula. 4. Zotsatira (P) zazakudya zambatata zakumidzi ndi mafakitale kutengera kusiyanasiyana kwa genotype (G), chilengedwe (E), zinthu zowongolera (M) ndi zosowa ndi ntchito za anthu (S)
Kuswana kapena kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata - chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga bwino kwa mbatata, zomwe zidzangowonjezera kufunikira kwake m'tsogolomu. Chifukwa cha kutanthauzira kwa ma genome a mbatata komanso kuthekera kwaukadaulo watsopano woswana, zikuwoneka kuti ndiye malo osungiramo malo opitilira kukula kwa mbatata. Mphamvu ya zotsatira za njira zazikulu zosankhidwa pakukula bwino kwa kulima mbatata zikufotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gulu 2.
Table 2. Mphamvu ya njira zoswana pakukulitsa luso la ulimi wa mbatata
Zosankha zazikulu zofufuzira pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a kapangidwe ka mbatata | Mbali zachitetezo cha chakudya | ||||||
Kuthandizira pakukulitsa kupanga | Ndalama za mlimi | Kuchita bwino kwa calorie ndi kupanga michere | Kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe | ||||
Madzi bwino | Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka moyenera | Nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous amagwiritsa ntchito bwino | Kuchita bwino kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo | ||||
Kusankha ndi kuswana mitundu (G - genotype) | |||||||
Zokolola zambiri | ** | *** | *** | Wosalowerera ndale/Zoipa | *** | ** | - |
Kukana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | - | *** | * | *** | ** | ** | *** |
Kukaniza chilala/kutentha/kulowa mchere | *** | *** | * | - | ** | ** | * |
Precocity | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** |
Biofortification (monga iron ndi zinki) | - | - | - | - | * | ** | - |
Mitundu yowona yosakanizidwa F1 ndi TPS, kusintha kwa majini | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
Kupanga mbeu ya mbatata (M - Management) | |||||||
Kupanga ndi kugawa mbewu zabwino kwambiri | - | ** | * | * | *** | * | Wosalowerera ndale/woipa. |
Kuswana mbatata ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa zolinga zovuta komanso zovuta kuphatikiza. Kuphatikiza kulekerera kupsinjika ndi kuyamwa moyenera kwa michere kumakhala kofunikira pakuyankha bwino pakusintha kwanyengo. Ma genotypes omwe amalimbana ndi ma virus, nematodes, bacterial wilt komanso kupsinjika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana monga kutentha, chilala ndi mikhalidwe yamchere zitha kukulitsa zokolola ndikukulitsa kupanga mbatata kumadera atsopano. Kupanga mitundu yoyambilira komanso yobereka kwambiri yolimbana ndi P. infestans kwakhala cholinga chanthawi yayitali choweta mbatata. Kukana matenda kwakhala cholinga chachikulu cha mapulogalamu obereketsa a EU posachedwapa, pamene malo olandirira zachilengedwe adakwaniritsa zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza zamchere, komanso kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zovuta kusintha. . Genetic biofortification (kuchuluka kwa zakudya) kungathandize kuthana ndi kuperewera kwa michere yambiri m'zakudya za anthu ndikusunga machubu ambiri opatsa thanzi.
Zonse zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndikufunidwa bwino pakuweta mbatata zimachokera ku hybridization, i.e. kudutsa awiriawiri osankhidwa a makolo. Kuphatikizika bwino ndi kuphatikiza kwa chibadwa cha makolo mu ana kumatheka kawirikawiri chifukwa cha chibadwa cha tetraploid cha mbatata yolimidwa. Komanso, magulu onse anayi a ma chromosome amasiyana m'mapangidwe a majini. Pazifukwa izi, ntchito zoweta bwino za mbatata zimatengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyambira (osachepera 100 genotypes) komanso njira yayitali (osachepera zaka 10) yosankha ndikuwunika mitundu yabwino kwambiri. Kuchita bwino kwa kusankha kwachikale sikudutsa 0,01%. Panali ziyembekezo zambiri zokulitsa kuchuluka kwa kuswana ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusakanikirana kwakutali, mutagenesis, kusankha ma cell, kusakanizidwa kwa somatic, kuyika chizindikiro, ndi zina zambiri, koma njira zonsezi sizinapangitse kuti pakhale mitundu yopambana ya mbatata. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wosintha ma genome ukuyesedwa mwachangu, ndipo asayansi aku Dutch ayambitsa njira yobereketsa mbatata yopangira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zosakanizidwa za botanical (Table 3).
Table 3. Technologies popanga mitundu ya mbatata
Ukadaulo wopanga mitundu ya mbatata
Kodi ntchito? | Kupititsa patsogolo khalidwe la mbatata | Kugulitsa mbewu | Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu waku Europe | Ufulu wamalonda | |||
Gulu | ndondomeko | ||||||
Kusankhidwa kwachikhalidwe | Mitundu yatsopano imapangidwa podutsa mitundu yomwe ilipo, ndikutsatiridwa ndi zaka za kafukufuku woswana. | Kuyambitsa mawonekedwe atsopano kumatenga zaka 10. | Sikoyenera kugulitsidwa chifukwa tuber iliyonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. | Obereketsa akulondola, mtengo wa omanga: makumi masauzande a mayuro. Oweta atha kufunsira ziphaso zamitundu yatsopano ya mbewu. | Kuwoloka mitundu ndi njira yachilengedwe ndipo sikutsatira malamulo a EU GMO patent. | Dutch General Inspectorate imayika mbewu za mbatata ngati gulu labwino. Dziko lililonse lili ndi zofunikira zake pa thanzi la mbewu ya mbatata. | |
Kusankhidwa kwa hybrid | Mitundu yatsopano imapangidwa mofulumira kwambiri podutsa mizere yoyera ya makolo yomwe imakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa majini onse, ndikutsatiridwa ndi zaka zafukufuku. | Amalonjeza kuti zatsopano zitha kuyambitsidwa pasanathe zaka zisanu. Komabe, choyamba chidzakhala chofunikira kupeza mizere yofananira ndi zinthu zoyenera. | Inde, mbewu za mbatata zochokera ku mizere yoyera ya makolo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zobzala. | Obereketsa akulondola, mtengo wa omanga: makumi masauzande a mayuro. Oweta atha kufunsira ziphaso zamitundu yatsopano ya mbewu. | Kuwoloka mitundu ndi njira yachilengedwe ndipo sikutsatira malamulo a EU GMO patent. | Malamulo a mbeu ya mbatata yotsimikizika akukonzedwabe. Mayiko ambiri alibe malamulo. | |
Kusintha kwa ma genetic kuphatikiza CRISPR-cas9 | Kusintha kwa mitundu yomwe ilipo kudzera mukuchitapo kanthu mwachangu muzinthu zama genetic, kutsatiridwa ndi zaka za kafukufuku wamakhalidwe ndi kukhazikika. | Ngakhale kusokoneza kwa DNA kumangotenga masiku ochepa, njira yonse kuchokera pakuzindikiritsa majini kupita ku kafukufuku wam'munda imatenga nthawi yayitali. Pulojekiti ya DuRPH, momwe mitundu yomwe ilipo idapatsidwa kukana kangapo ku matenda a mbatata mochedwa, idatenga zaka 10. | Sikoyenera kugulitsidwa chifukwa tuber iliyonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake. | Kutengera ndi malamulo a EU GMO. Kuti mitundu ivomerezedwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito, wopangayo ayenera kuwonetsa chitetezo cha chinthucho. Mtengo: ma euro miliyoni. Oweta atha kufunsira ma patent pamitundu yatsopano ya mbewu. | Kusintha kwa ma genetic si njira yachilengedwe ndipo kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito patent. | Dutch General Inspectorate imayika mbewu za mbatata ngati gulu labwino. Dziko lililonse lili ndi zofunikira zake pa thanzi la mbewu ya mbatata. |
* Ufulu wa Breeder utha kutengedwa ngati mitunduyo ili yatsopano, yosiyana, yofananira komanso yokhazikika. Ndi ufulu wa obereketsa, wasayansi ali ndi ufulu wokhawokha wogulitsa mbatata ndi mbewu (zenizeni) (Louwaars et al., 2009)
Kupeza mbewu za botanical kuchokera kuwoloka ndi gawo loyamba pakuswana kwachikale. Pambuyo pake, ma tubers amatengedwa kuchokera ku mbewu, ndipo mitundu ya mbatata imasungidwa ndikufalitsidwa kokha ngati ma tubers. Koma obereketsa achi Dutch akufuna kusamutsa mbatata ku gulu la mbewu zambewu kuti mbatata izikula mofanana ndi mbewu zina zamasamba (kaloti, kabichi, anyezi, beets), i.e. kuchokera ku mbewu za botanical, komanso kuti mbewuzo zili ndi mawonekedwe onse a F1. Pachifukwa ichi, pali kusamveka bwino mu mawu akuti "mbatata wosakanizidwa". Mitundu yonse ndi yosakanizidwa, chifukwa chake mayina owonjezera F1 ndi TPS ayambitsidwa ku mbewu za mbatata za botanical = mbewu. Lingaliro lalikulu la bizinesi ili lapangidwa kuti liwonetsetse kuti dziko la Netherlands likusungabe mbiri yake komanso ndalama zake monga mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse pakupanga mbewu za mbatata ngati kutentha kwanyengo sikulola kulima mbewu zapamwamba za tuber.
Zotsatira za hybrid F1 (TPS) kuswana mbatata akadali osatsimikizika kwambiri. Chidaliro choyambirira cha zoyambira za 2015-2016 zopanga zosakaniza zamagulu azamalonda m'zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zasintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala lonjezo lopanga ma hybrids oyamba owuma kwambiri pofika 2028. Mafotokozedwe a cholinga chopanga ma hybrids owuma siwongochitika mwangozi - kwa mbatata zotere palibe zofunikira kuti zifanane ndi mawonekedwe, kuya kwa maso, mawonekedwe a peel, kupsa koyambirira ndi zina zambiri zomwe mbatata zamasiku ano ziyenera kukhala nazo. Ndizovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa mbewu za botanical za mbatata za tetraploid m'mitundu yonse, ndipo, molingana ndi mawonekedwe ndi katundu, koma izi sizinatheke. Ndizosakayikitsa kuti mu kuswana kwachikale mbewu imodzi kuchokera ku mabulosi a mbatata ndi mtundu wapadera wa genotype ndipo ukhoza kukhala wosiyana mtsogolo, pamene mbewu ina kuchokera ku mabulosi omwewo imatha kukhala yosiyana, yosiyana kwambiri ndi yoyamba. Monga momwe munthu angayembekezere, oyamba kuchita bwino kwambiri popanga hybrid table mbatata sanali mbatata, koma makampani oswana masamba omwe ali ndi ziyeneretso zapamwamba komanso chidziwitso chambiri pakuweta wosakanizidwa. Oweta a Bejo adakhala zaka zopitilira 15 akupanga mbatata yosakanizidwa yoyamba ya tetraploid, Oliver F1, yomwe idapangidwa ndikupezeka pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 2020.
Pakali pano, ntchito yogulitsa mbewu za botanical ikukula kwambiri, ndipo ndalama zambiri zimayikidwamo. Mbatata yosakanizidwa yakhala chizindikiro cha dziko ku Netherlands, ndipo njira yobereketsa imatetezedwa ndi chilolezo cha EU. Misika yonse yambatata yaku Dutch yayamba kutengera mbewu za botanical koyambirira. Choyamba, m'mayiko a Africa, Central ndi Southeast Asia - masemina, maulaliki, kubzala ziwonetsero. Zimanenedwa kuti mbewu za tubers ndi zakale, ndipo mbewu za botanical ndi tsogolo la msika wa mbatata padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo mmalo mwa 2-3 t/ha zobzalira, zitheka kupitilira ndi 30 g/ha (osati mawu oti mbewu ziyenera kukulitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa mbande, pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zamanja). Iyi ndi ndondomeko ya boma ndi ndondomeko yokhazikika, yokhazikika yomwe mabungwe onse amalonda ndi a boma akugwirizanitsidwa.
Zotsatira zake, mbewu za mbatata za botanical zikuyesedwa kale ku Russia. Mbeu za botanical heterosis ndizovuta koma zodula kwambiri. Ogula ake aakulu, monga momwe kunanenedweratu, ayenera kukhala minda yaing’ono m’maiko otukuka kumene, okhala ndi anthu ambiri amene amalima mbatata pamanja ndi amene, ndi ulemu wonse, amaonedwa mopanda nzeru kukhala olemera ndi otsogola. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa omwe akupanga ukadaulo woswanawu kuti aphatikizire alimi a mbatata aku Russia, omwe ndi owolowa manja ndipo pano amalipira kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa aku Europe okha, chifukwa cha mbatata zaku Europe, pakati pa ogula mbewu za F1.
Kuyamba kwa mbatata genomic editing technologies - njira ina yodalirika yopezera phindu la mbatata yamtsogolo. Kusintha kwa ma genome ndikowonjezera mwadala, kuchotsa, kusintha ndi kusamutsa magawo a DNA yachilengedwe ya chamoyo. Njirayi imachokera pa chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa za udindo ndi ntchito za majini enieni. Chidziwitso choterechi chikapezeka ndipo khalidwe lofunidwa lingathe kupezedwa mwa kusinthidwa kwachindunji, kusintha kwa ma genome kumakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira kusinthaku poyerekeza ndi umisiri wina woswana. Kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha majini kumakuthandizani kuti musinthe mitundu ya mbatata.
Njira zosinthira zidapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira zaka zingapo zapitazi kuti apange zosintha zenizeni komanso zodziwikiratu za ma genome muzomera popanda kuwonjezera DNA yakunja. Njira ya CRISPR/Cas9 yatsimikizira kuti ndiyothandiza kwambiri kuposa ma enzyme ena (zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcript activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), ndi meganucleases (MNs). CRISPR-Cas pakali pano ndi chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa genome Kusintha ndi kuvomerezedwa mu kafukufuku wobereketsa ndi chitukuko padziko lonse lapansi, kusintha kwa ma genome kumatha kusintha mitundu yosachita bwino kapena yovuta popanda kuwonetsa zachilendo kapena zowonjezera zamtundu wa DNA, kulola zosintha zenizeni komanso zodziwikiratu kuti zipangidwe mwachindunji mumtundu womwe udapangidwa kale. Izi ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kusintha ma genome a mbewu ndi transgenosis yake, mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kwa chibadwa cha chibadwa ku ma genome.Zamoyo za Transgenic zimazindikirika mosavuta chifukwa transgenosis imapanga jini yatsopano, yapadera komanso yofananira.
Kusintha kwa majini opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya CRISPR-Cas sikusiyana ndi kusintha komwe kungachitike mwachibadwa kapena chifukwa cha kuswana kozolowereka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti popanda chidziwitso choyambirira, sizingatheke kudziwa ngati kusintha kwa majini ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa ma genome. Zinthu zosinthidwa ma genome zikachoka mu labotale, zimakhala zovuta kuwongolera kufalikira kwawo. Ndi mbali iyi yomwe ikulepheretsa kwambiri malonda a mitundu yosinthidwa - njira zopangira majini ndizokwera mtengo ndipo zimayenera kubwezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zake; Madivelopa akuyang'ana mipata yotetezera patent ya zinthu zosintha.
Kusintha kwa ma genome kwagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo mitundu yoyambirira yotere idayambitsidwa kale mu ulimi weniweni waulimi ku United States ndi Japan. Malipoti okhudza kusintha kwa mitundu yopitilira 60 ya zomera adasindikizidwa m'mabuku asayansi. Zitsanzo zenizeni za ma genome osinthidwa ndi awa: nthochi - kuchotsa kachilombo ka mtsempha wa nthochi; mpunga woyambirira wamaluwa wokhala ndi mafuta osinthidwa; mpunga wa carotenoid; mphesa kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda a fungal; soya wokhala ndi mafuta ambiri komanso mapuloteni; strawberries omwe amamasula nthawi zambiri; chimanga chokhala ndi zokolola zambiri chifukwa cha chilala; mpiru ndi kukoma bwino ndi mkulu lycopene zili phwetekere amylopectin; mbatata yapamwamba mu GABA; mbatata popanda glycoalkaloids ndi ena ambiri.
Pakadali pano, kulima mbewu za genomic kumayendetsedwa mosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Ku America, komanso ku China, Australia, India ndi Japan, kulima mitundu yosinthidwa ma genome sikutsatira malamulo a genetically modified organism (GMO). Mu EU, kusintha kwa ma genome kunadziwika ngati mtundu wa GMO ndipo motero kuletsedwa mu 2016, koma kugwiritsa ntchito teknolojiyi sikunayime kwa tsiku limodzi, ma laboratories nthawi yomweyo anasamukira ku mayiko ena. Kukhazikitsa bwino padziko lonse lapansi kwa njira ndi zokambirana pamutuwu wokonzedwa ndi bizinesi yoweta ndi mbewu zidapangitsa kuti chiletso cha EU pakusintha ma genome chichotsedwe mu 2023.
Potengera kusintha kwakukulu kwamatekinoloje oweta omwe akuchitika padziko lapansi, zinthu zathu ndi izi:
- Kusintha kwa genome ku Russian Federation imatchedwa GMO; kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu kwaletsedwa kuyambira 2016. Ndipo palibe kukambitsirana za izi mu malonda kuswana ndi mbewu ndi gulu sayansi. Komabe, dziko mwachangu (pang'onopang'ono mu EU) lidayesa mwayi watsopano ndikuchotsa zoletsa. Kukanidwa kwa njira zatsopano zoweta kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsalira pambuyo pa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi umisiri.
- Kupanga ma hybrids F1 mbatata Mwachidziwitso cholinga chosangalatsa komanso choyesa, koma mbewu za botanical ndizokayikitsa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polima mbatata ku Russian Federation, chifukwa kubwereranso kuchokera pakupanga kwakukulu, kumangokhalira kupanga mbande zokulira ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yamanja sikumveka. ndi zopanda nzeru. Kuti achepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa morphological and economic-biological parameters of hybrid botanical mbewu, kusintha kwa diploid level ndikubwereketsa mobwerezabwereza kwa mitundu ya makolo kumachitika. Mitanda yopambana ya haibridi imafunikira mizere yachonde, yamphamvu komanso yofanana ndi homozygous. Vuto lopeza zokolola zambiri za mbewu za heterotic liyenera kuthetsedwa ndi makina, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito pollination pamanja, i.e. monga momwe amachitira mbewu zina zaulimi (chimanga, mpendadzuwa, beets shuga, masamba). Izi zikutanthawuza kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito zida za majini monga cytoplasmic sterility ya amuna, kudzidalira komanso kusagwirizana, ndikuwonetsetsa kubereka kwakukulu. Ndipo ngati pa nkhani za inbreeding, introgression ya makhalidwe, kuwunika heterosis wa zinthu gwero, etc. Pazinthu zothandizira, zofalitsa zasayansi ndizopitilira, koma paukadaulo wopanga ma volume amalonda a TPS - palibe imodzi. Chifukwa iyi ndi gawo lakudziwa, lomwe lingapereke kubweza kwamtsogolo pazachuma zomwe zayikidwa pakukula ndi luso laukadaulo. Kupeza zokolola zambiri za mbewu za mbatata sikufanana nkomwe ndi kupeza zokolola zambiri za ma tubers. Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pakukula kwa mbatata heterosis ndizokulirapo kotero kuti ndi makampani ochepa okha oswana padziko lonse lapansi omwe angakwanitse. Palibe zinthu zotere ku Russian Federation pano.
- Kuweta mbatata kwachikhalidwe mu Russian Federation ili mu siteji yomwe ingafotokozedwe ngati nthawi ya chitsitsimutso chotheka. Kukhalapo kwa mazana angapo a mitundu yaku Russia mu kaundula wa boma sikuyenera kusocheretsa, chifukwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa kusankha kumawunikidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa gawo lachiwiri la kusankha - kupanga mbewu, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa kuchirikiza kusankha. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumatanthawuza dera lomwe amalima mitundu yosiyanasiyana, momwe kuchuluka kwake kumasonyezera kuchita bwino komanso kupikisana kwa ntchito yoweta. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa mbewu, ndikofunikira kusiya mitundu yambiri yaku Russia yomwe idapangidwa kale m'kaundula ndikungoyiwala za iwo. Malamulo omwe akhazikitsidwa pano pa kaundula wa mitundu ya Russian Federation amapereka izi: ngati palibe mbewu kwa zaka ziwiri zapitazi, mitunduyo iyenera kuchotsedwa m'kaundula.
Kutsitsimutsidwa kwa kuswana mbatata zaku Russia, komanso mbewu zina zambiri zaulimi, kudakhala kotheka zaka zingapo zapitazo, patatha zaka makumi awiri ku Russia kukhala msika waukulu kwambiri wazinthu zonse, kuphatikiza mbewu zamakampani obereketsa akunja ndi mbewu. Kuwonongekaku kunachokera ku zitsimikiziro za abwenzi akunja ndi chiyembekezo chopanda pake cha kuthekera kwa mgwirizano wofanana, iwo amati, tsopano alimi a ku Russia adzatha kugwiritsa ntchito zopambana za chisankho cha dziko. Dongosolo lopanga mbewu lomwe linakonzedwa linamasulidwa kuti liyandame kuti lidzipulumuke ndipo linagwa mwamsanga. Mabungwe ofufuza, komwe ntchito yosankha inali ndipo ikuchitika, adafulumira kudzimasula kumakampani obereketsa ndi kupanga mbewu - kuchokera kumabizinesi apadera omwe akuchita kupanga mbewu zenizeni. Kumayambiriro kwa 2000, kuchuluka kwa zokolola zapakhomo za mbewu za mbatata kudakhala kochepa. Ndipo kusankha kwachilendo kunabwera, ndipo nthawi yomweyo mu mawonekedwe a mbewu zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimafunidwa ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu opanga mbatata amtundu watsopano. Chigawo cha mitundu yachilendo m'minda ya ku Russia chawonjezeka kwambiri, osati chifukwa chakuti mitundu ya ku Russia ndi yotsika, koma chifukwa makampani obereketsa a ku Ulaya atha kupereka mbewu zopanda malire. Kwa nthawi yayitali zonse zinali bwino - mbewu zomwe zidachokera kunja zidaperekedwa popanda malire, pamitengo yotsika mtengo komanso zamtundu wovomerezeka, makampani oweta akunja adagawa ziphaso ndikukhazikitsa mbewu zapamwamba komanso zoberekera zamitundu yawo m'dziko muno.
Ndipo "kufanana" m'gawo la kusankha kunatha mwamsanga pamene kupanga kwa Russia komwe kunafowoka. Mitengo ya mbatata yotumizidwa kunja yakwera, ndipo khalidwe lake layamba kutsika kwambiri. Koma pambuyo tranche woyamba wa zilango odana Russian mu 2014 pa mlingo boma anabwera kumvetsa chiopsezo chachikulu cha kudalira kwathunthu kusankha yachilendo. Mu 2016, Purezidenti wa Russian Federation adalamula kuti pakhale pulogalamu yothandizira kusankha kwa mbatata ku Russia ndi kupanga mbewu (FNTP) kuti achulukitse kuchuluka kwa zokolola ndikukweza bwino mbeu za mbatata kuti athetse kudalira kugulitsa kunja. Ndiye n’chifukwa chiyani timagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “nthawi ya chitsitsimutso” osati nthawi yobadwanso mwatsopano? Koma chifukwa muzochita chithandizo chimaperekedwa momveka bwino.
M'malingaliro athu, zingakhale zomveka kuwongolera miyeso yayikulu ndi ndalama zogulira (osachepera 50%) za FSTP kuti zilimbikitse kuwonjezeka kwachindunji kwa kuchuluka kwa mbewu za mbatata ndikuwongolera mtundu wake. Njira zotere zikuphatikiza:
- kupereka ndalama zogulira mbewu zamitundu yatsopano yaku Russia yamitundu yonse;
- kupereka ndalama zogulira mabizinesi omwe akuchita ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zimakonda kwambiri mitundu yatsopano yaku Russia, njira zapadera zopangira, kukonzanso ndi kumanga malo osungira;
- kulinganiza ndikupereka zomangamanga m'gawo lapadera la "High Grade" m'madera akumpoto a Russian Federation kuti apange mbatata yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri pamsika wapakhomo ndikutumiza kunja;
- kulimbikitsa kupanga m'nyumba kwa zida zoteteza mankhwala;
- kulimbikitsa kupanga zida zapadera zopangira mbewu za mbatata.
Chikhalidwe chadongosolo ndi kugwirizana kwa mphamvu zonse za dziko ndi chuma kuti athetse mavutowa omwe ali ovuta kwambiri pamakampani ndikupita patsogolo kwambiri pakukula kwa mbewu ndi kulima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ku Russia sikunawonekere. Makampani obereketsa akunja amakonda kuonetsetsa kuti nthawi ndi ndalama zikuwonongeka, koma palibe kusintha kwakukulu pakusankhidwa kwa Russia. Sakufuna kutaya msika wamalonda wodalirika komanso wosasamala.
Kodi ndizotheka kuwonetsetsa kupikisana kwa kuswana mbatata zaku Russia munthawi yachuma chachikulu? Inde, pali, koma pamaziko a mphamvu zomwe zilipo zamabizinesi payekha. Kuti muchite izi, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi ndikuwongolera zigawo zingapo za mpikisano waukulu:
Choyamba: pangani mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri (ya dziko), mwamwayi pali china chake ndi wina woti mufananize ndikupikisana naye. Kusankhidwa kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa mbatata, kuphatikizapo zothandizira, chifukwa ndi m'madera akumaloko nthawi zonse kumapambana, pokhapokha pachifukwa chakuti mbatata ndi chinthu cholemera komanso chovuta kunyamula.
Yachiwiri: Kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wabizinesi yoweta ndi kupanga mbewu ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri komanso chikhalidwe chowonetsetsa kuti pakhale mpikisano woswana mbatata ku Russian Federation. M’maiko otukuka, makampani oŵeta mbewu akupanga mbewu, amawongolera kaŵeredwe ka mbeu m’njira iriyonse yothekera ndipo amaiona ngati zotsatira za kusankha. Kusankha kosiyana ndi kupanga mbeu kosiyana ndi njira yopanda chiyembekezo.
Chachitatu: gwirani ntchito zamakono, zapadziko lonse lapansi, gwiritsani ntchito mokwanira zinthu zonse za mpikisano m'derali: luso; nthaka yabwino komanso nyengo; kukhala ndi zida zamakono zamakono komanso luso lamakono; akatswiri oyenerera kwambiri; kutsata zofunikira ndi malamulo a bungwe, njira ndi ukadaulo.
Chachinayi: kuletsa ndi kupewa kuopsa kwa ntchito (nyengo yochepa yolima, kutentha kwa mpweya ndi nthaka; kusowa kwa chinyezi; ulimi wothirira; zopangira tuber kuchokera kunja; kaphatikizidwe ka mbeu ndi kulima mbatata zamalonda).
Chachisanu: kuwonetsetsa kuti mbewuyo ili yabwino kwambiri (kutanthauza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zizindikiro zobzala ndi zokolola). Makhalidwe obzala ndi zokolola ndiye nkhokwe zofunika kwambiri zamabizinesi aku Russia oswana.
Pomaliza, tikugogomezera kuti titha kulankhula za mpikisano pamsika wapakhomo wa Chitaganya cha Russia komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwenikweni ndi chikhalidwe cha njira zofunika kuti tipititse patsogolo ndikuthandizira chuma chapakhomo.
Sergey Banadysev, dokotala wa ulimi. Sciences, LLC "DGT",
Elena Shanina, dokotala wa ulimi. Sayansi, Ural Research Institute of Agriculture