Msika wa mbatata m'dziko lathu uli pafupi kusintha. Mitundu yaku Russia ndi mbewu zopangidwa ku Russia zikubwera patsogolo. Koma pali zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti akweze alimi aku Russia. Tikukamba za zonsezi ndi mmodzi mwa akatswiri ovomerezeka kwambiri pankhani yosankha mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu, mtsogoleri wa kampani yosankha ndi kupanga mbewu ya Molyanov Agro Group, Vladimir Molyanov.
- Vladimir Dmitrievich, tiyeni tiyambe ndi kuunika kwa ziyembekezo zapafupi. Nyengo yamakono singakhale yopindulitsa kwa minda yomwe imapanga kulima mbatata zamalonda. Olima mbewu anena za kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kufunikira kwa malonda awo. Kodi zobzala mu nyengo yatsopano zidzakhala zotsika kuposa masiku onse?
- Mbeu zamitundu yapamwamba (mwachitsanzo, Colomba, Arizona, Riviera, ndi zina), zomwe zimapereka zokolola zambiri (makamaka zoyambilira) ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zikuwoneka bwino, zidatha pamsika kumapeto kwa Novembala chaka chatha. . Ndiko kuti, alimi a mbatata, omwe lero amagulitsa tebulo lapamwamba kwambiri la 15 rubles / kg motsutsana ndi maziko a mtengo wamba wa mbatata wa 8-9 rubles / kg, asintha kale mbewu za nyengo yatsopano.
Komanso, palibe pafupifupi mitundu yaulere ya mbewu zamitundu pamsika zomwe zimakonzedwa. Nyengo ino, ambiri akufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zopangira zopangira mabizinesi, koma mbewu zotere sizimapangidwa "zosungidwa"; magulu onse adapangidwa kale.
Koma pali vuto ndi kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa mbewu, monga nthawi zonse m'zaka zovuta zachuma, zimakhudza gulu la mitundu yotchuka yomwe imalimbana kwambiri ndi matenda. Olima mbatata akusiya kukonzanso mbewu zomwe adakonza kale ndi chiyembekezo chakuti mitunduyo ipulumuka chaka china.
- Kumapeto kwa Januware, Russia idakhazikitsa gawo logulitsira mbewu zambatata zomwe zimapangidwa kunja. Gawoli likuyembekezeka, kuchuluka kwa gawoli ndikwambiri, komabe ndi njira yoletsa. Kodi msika ungamve?
- Muyeso uwu ndi chikumbutso chinanso kuti nthawi yakwana yoti tipange mbewu za mbatata ku Russia.
Dziko lathu limatumiza mbatata zambiri kuchokera kunja; m'zaka zina zidafika matani 30, koma zowona, zosowa zamakampani ndizotsika kwambiri.
Tiyenera kumvetsa bwino chifukwa chimene ife kugula mbewu zakuthupi kunja?
Chilimbikitso cha kampani yomwe imatumiza mitundu yomwe ilibe ma analogue pamsika waku Russia komanso yomwe ili ndi magawo ofunikira, mwachitsanzo, mapurosesa, ndizomveka.
Koma pali gulu lina la ogula omwe amakhulupirira kuti mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa ku Europe, mwakutanthawuza, ndizabwino kwambiri kuposa zaku Russia. Nthano imeneyi ndi yokwera mtengo pazachuma pafamuyo. Mitengo ya mbewu zakunja nthawi zonse imakhala yokwera kuposa yaku Russia, ndipo chaka chino, chifukwa chokolola movutikira kunja, kusiyana kumawonekera kwambiri (ocheperako: 1-1,5 euros pa kilogalamu (yobweretsa), yomwe imachokera ku 120 mpaka 150 rubles. /kg).
Ndingayesere kunena kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe posachedwapa zikakamiza alimi kusiya kulamula kwa anthu osankhika akunja. Ndipo ichi chidzakhala chisankho choyenera, zindikirani: alimi aku Germany samagula mbewu kuchokera ku Scotland, ndipo a British samaitanitsa mbatata kuchokera ku Netherlands, chifukwa sizingatheke.
- Masiku ano ku Russia "kuwala kobiriwira" sikuperekedwa kwa mbewu zapakhomo zokha, komanso mitundu yapakhomo. M'malingaliro anu, kodi dziko lingasiyidwe lopanda mwayi wopeza zisankho zakunja? Ndipo kodi tiyenera kuchita mantha ndi zimenezi?
- Ndili wotsimikiza kuti ngakhale zinthu zitakhala bwanji, chakudya cham'dziko lathu sichili pachiwopsezo. Russia nthawi zonse idzaperekedwa ndi mbatata.
Mwachidziwitso, eni ake amitundu yovomerezeka yaku Europe amatha kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, koma mitundu yambiri yaulere imakhalabe pamsika. Inde, ali ndi zaka 30 kapena kuposerapo, koma amakhalabe amakono komanso ofunikira. Kawirikawiri, lingaliro la "zosiyanasiyana zakale" siliyenera kuganiziridwa molakwika. Ku Ulaya, alimi ambiri amalima Bintje, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1910. Kapena tiyeni tikumbukire mitundu ya Spunta yochita bwino kwambiri pazamalonda, yomwe idayamba m'ma 60s. Ku Netherlands, malo opitilira 50% a mbatata amakhala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa mitundu yakale.
Russia ili ndi mbiri yabwino yamitundu yake, kuphatikizanso titha kutembenukira ku mbiri. Ngati tiphunzira mosamalitsa za zomwe zasankhidwa zomwe zaphatikizidwa mu State Register pazaka 30-40 zapitazi, tipeza zosankha 20-30 zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira pamsika. Iwo sanali kuyamikiridwa pa nthawi imodzi chifukwa anawonekera mofulumira kwambiri pa nthawi yawo. M'zaka za m'ma 90, mwachitsanzo, palibe amene anali ndi chidwi ndi mbatata zopanda wowuma, ndipo aliyense ankakhulupirira kuti mbatata iyenera kukhala yokoma. Ndipo masiku ano opanga amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zowonetsa zokolola ndikuwonetsa. Kawirikawiri, sindikuwona vuto poyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yathu yakale mofanana ndi zamakono. Kungoti kwa aliyense wa iwo muyenera kukonza ukadaulo womwe ukukula.
Mutha kulingalira malingaliro ochokera kwa oweta amsika akunja omwe si a ku Europe - kuyambira ku China mpaka kumayiko aku Middle East. Zoonadi, ali ndi zenizeni zawo - ku China, mwachitsanzo, palibe chifukwa cha mitundu yokolola makina, chifukwa ali ndi ntchito yokwanira; Amalima mbatata zazikulu kwambiri zomwe sizoyenera kunyamula, koma zimatha kupakidwa payekhapayekha, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti tilowe m'misika yawo, koma amatha kubwera kwa ife.
Pali mwayi wambiri wosunga kuchuluka kwa mbatata ku Russia. Mukhoza kungotsatira njira yowonjezera malo. Pali zosungirako: m'zaka za m'ma 2000 m'chigawo cha Samara, mbatata m'gawo lokonzekera zidatenga mahekitala 15, koma tsopano mahekitala 4 okha.
- Kampani ya Molyanov Agro Group sichita kupanga mbewu zokha, komanso ntchito yosankha. Munafika bwanji kuno? Kodi mumadziwa bwanji kufunika kwa msika kwa mitundu ina?
- Tinakhala nthawi yayitali, zaka zoposa 10, tikugwira ntchito yoweta, kusankha mitundu ndi mitundu, ndikuyesera kuzikulitsa m'madera osiyanasiyana. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu yachigawo "Kukula kwa kusankha ndi kupanga mbewu za mbatata ku Russian Federation" kunathandizira kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yathu yoweta; thandizo la boma linali lofunikira kwambiri, ngakhale pali malingaliro omwe tikadakhala nawo. njira iyi popanda izo.
Kulankhula za zosowa za msika ndi ntchito za oweta ndizosavuta komanso zovuta nthawi imodzi. Palibe mitundu yabwino padziko lapansi; palibe yomwe ilipo yomwe imatengera zomwe alimi amayembekezera. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa tuber wofiira umawoneka ndi khungu labwino kwambiri, ndiloyenera kutsuka, koma silimasungidwa bwino kapena silikulimbana ndi ma virus. Kapena mtundu watsopano wapamwamba kwambiri watuluka ndi zokolola zodabwitsa, koma umachepa msanga. Olima mbatata nthawi zonse amafunafuna mayankho abwino, ndipo zopempha zawo zikuwonetsa zina zomwe zili pamsika.
Woweta akhoza kusankha iliyonse. Koma palibe aliyense wa iwo amene anganene zomwe akugwira ntchito ndi zomwe akufuna kukwaniritsa, chifukwa ichi ndi chidziwitso cha kampaniyo. Kupatula apo, palibe amene akudziwa ngati kusankha kwake kudzakhala koyenera pambuyo pa zaka 8-10, zomwe zidzafunikire kupanga mitundu yatsopano.
Mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa 2024 tikukonzekera kulowa mumsika ndi mitundu ya Julia. Ndi ya gulu lakucha kwambiri, lokhala ndi khungu labwino, loyenera kukolola ndi makina. Ndikuyembekeza kuti zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwa alimi a mbatata, koma izi sizingatsimikizidwe.
Mitundu yachiwiri ya chisankho chathu - Alva - idzayesedwa chaka chachiwiri cha kuyesa kwa boma. Izi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopangira tchipisi; tachita kale kuyesa kokazinga pamafakitale okonza ndipo tasangalala kwambiri ndi zotsatira zake. Kuphatikiza apo, imapereka zokolola zabwino kwambiri ngakhale zitakula kumadera akumwera, pansi paulimi wowuma.
Ndinenanso kuti mitundu yonse iwiriyi imalimbana kwambiri ndi kachilombo ka Y, komwe kamafanana ndi zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi: monga mukudziwa, Kumadzulo akuyesera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mitundu yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu sichidzatero. kupirira mpikisano mtsogolo.
- Pazochitika zamakampani, akulankhula mochulukira za njira zosankhidwa mwachangu. Kodi simukuwagwiritsa ntchito?
"Ndikukhulupirira kuti tsiku lina kampaniyo ipanga bwino ndipo tidzakwanitsa." Koma muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti njirazi sizidzakupatsani mwayi wopanga mitundu "kamodzi kapena kawiri".
Palibe kampani imodzi yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi yoswana yomwe idalengeza kuti ikhoza kupereka msika osati mtundu umodzi kapena ziwiri pachaka (monga momwe zinalili kale), koma zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Ukadaulo watsopano ukuyambitsidwa, koma kusintha kwa kuswana sikunachitikebe, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti pakadali pano amathandizira kukulitsa luso la obereketsa, kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito, koma palibenso china. Ngakhale zotsatira zake, ndithudi, ndizofunikira kwambiri.
- Mumalumikizana ndi oweta mbatata ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Chaka chatha takhala ku China ndi India. Kodi ndizosangalatsa pakusinthana malingaliro? Kodi tinganene kuti mbali za kafukufuku zimagwirizana?
- Pambuyo pa maulendo, ndinatsimikiza kuti asayansi ochokera m'mayiko ena ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zonse zomwe zikuchitika ku Russia posankha. Makamaka ngati kafukufuku wathu akukhudzana ndi zinthu zina zazikulu za dziko linalake. Mwachitsanzo, mutu wopanga mitundu yokhala ndi zinthu zowuma kwambiri kapena zowuma kwambiri udakhala wofunikira ku China. Kuchulukirachulukirako ndikomveka: maiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri akuyang'ana njira zatsopano zopezera anthu zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndipo zouma zimakhala ndi chakudya, mapuloteni, ndi mavitamini. Ndi ndalama.
M'mayiko onse kumene kutsika kwamtengo wapatali, phindu la bizinesi ndi pafupifupi 5-10%. Kampani ikasintha kupanga mbatata yokhala ndi zinthu zouma 25% (m'malo mwa 15-17%), kusiyana kumeneku kwa magawo ochepa kumakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa phindu.
- Tanena kale kuti kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo sikutsimikizira zotsatira. Pamenepa, kodi ntchito zoweta zingatengedwe ngati bizinesi?
- Ndine wokonzeka kubwereza kuti zimatenga pafupifupi zaka 10 kulenga zosiyanasiyana. Koma pali kufotokozera kofunika: monga lamulo, asayansi omwe ali kale m'chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu cha ntchito amawona ngati ntchito zawo zidzakhala zothandiza. Chinanso ndikuti mitundu yamtsogolo ikuyembekezerabe kuyezetsa kukana khansa ya mbatata (mitundu yosagonjetsedwa siyingaphatikizidwe mu State Register, ngakhale itakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera), nematode yagolide; magawo a mayeso a boma. Zosiyanasiyana zitaphatikizidwa mu State Register (monga lamulo, izi ndi zaka 6-9 za ntchito), woweta akhoza kuyamba kukonzekera kutulutsidwa kwa chinthu chatsopano pamsika. Chifukwa chake zikuwonekeratu kuti njira yochokera ku lingaliro kupita ku siteji yopezera mbewu yoyamba yamalonda yokhala ndi matani 100 imatenga zaka 10-12.
Koma vuto siliri lokha kuti kampani yoweta iyenera chaka ndi chaka "kukwirira" pafupifupi ma ruble milioni mu nthaka kwa zaka khumi isanayambe kubweza.
M'malingaliro anga, kuswana kudzakhala bizinesi ku Russia pokhapokha titakulitsa lingaliro la mtengo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati mtundu. Masiku ano palibe amene ali wokonzeka kulipira dzina. Mbeu zokhazokha zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe ena zimatha kubweretsa phindu, ndiko kuti, kampani yoweta iyeneranso kuchita nawo ntchito yokolola.
- Kodi kampani yoweta ndi kupanga mbewu ikuyenera kugulitsa mbeu yanji kuti izikhala ndi chidaliro pamsika?
- Ku Ulaya, zimavomerezedwa kuti makampani ambewu omwe amagulitsa mbeu zosakwana 10 (izi ndi pafupifupi mahekitala 300 a kufalitsa) amaonedwa kuti ndi ang'onoang'ono, choncho osakhazikika.
Ku Russia, kuli kampani yosowa mbewu yomwe imagulitsa mbeu zopitilira 10 panyengo iliyonse, kuphatikiza maofesi olemekezeka aku Western. Kuti tigulitse zambiri, timafunikira msika wambewu, ndipo pakali pano palibe.
Mbatata m'dziko lathu amabzalidwa kudera la mahekitala 300 (kupatula minda ya nzika). Kufunika kwapachaka kwambewu ndi pafupifupi 900 zikwi - matani 1 miliyoni. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gawo la mbewu zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi Russian Agricultural Center sizidutsa 20% ya ndalamazi. Uku ndi kuchuluka kwa msika wathu wambewu, chitumbuwa chomwe timagawana ndi alimi ena. Zikadakhala zazikulu kuwirikiza kawiri, dzikolo likanakhala ndi malo abwino kwambiri opangira kuswana. Msika umadziyendetsa wokha: makampani omwe amapereka mitundu yabwino ndi mbewu zabwino amawonjezera mphamvu zawo ndikukhala amphamvu.
- Zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika kuti msika ukule?
- Ndi funso lovuta. Msika umapangidwa ndi kufunikira, koma ku Russia nthawi zambiri pamakhala zitsanzo pamene minda imakula mbatata kwa zaka (mpaka zaka 9!) Popanda kukonzanso mbewu; m'dziko lathu izi siziwongoleredwa ndi aliyense.
Mafamu ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati mwalamulo ali ndi ufulu, osapereka malipiro, kubzala mbewu za mbewu zina (kuphatikiza mbatata) pazosowa zawo kwa zaka ziwiri. Zaka ziwiri ndi chiyani? Famuyo imagula anthu osankhika, imatulutsa kubereka koyamba ndipo salipira malipiro. Kenako amapanga kubereka kachiwiri ndipo salipira malipiro. Ndipo kuberekanso kwina sikumvekanso.
Mabungwe ambiri akuluakulu amalima okha mbewu; izi zimatengedwa ngati njira yochepetsera ndalama zopangira.
Chiwerengero chamakampani opanga mbewu chimakula kwambiri chaka chilichonse chosachita bwino pankhani yogulitsa mbatata zamalonda, chifukwa kilogalamu ya zinthu zapatebulo imawononga ma ruble 6-8, ndipo mbewu zimawononga pafupifupi 30.
Sindikuyesera kunena kuti zonsezi ziyenera kuletsedwa mwachangu, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti izi sizikuthandizira kulemekeza ntchito ya obereketsa komanso kukula kwamakampani obereketsa ndi mbewu.
Koma timagwira ntchito m'mikhalidwe yomwe ilipo pano ndi pano. Tikumanga ndondomeko yolumikizirana yowonekera, malinga ndi momwe timasamutsira anthu apamwamba kwambiri komanso apamwamba kwambiri ku minda yomwe imatulutsa anthu apamwamba komanso kubereka koyamba malinga ndi dongosolo lathu. Timagulitsa mbewuyi kwa mabizinesi omwe amalima mbatata zamalonda. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, timayendetsa malipiro a malipiro ndikuzilipira tokha pa mavoti ovomerezeka omwe amagulitsidwa (zokhudzana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku makampani ena obereketsa). Ndipo timakhulupilira kuti tikupereka thandizo lathu pakuwongolera ndi chitukuko cha msika wa mbewu.