Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakufufuza kwachiwopsezo cha mbatata mochedwa komanso kukhazikitsa njira zowongolera potengera chidziwitso cha phytopathogen, matendawa amawonongabe kwambiri chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa mbewu komanso mtengo wamankhwala opangira mankhwala ndi zinthu zoteteza mbewu.
Matendawa amayamba ndi oomycete Phytophthora matenda, kukhudza masamba, mphukira ndi tubers.
Ma tubers omwe amalowa kusungirako ngakhale ali ndi kachilombo kakang'ono nthawi zambiri amabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mankhwala. The causative wothandizila mochedwa choipitsa amakhala yotheka ngakhale kutentha + 3 ° C. Kukula kwa phytopathogen pamwamba tubers facilites malowedwe a mwayi mabakiteriya kudzera pakhungu, kuchititsa zowola zofewa.
Zizindikiro mochedwa choipitsa pamasamba amaoneka ngati mawanga oumbika mosiyanasiyana, omwe pang'onopang'ono amawonjezeka kukula pamene matendawa akukula. Kuwala kobiriwira malire kumapanga kumtunda kwa masamba m'mphepete mwa mawangawo. Pansi pa mawanga m'mphepete mwa nyengo yonyowa, phytopathogen yoyera imayamba. Pamwamba pa tubers, matendawa amawoneka ngati mawanga akuda. Zowola zakuda zofiirira zimapanga mkati mwa ma tubers, omwe amakhala pafupi ndi pamwamba, koma pang'onopang'ono amalowa pakati pa ma tubers. Njira yayikulu yofalitsira phytopathogen ndi kudzera mu zoosporangia zowuluka kuchokera m'minda yomwe ili ndi kachilombo, 'mitengo ya mbatata yodzipereka' ndi mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa pamilu ya ma tubers otayidwa pafupi ndi minda. Zomera zomwe zimamera kuchokera ku machubu otayidwa, monga "odzipereka", zitha kukhalanso nkhokwe za matenda a virus omwe amafalitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba; matenda ena (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, nkhanambo) ndi tizirombo (nematodes wopanda moyo, mbatata cyst nematodes, nsabwe za m'masamba). Kuphatikiza apo, ma oospores amatha kupanga mwa iwo, omwe amatha kusokoneza kulimbana ndi choyipitsa mochedwa chifukwa cha chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kukana ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opha fungicide.
Kumadera akummwera, pofuna kupewa kumera kwa mbatata yodulidwa, milu iyenera kuthandizidwa mwachangu ndi diquat kapena glyphosate (ngati mbewu ziwoneka, mankhwalawa amayenera kubwerezedwa). Njira yothandiza kwambiri yolimbana ndi zomera zotere ndikuphimba ma tubers otayidwa ndi filimu yakuda. Pamphepete mwa muluwo, filimuyo iyenera kutetezedwa bwino kuti zoosporangia za phytopathogen zisawuluke, ndipo nyama sizingalowe pansi pa filimuyo ndikuying'amba. Ngati muluwo waphimbidwa ndi filimu koyambirira, chithandizo cha glyphosate sichingakhale chofunikira. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ma tubers odulidwa asungidwe kutali ndi munda wa mbatata ndi komwe kumachokera madzi othirira.
Zofala kwambiri Phytophthora matenda ndi kubereka kwa asexual, momwe zoosporangia imatha kumera mwachindunji ngati hyphae kapena kumasula zoospores ndi flagella, zomwe zimalowa muzomera kudzera mufilimu yamadzi. Oospores amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali m'nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi akatswiri achi Dutch (magazini ya Plant Pathology, 2000), ma oospores amatha kuwononga mbatata mu dothi lamchenga kwa miyezi 48, ndi dongo kwa miyezi 34 ikasefukira. Zinadziwika kuti chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha oospores chinapangidwa mu mitundu ya mbatata yokhala ndi kukana kwamtundu wina. Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku European database Best4Soil (2020), kuchepetsa matenda a nthaka Phytophthora matenda (oospores), mbatata cyst nematodes, rhizoctonia ndi tizirombo tina, tikulimbikitsidwa kubwezera mbatata kumunda patatha zaka zisanu.
Mpaka posachedwa, njira yoteteza mbatata idakhazikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri okhala ndi zinthu zoteteza mbewu. Koma posachedwa, mwina chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa ma genotypes atsopano osamva Phytophthora operewera (m'maiko angapo aku Europe, genotype EU_43_A1, yosamva mandipropamide pamlingo wa 100 ppm), chitetezo chophatikizika cha mbatata chagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Njira zoyambira zotetezera mbatata ku choipitsa mochedwa:
- Kukula mitundu ya mbatata yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.
- Kuwonongeka kwa magwero a matenda (zomera "zodzipereka", milu ya machubu otayidwa, machubu a mbewu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndi mbewu za mbatata zomwe zakhudzidwa).
- Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira zisankho zothana ndi fungicide potengera chiwopsezo chakumapeto kwa choipitsa, kukana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso nyengo kuti mukonzekere kuchuluka koyenera kwamankhwala oteteza zomera ngati njira yolimbana ndi kukana. Pulogalamu mu Chirasha yapangidwa pamaziko a All-Russian Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF) Chithunzi cha VNIIFBlight. FGBNU VNIIF ili ndi patent RU 2019663121 (2019) ya pulogalamu yapakompyuta "Express forecast - late blight" kuti mupeze chiwonetsero chapaintaneti chakukula kwa vuto lakumapeto ku Russian Federation. Pakadali pano ku Russia pali njira yopangira zisankho (DMS) yochizira fungicide motsutsana ndi choipitsa mochedwa ndi Alternaria "Agrodozor". Mayiko ena ambiri akhazikitsanso mapulogalamu otengera kulosera za ngozi mochedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku UK kuli nsanja yapaintaneti yachiwopsezo chochedwa Hutton BlightSpy. Pulatifomu imasamalidwa ndi James Hutton Limited, data yazanyengo imaperekedwa ndi Met Institute ndipo imaphimbidwa ndi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. M'magawo angapo, zida / nsanja zapangidwa ngati gawo la kafukufuku wa akatswiri owunika kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa zinthu zoteteza zomera (mwachitsanzo, ku Europe - Euroblight, ku China - ChinaBlight), chidziwitso chomwe chimalola odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera zomera poganizira momwe chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'derali chilili komanso mlingo wake wotsutsana ndi fungicides. Pa nsanja ya European Consortium ya akatswiri ndi mabungwe kuphunzira za mbatata mochedwa choipitsa Euroblight matebulo amasungidwa ndi zotsatira za kuyezetsa kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito polimbana ndi choipitsa mochedwa pamadera osiyanasiyana a mbewu ndi Alternaria.
- Kuonongeka kwa machubu omwe amakhudzidwa mochedwa ndi choipitsa posungidwa kuti achepetse kutayika kwa tuber ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda ambewu mchaka chamawa.
Maria Erokhova, wofufuza, FGBNU VNIIF
imelo: maria.erokhova@gmail.com