"Njira yosinthira ma genome isakhale yotsutsana ndi njira zachikhalidwe zosankhidwa. "Ichi ndi chida chatsopano," akutsindika mkulu wa labotale yolimbana ndi kupsinjika kwa zomera All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (VNIISB) Vasily Taranov. - Nthawi ina, madokotala anachita opaleshoni ndi mpeni, kenako anawonekera scalpels, kenako lasers. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira opaleshoni. Choncho kupanga ma genetic kumapereka chida chomwe mungatengere ndikuwongolera zinazake, koma sikuchotsa kapena kusintha chilichonse chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. ”
All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (VNIISB) imagwiritsa ntchito labotale yolimbana ndi kupsinjika kwa zomera, ntchito yomwe imachitika m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: kufufuza majini omwe amatsimikizira kukana kwa mbewu ku kupsinjika kwa abiotic ndi biotic, ndikusintha ma genome. za zomera zolimidwa kuti ziwonjezere kupsinjika kwawo. Malo ofufuzira asayansiwa akuphatikizapo mbatata ndi masamba otseguka.
Timalankhula ndi mutu wa labotale Vasily Taranov ndi wofufuza wamkulu Marina Lebedeva za zomwe zida zamakono zamakono zili, zotsatira zomwe angakwanitse komanso mavuto omwe alimi aku Russia amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asayansi a labotale kuti athetse.
- Masiku ano pali nkhani zambiri zokhudza kufunika kofulumizitsa chisankho. Amakhulupirira kuti njira yosinthira ma genome imalola kuti izi zichitike. Izi ndi Zow?
V.T.: Zingakhale zolondola kunena kuti njira za biotechnological sizithandiza kwambiri kufulumizitsa kusankha monga kukulitsa luso la asayansi. Njira yogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana imakhalabe yayitali, chifukwa tikukamba za zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo.
Koma zimakhala zotheka kuti akatswiri apeze zotsatira zomwe zingakhale zovuta kwambiri (ngati sizingatheke) kuzikwaniritsa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zoweta.
Mothandizidwa ndi kusintha kwa ma genomic, titha kuyambitsa mwadala kusintha komwe kumakhudza mwachindunji mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kwinaku osasintha zina zonse zamtengo wapatali pazachuma.
M.L.: Tiyerekeze kuti tikufuna kubweretsa jini yolimbana ndi mbatata yakuthengo mumitundu yathu yolimidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zoweta. Kuti achite izi, woweta amanyamula mitanda ya "zoopsa" ndi miyambo ina. Vuto ndiloti, pamodzi ndi jini yotsutsa, majini ena onse "zakutchire" amasamutsidwa ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yosafunikira kwambiri. Genetic engineering imakupatsani mwayi wotenga/kusintha jini imodzi yokha yomwe mukufuna.
- Pali lingaliro lakuti ngakhale kuti njira yosinthira ma genome yakhala ikudziwika kwa zaka pafupifupi 10, sichinapange zotsatira zowoneka bwino zamalonda.
V.T.: Izi sizowona kwathunthu. Makampani otsogola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi oweta amagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa ma genome ndipo samabisa. Koma sitikudziwa zomwe amachita kwenikweni komanso zotsatira zomwe amapeza.
Zomwe zapambana sizimalengezedwa chifukwa ndizokwera mtengo kubweretsa ku msika chomera chomwe chakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ma genetic kuposa zomwe zidapezeka kale. Ndipo nthawi zina izi zimakhala zosatheka.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndizovuta kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa ma genome kunagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu inayake pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zilipo.
Pakuyezetsako, akatswiri amayang'ana kalozera mu genome ya chamoyocho; ngati ilipo, mbewuyo imazindikiridwa ngati yosinthidwa majini. Koma ndi kusintha kwa ma genomic, palibe chomwe chimalowetsedwa mu genome, kotero palibe chomwe chingapezeke.
Zosintha nthawi zambiri zimakhudza osati jini imodzi, koma malo enieni mu jini, kwenikweni nucleotide imodzi, chilembo chimodzi. Ndipo makalata mabiliyoni otsalawo amakhalabe mmene analili. Kuti mudziwe kuti chomera chasinthidwa, muyenera kuwerenga ma genome ake onse, ndikuphimba kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa momwe mungachotsere zolakwika. Palibe amene angachite kusanthula kwakukulu komanso kokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo woweta amatha kunena kuti adapeza mbewuyo pogwiritsa ntchito mutagenesis kapena kusankha kwachikhalidwe.
-M.L.: Kusintha kwa ma genome pafupipafupi, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje awa pazomera, ndi nkhani yaposachedwa.
Osachepera chifukwa kusintha mbali muyenera kudziwa ndendende ndi mmene kusintha. Makhalidwe a zomera amatsimikiziridwa ndi majini, nthawi zambiri magulu a majini, momwe zolinga zoyenera zosinthira ziyenera kusankhidwa. Koma kufotokoza ntchito ndi kuwongolera kwa majini enaake omwe amathandizira kuti akhale ndi chidwi kumafuna maphunziro ovuta komanso aatali. Poyerekeza ndi nyama ndi anthu, tinganene kuti sitidziwa zambiri za mamolekyu a zinthu za zomera (mwachitsanzo, kukana, zokolola, ndi zina zotero) bwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ma genome a zomera ndi aakulu komanso ovuta kwambiri, zomwe sizimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta. Komabe, zambiri zimadziwika kale kudzera mu kafukufuku wofunikira mu biology ya zomera, ndipo tikamamvetsetsa izi, mwayi wathu wosintha umachulukirachulukira.
Kuonjezera apo, tikukamba za njira yomwe imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwongolera makhalidwe ena, koma osati kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano pamsika, ntchito yomwe, ngakhale kuti ikufulumira, imatenga zaka zambiri.
- Kodi akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amapanga kusintha kwa majini? Kodi amazindikira bwanji komwe amagwirira ntchito (cholinga chokonza)?
V.T.: Katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo ayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi woweta wopambana wa mbewu yosankhidwayo ndipo, makamaka, aziphatikiza akatswiri ena olima. Woweta, pamodzi ndi alimi, amakhazikitsa ntchito, woweta amathandiza kusankha mitundu yoyenera. Ifenso, timakambirana ndi biochemists ndi geneticists, timaganiza zomwe tingapereke pazifukwa izi (makhalidwe ofunikira nthawi zonse samaphunzira mokwanira kuchokera pamalingaliro achilengedwe). Timayang'ana zomwe tingachite, kuchita gawo lathu la ntchito, kubwezera mzere wotsatira kwa woweta, ndipo woweta amabweretsa zotsatira zake ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
- Kodi kukonza ma genome ndiukadaulo wokwera mtengo?
V.T.: Mtengo wopeza mbewu umatengera mbewuyo komanso ngati mbewuyo idasinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa.
Ngati tilankhula za zida, ndiye kuti kampani yomwe yayamba kale kupeza zinthu zopanda ma virus ndi microcloning, kugula zida ndi ma reagents osintha ma genome kumawononga ndalama zochepa. Cholepheretsa kuyambitsa ntchito yotere sichingakhale ndalama zambiri, koma kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito oyenerera. Pali anthu ochepa omwe angathe kugwira ntchito yapaderayi.
Ndipo kubwereranso ku mtengo: kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo m'derali ndikwachangu kwambiri. Njira zosinthira ma genome, zikuti, mu 2012, pomwe CRISPR / Cas9 idapezeka (ukadaulo wosinthira ma genome a zamoyo zapamwamba, motengera chitetezo cha mabakiteriya), ndipo zomwe tili nazo tsopano ndizosiyana kwambiri. Kuchita bwino kwa ntchito kumawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka, ndipo ndalama zimachepa.
M.L.: Izi tingaziyerekeze ndi ntchito yotsatirira majenomu a anthu. Ma genome oyamba aumunthu adatsatiridwa ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka 10 kwa madola 2.7 biliyoni chifukwa chakuti matekinoloje otere analipo mu 90s. Pakadali pano, kutsata matupi athunthu amunthu kumawononga ndalama zosakwana $1000 ndipo kumatenga masiku angapo.
-Tiyeni tipitirize kulankhula za labotale yanu, kodi imayang'ana pa sayansi yofunikira kapena kafukufuku wogwiritsidwa ntchito?
V.T.: Timayesetsa kuchita zonse ziwiri. Poyamba, zinthu zofunika kwambiri zinali zofunika kwambiri, koma tsopano tikuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe taphunzira.
Pakadali pano, mwachitsanzo, tikuphunzira njira za mbatata kukana kachilombo ka Y. Ichi ndi ntchito yambiri yofunikira, koma ngati itapambana, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri pakusankha mitundu yosamva.
M.L.: Sayansi yoyambira ndi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yolumikizana kwambiri; imodzi singakhalepo popanda inayo. Ngati sitidziwa momwe kachilomboka kamagwirira ntchito ndi chomera, chomwe ndi mapuloteni enieni, sitingathe kuwasintha kuti mbewuyo isagonje.
Takhala tikuchita kafukufuku wa kachilombo ka Y kuyambira 2018 ndipo tsopano tikuyandikira mfundo yakuti zaka zingapo zikubwerazi tidzapeza njira yotsutsa, ndipo mtsogolomu zotsatira zofunikira: chomera cha mbatata sichidzapanga mapuloteni a virus, adzakhala osamva kachilomboka.
- Kodi mumagwirizana ndi makampani / oweta aku Russia?
V.T.: Pa mbatata, timagwira ntchito ndi mlimi wachinyamata Maria Polyakova, kulankhulana mwachangu ndi akatswiri a Potato Union, ndikukhalabe olankhulana ndi Potato Federal Research Center dzina lake. A.G. Lorija. Ponena za kabichi, timalumikizana ndi obereketsa ndi olima mbewu ku Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Agricultural Academy dzina lake. K.A. Timiryazev wolemba Grigory ndi Socrates Monachos. Ndipo m’zimene timachita m’derali, timatsogoleredwa kotheratu ndi iwo.
- Ndipo kachiwiri za ma virus. Marina Valerievna, zomwe mumakonda zasayansi sizimaphatikizapo kachilomboka Y. Mu 2023, mudalandira thandizo kuchokera ku Russian Science Foundation kuti mufufuze za polojekitiyi "Kuphunzira za ma viromes a mbatata yobzalidwa (Solanum tuberosum L.) pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirira kwambiri." N’chifukwa chiyani mutuwu uli wosangalatsa?
M.L.: Mbatata, mokulirapo kuposa mbewu zina zambiri, amadwala matenda a virus, chifukwa amafalitsidwa vegetatively. Ma virus amadziunjikira mu ma tubers ndipo amapatsira mibadwo yotsatira, motero kuchuluka kwa ma virus kumakulirakulira nthawi zonse. Akamanena kuti mbatata ikuchepa, izi ndi zomwe tikukamba.
Ma virus si machitidwe a inert, amalumikizana mwachangu ndi mbewu zonse zomwe zimachitikira komanso wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi zina chomera chomwe chadwala kale ndi kachilomboka sichingathe kutenga kachilomboka. Ndipo pali mavairasi omwe sangawononge chomera chokha, amangochita mogwirizana ndi ma virus ena. Posachedwapa, ntchito inasindikizidwa yofotokoza mitundu ya mavairasi omwe amathandiza zomera kupulumuka chilala. Kusintha kosayembekezeka kotereku kuchokera ku parasitism kupita ku mutualism.
Palibe mankhwala othandiza kuthana ndi matenda a virus pa mbatata. Kuti apititse patsogolo thanzi lake, zovuta kwambiri ndipo, koposa zonse, njira zodula zapangidwa: kudzera mu chikhalidwe cha vitro, kupeza ma microtubers. Koma zotsatira zake zimangokhala kwa mibadwo yochepa. Kuti mupeze mayankho ena, muyenera kuphunzira za ma virus mwatsatanetsatane, kotero kuti phunziroli ndilofunika kwambiri.
- GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu za mbatata. Mikhalidwe yaukadaulo ndi njira zodziwira mtundu" ma virus asanu alembedwa (PVK - X virus virus; SBK - S virus virus; MVK - M virus virus; YBK - Y potato virus; VSLK - leaf curl virus mbatata) ndi viroid imodzi (PSTV - mbatata spindle tuber viroid). Kodi mudzaika maganizo anu pa izo?
M.L.: Pulojekiti yanga ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba kwambiri zophunzirira ma virome (zosonkhanitsa ma virus) omwe amapezeka pa mbatata ku Russia. Izi ndizosangalatsa poyang'ana momwe ma virus osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka pachomera chimodzi, komanso momwe amawonera kuchuluka kwa ma virus awa.
Pazonse, ma virus opitilira 50 omwe amapezeka pa mbatata amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Olembedwa mu GOST ndi ena mwa owopsa kwambiri, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, ali ndi zizindikiro zomveka zakunja. Choncho, mosaic necrosis ndi wamba mawonetseredwe a HIV matenda, ndi pamaso pa tsamba azipiringa kachilombo angadziŵike ndi khalidwe mapindikidwe masamba masamba.
Koma pali mavairasi ambiri omwe samadziwonetsera okha phenotypically, ngakhale akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira pa mbewu. Sapezeka kawirikawiri, koma chifukwa chakuti samafufuzidwa.
Mwachitsanzo, nditha kutchula ntchito ya anzanga ochokera ku All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR). Mu 2019, adasindikiza nkhani yokhudza kupezeka kwa kachilombo ka mbatata P ku Russia, m'mbuyomu ankakhulupirira kuti idagawidwa ku South America kokha.
Funso ndiloti tidzapeza chiyani ngati sitiyang'ana "pansi pa kuwala kwa msewu" kumene kuli kuwala, koma kumene sitinayang'anebe.
-Mukachita kafukufuku wanu kuti?
M.L.: Malinga ndi zomwe zaperekedwa, ntchitoyi idzatenga zaka ziwiri. Chaka chatha tidagwirizana ndi famu ya mbatata kudera la Tula, tidasonkhanitsa zinthu, timagwira ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kubereka. Chaka chino tipita kumadera ena ndikuwona ma virus omwe amapezeka kumeneko.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidzafotokozedwa mwachidule mu 2025, ndipo tidzawauza alimi a mbatata aku Russia za iwo.