Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 1 2014
Fania Zamalieva, Tatyana Zaitseva, Lyudmila Ryzhikh, Zifa Salikhova, Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture of the Russian Agricultural Academy
Fusarium wilt nthawi ndi nthawi imakhudza mbatata ku Tatarstan, koma kufalikira kwa matendawa mu 2011 komanso kukula kwake m'zaka zotsatila 2012-2013 kunapangitsa kuti apeze zatsopano m'kati mwake, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mbewu. Kuzindikira kunachitika pamaziko a zizindikiro zowoneka bwino pazitsamba za mbatata, ma tubers, komanso kutengera zotsatira za kuwunika kwa matenda obisika a minofu kuchokera ku mitsempha ya mitsempha ya zimayambira ndi ma tubers malinga ndi njira (Popkova K.V.), Shmyglya V.A., 1980). Bowa lomwe tidasiyanitsidwa ndi tsinde la mbatata ndi ma tubers ndi a fusarium mwa mtundu wa spore; kudziwika kwa mitunduyo kudzachitika posachedwa. Titha kuzindikira kuti pozindikira matenda obisika, nthawi zambiri timawona mapangidwe a white mycelium, omwe amadziwika ndi Fusarium solana.
Kuti mulekanitse zowola zowuma, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha Fusarium wilt, kuchokera ku zowola zowuma, zomwe zimachitika Fusarium ikalowa pabalaza, nkhaniyi ikupereka dzina lomveka bwino la zowola za tuber zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi Fusarium wilt - vascular fusarium of tubers.
Fusarium wilt wa mbatata ndi matenda owopsa; sizowopsa ku mbewu za chaka chino, komanso kubereka kotsatira. Chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa matenda ndi ma tubers ambewu omwe akhudzidwa ndi mtima fusarium mu mawonekedwe obisika, angayambitse kupatulira kwa mbande ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu m'badwo wotsatira. Kukula kwa Fusarium wilt, ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda talowa kale muzomera, zimatengera chilengedwe. Magwero a fusarium amapezeka nthawi zonse m'nthaka ndipo kufooka pang'ono kwa mbewu ndi mikhalidwe yabwino yopangira bowa (kusinthana konyowa ndi kowuma pa kutentha kwakukulu) ndikofunikira kuti bowa lilowe mu mmera. Ndi mikhalidwe imeneyi yomwe takhala tikuiona mochulukirachulukira mu lipabuliki yathu mzaka zaposachedwa.
Chiyambi cha epiphytoty ya Fusarium wilt pa mbatata idalumikizidwa ndi zomwe zidachitika mu 2011: pambuyo pa mvula yamkuntho ya June, chifukwa chake nthaka idataya mawonekedwe ake, kenako, patatha nthawi yayitali chilala, motsutsana ndi maziko a kutentha kwambiri, kuphatikizika kwa dothi kolimba kwambiri ndi kuchepa kunachitika ndikupanga ming'alu. Bowa lidayamba kulowa mumizu yazomera zofooka; izi zidathandizidwanso ndi kung'ambika ndi kuwonongeka kwa mizu. Kukula kwa bowa m'mitsempha yapansi panthaka komanso pamwamba pazigawo za zomera kumayambitsa kutsekeka kwa dongosolo loyendetsa komanso kufota koyambirira kwa mbewu mu Julayi-Ogasiti, ndikuwonjezereka kwa ma tubers okhala ndi stolon zowola (Mkuyu. . 1, Nevsky zosiyanasiyana). Mvula yamphamvu mu June komanso chilala chotsatira komanso kutentha kwakukulu kudakhudza gawo lalikulu la dziko la Republic, motero Fusarium wilt mu 2011 idakhudzanso zobzala zonse za mbatata - polima pang'ono komanso zazikulu. Mvula yomwe inagwa mu September inafewetsa nthaka, koma panthawiyi zomera zinali zitakhudzidwa kale ndi matendawa ndipo zinafota.
mpunga 1. Nevsky mitundu ya tuber yokhala ndi stolon rot mu 2011
Mbewu zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala mu 2011, anapezedwa kwanuko chaka chapitacho, analibe matenda a mtima fusarium, popeza m'chaka chodabwitsa cha 2010, tuberization inachitika mu September-October pa kutentha otsika komanso chinyezi.
Mu 2011, kuyanika kwa nthaka m'zaka zachiwiri kapena zachitatu za July kunkagwirizana ndi nthawi ya tuberization m'ma Nevsky osiyanasiyana, choncho zosiyanasiyanazi zimasonyeza zizindikiro za kukula kwa stolon kuvunda pa tubers.
Pansi pa zikhalidwe za 2012, tidawona nthawi ziwiri zowuma, zomwe zidatsagana ndi kuyanika m'nthaka ndipo zinali zowopsa pakuwonongeka kwa Fusarium wilt - kuyambira masiku khumi achitatu a June mpaka masiku khumi oyamba a Julayi (masiku 20), ndi kuyambira woyamba mpaka wachiwiri masiku khumi a Ogasiti (masiku 20).
Mbewu zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala mu 2012 zidakhudzidwa posachedwa ndi vascular fusarium. M'mafamu ena, kale panthawi yosungiramo, mbewu za mbatata zakucha zosiyanasiyana Vitessa, zomwe zidachokera kumadera akumwera kwa Russian Federation, zidavunda kwathunthu. Kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni, pambuyo pokonzanso mobwerezabwereza, mbewu zamitundu yoyambirira ya mbatata Nevsky, yomwe idakula pafamu ya chigawo cha Tukaevsky ku Republic of Tatarstan, idawola kwathunthu. Mitundu ina ya mbatata sinawonetse kuwonongeka kodziwikiratu ndi vascular fusarium ikasanjidwa, koma itatha kubzala idawonetsa kuwonda kwambiri komanso kufowokeka (zosiyanasiyana zapakati pa nyengo Zekura pafamu m'chigawo cha Elabuga).
Mu 2012, dothi la matenda a Fusarium wilt linali lokwera kwambiri m'mafamu omwe adabzalanso mbatata m'malo othirira omwewo pomwe mbatata idalimidwa mu 2011. Munali m'minda iyi pomwe chithunzi chokhumudwitsa kwambiri chidawonedwa - kumera sikunapitirire 50%, ndipo mbewu zomwe zidatuluka zidapumira pakukula. Panalibe zokolola kapena zinali ndi kachilombo, mwa zina, ndi stolon zowola ndipo zinali zowola kwambiri panthawi yosungidwa.
Choncho, kuphatikiza kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kasinthasintha wa mbeu ndi kuipitsidwa kobisika kwa mbeu kunabweretsa zotsatira zoipa kwambiri.
a) b)
Chithunzi 2. Zizindikiro za fusarium wilt mu conduction system (a), mu mitsempha ya tuber (b)
Mkhalidwe wa mbatata udali wabwino kwambiri m'mafamu omwe amalima mbatata mothirira komanso kasinthasintha. chabwino, ngakhale kuti m'munda ndi September panali kufala kwa Fusarium wilt zizindikiro pa apical masamba a zomera ndi browning wa mizu (mkuyu. 30).
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbewu za mbatata za mitundu ya Arosa, Felox, Zekura, zomwe zidabwera kuchokera ku Germany, zomwe sizinakhudzidwe ndi fusarium yam'mitsempha, zikakula pansi pamikhalidwe yothirira, motsatira kasinthasintha wa mbewu, zidawonetsa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa zizindikiro za fusarium wilt. , kuphatikizapo pa mizu Ndiko kuti, mikhalidwe yabwino - kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi ndi kuyanika m'nthaka - zinali zofunika kwambiri, matendawa adayamba kukula ngakhale pakalibe matenda amphamvu ambewu ndi nthaka.
Mu 2012, nthawi ya kuuma kwa dothi m'masiku khumi a June ndi masiku khumi oyambirira a July inagwirizana ndi nthawi ya tuberization ya mitundu yoyambirira yakucha, choncho, minda yaulimi inawona kuwonjezeka kwa matenda a tubers ndi mitsempha ya fusarium mu zokolola. mwa mitundu iyi, makamaka mitundu ya Udacha (mkuyu 2 b).
Kuchuluka kwa mitsempha ya fusarium mu mawonekedwe obisika kunalinso kwambiri m'mitundu yoyambirira ya Zhukovsky ranniy ndi Rozara, yotsika pakati pa mitundu yoyambirira ya Nevsky ndi Radonezhsky, komanso yotsika pakati pa nyengo zosiyanasiyana Ladozhsky.
Popanga pang'ono mchaka cha 2012, mbewu zobereketsa pang'ono, zomwe zidakhudzidwa posachedwa ndi Fusarium, ndi dothi loipitsidwa zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zochepa, ngakhale padothi lolemera kwambiri. Mwachiwonekere, m'nthaka yopondereza, kuchira ku matenda omwe anasonkhanitsidwa mu 2011 kunali kocheperapo kusiyana ndi kofunika chifukwa chosowa nthawi yochepetsera zochitika za fungal.
Chithunzi 3. Kukula kwakukulu kwa fusarium wilt m'munda wa mbatata (epiphytoty)
Pansi pa zikhalidwe za 2013, mvula inali yosiyana kwambiri kuposa mu 2012. Kuwonekera kwa mbande ndi kukula kwina kwa mbatata chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri ndi chilala mu May-June kunachitika ndikuchedwa kwa milungu iwiri; mu nyengo yakukula, zomera zinafowoka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chinyezi m'nthaka komanso kutentha kwa masana. Kuyambira masiku khumi achiwiri a Julayi mpaka masiku khumi oyamba a Okutobala, nthawi zisanu ndi masiku awiri khumi mobwerezabwereza - imodzi yokhala ndi mvula yambiri ndipo ina yopanda mvula. Nthawi zitatu zoyambirira zidachitika pakutentha kwambiri masana ndipo zidathandizira kufalikira kwa Fusarium wilt. Nthawi ziwiri zotsatira za mvula yamphamvu komanso kutentha pang'ono kudapangitsa kuti fusarium vascular kuvunda kwa ma tubers asinthe kukhala chonyowa m'nthaka kukolola kusanayambe.
Mbatata kubzala zakuthupi mu 2013 anali kalelo anakhudzidwa ndi mtima fusarium, koma mosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi zosiyanasiyana ndi zikhalidwe zake kulima pa famu mu chaka chatha.
M'chaka cha 2013, tinapeza chinthu china cha chitukuko cha latent vascular fusarium pa chodzala za mbatata tubers. Pansi pakupanga zinthu, zinthu zomwezo zidamera m'chaka pa kutentha kosiyana ndipo zotsatira zosiyana zinapezedwa. Mbatata zomwe zinamera pa kutentha kwa 15° C zinapereka zokolola za 20-25 t/ha, ndipo ma tubers omwe amamera masana kutentha kwa 25-30 ° C amawola asanabzalidwe. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kufotokozera za 2006: kenako tidatumiza gawo la mbatata ku Astrakhan kuti libzalidwe m'chilimwe, koma zinthuzo zidakhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masiku ochepa chabe. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mbatata zochokera pamtanda umodzi m’minda ya lipabuliki yathu zinatuta bwino.
Mwachiwonekere, pa kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kwawonedwa ku Republic m'zaka zaposachedwa pakumera kwa kasupe, timapanga mikhalidwe yabwino kuti pakhale chitukuko cha fusarium mu tubers monga ku Astrakhan panthawi yobzala chilimwe.
Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwambiri (pamwamba pa 20-25 ° C) m'nyengo yamasika kumera kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa bowa mu tubers zomwe zakhudzidwa posachedwa ndi mtima fusarium.
Pansi pa nthawi zonse mobwerezabwereza kuyanika m'nthaka mu 2013, mitundu yonse ya mbatata, ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake, inakhudzidwa ndi Fusarium wilt m'munda, ndipo tubers anakhudzidwa ndi mitsempha ya fusarium (mkuyu. 4).
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chinyezi komanso kutentha pang'ono panthawi yokolola, mbatata zomwe zimalowa m'malo osungiramo zidakhala zosauma bwino, kotero kale mu kugwa, kuwola kwa ma tubers kumawonedwa m'malo osungiramo katundu, chomwe chimayambitsa matenda a fusarium, omwe adakhudza tubers m'munda. Kuchuluka kwa vascular fusarium mu mawonekedwe obisika a mbewu za mbewu zamitundu ina zomwe zidabzalidwa m'derali pafupifupi 2014-15% mu February 20.
a) b)
Mpunga. 4 Zizindikiro za fusarium wilt pa mbewu ya mbatata mu 2013:
a) utoto wa anthocyanin ndi kupindika masamba a apical mu bwato,
b) Kuwola kouma (kuwola) kwa gawo la pansi pa tsinde.
Chidule
Pambuyo pa matenda a epiphytotic a mbatata opangidwa ndi Fusarium wilt mu 2011, kufalikira kwa matendawa mdziko muno kwakhala kukupitilizabe bwino kwambiri kapena pang'ono kwa zaka zitatu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pankhaniyi njira ziwiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapitilira nthawi imodzi. Choyamba ndi kuchira kwa nthaka ndi mbatata ku matenda. Njira yachiwiri ndi matenda atsopano omwe amayamba chaka ndi chaka kuti azitha kukula kwa bowa.
Malinga ndi zomwe taziwona, pambuyo pa 100% matenda a fusarium wilt wa mbatata mu 2011, dothi ndi mbewu zimachira pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku mitsempha ya fusarium.
Monga momwe zinachitikira mu 2012 zinasonyeza, choopsa chachikulu ndi nthaka yomwe zomera zomwe zinakhudzidwa ndi Fusarium wilt zinachitikira. Chifukwa chake, mbatata iyenera kubzalidwa mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu. M'nthaka yopondereza, magwero a Fusarium wilt amaponderezedwa, koma pambuyo pa ma epiphytoties owopsa, monga mu 2011, ntchito ya dothi la microflora sizingakhale zokwanira kupondereza Fusarium chaka chamawa; njira zowonjezera ndizofunikira.
Bowa amtundu wa Fusarium ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena saprophytes. Iwo mwachangu kuwola akufa zomera zinyalala kuti amagwera m'nthaka, motero ntchito yothandiza. Koma zikachitika zovuta, mbewu zofowoka (zokhala theka) zimatha kukhudzidwa.
Pazinthu zaumwini, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa organic m'dzinja kungathandize kukulitsa ntchito ya saprophytic ya bowa pakuwola zotsalira za organic, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kasupe, makamaka mu kasupe wouma, kumatha, m'malo mwake, kumathandizira kuti nthaka iume. ndi kuchuluka kwa parasitic ntchito ya bowa.
Kuthirira bwino, nthawi zonse kungapangitse nthaka kukhala yathanzi komanso mbewu. Kuthirira kosakhazikika, komwe kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale youma pambuyo pa ulimi wothirira kwambiri, kungayambitse matenda a Fusarium wilt. Ndi chinyezi chambiri m'nthaka, Fusarium imakula bwino, ndipo ikaumitsa pambuyo pake, imalimbana ndi zomera zofowoka, chifukwa ambiri mwa omwe amatsutsana nawo amafa pakauma.
Mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa posachedwa ndi mitsempha ya fusarium zimatha kutulutsa mbewu yosakhudzidwa, ndiye kuti, kufalikira kwa fusarium kwa ana sikuli zana limodzi ndipo zimatengera momwe zilili kunja. Kupatsa zomera m'munda ndi feteleza ndi chinyezi kumapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke matenda.
Ubwino wa mbewu ndi wofunikira kwambiri: kubereka kwakukulu, kopanda matenda obwera chifukwa cha ma virus, kumakula mwachangu komanso kugonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa Fusarium wilt.
Ndikofunikira kuwongolera kukula kwa fusarium posunga ma tubers. Kutentha kwambiri pamene kumera ma tubers m'chaka kungayambitse kukula kwa bowa, zomwe zingayambitse kuvunda kwathunthu kwa mbatata.
Ndizotheka kuneneratu za kukula kwa mitsempha ya fusarium kutengera mitundu ya mbatata - ngati nthawi ya tuberization imachitika m'malo otentha kwambiri ndikuwuma m'nthaka yonyowa, ndiye kuti matenda obisika a vascular fusarium adzakhala ambiri.
Mukasunga ma tubers ndi kuwonongeka kobisika ndi mitsempha ya fusarium, magawo oyambira ndi ofunika kwambiri - kuyanika, kuchiritsa nthawi, kuziziritsa. Ndikofunikira kuwumitsa chinyontho pamwamba pa ma tubers mwachangu, chifukwa ndi chithandizo chake matendawa amachulukana, ndiyeno matumba a zowola amawonekera. Ngati ma tubers afika posungirako atanyowa (monga mu 2013), m'pofunika kuti aume nthawi yonseyi mpaka chinyezi chichotsedwe pamwamba pa tubers.
Kuti musinthe mkhalidwewo ndi zowola za mizu ndikuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwa Fusarium wilt dothi likauma, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera chonde m'nthaka, kubweretsa mbewu za manyowa obiriwira mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu, ndikupanga mulch wosanjikiza womwe umachepetsa kusintha kwa chinyezi m'nthaka.
Mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa kumadera akummwera zimatha kukhala ndi matenda obisika kwambiri a vascular fusarium chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri komwe kumachitika m'maderawa.
Zoneneratu za 2014
M'chaka cha 2014 Kubzala mbatata sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi fusarium ya mtima chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a matendawa komanso kudulidwa kwa ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa kale mu nthawi yokolola. Kukulanso kwa matendawa pazomera m'munda kudzadalira momwe kameredwera komanso nyengo ikukula. Kuti mbewu zisagonjetse matenda, ndikofunikira kuzipangira zinthu zabwino kwambiri.
Malangizo owonjezera pakuteteza mbatata ku Fusarium wilt:
- gwiritsani ntchito kubereka kwapamwamba pakubzala (apamwamba apamwamba, osankhika, kubereka koyamba), omwe ali ndi mphamvu zakukula kwambiri ndipo amatha kukana matenda;
- kukulitsa mitundu yokhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana zakucha kuti muchepetse chiwopsezo cha nthawi ya tuberization yomwe ikugwirizana ndi nthawi yabwino yopanga Fusarium wilt;
- ma tubers ayenera kumera atatha kusanja pa kutentha kosaposa 8-15 ° C, kupewa kupangika kwa mphukira zazitali;
- osazama - kubzala kwakukulu kuyenera kupitilira kukula kwa ma tubers - 5-6 cm;
- samalani ndi kutentha koyenera pobzala - kutentha kwabwino kwa dothi pakubzala ndi 8 ° C (masiku khumi achiwiri a Meyi). Pakakhala dothi lonyowa komanso kutentha kwadzidzidzi kwa mpweya mpaka 25-30 ° C, timalimbikitsa kuchedwetsa kubzala kwa tsiku limodzi kapena awiri kuti tiyike ntchito ya bowa pa ntchito ya saprotrophic pokonza zotsalira za organic m'nthaka;
- kulima mbatata m'mafamu akuluakulu 4-5 kasinthasintha, komanso m'minda yanu - ndikusintha mbewu ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe;
- kuyang'anira momwe nthaka ili pamwamba - nthaka iyenera kukhala yotayirira pakuya 20 cm;
- chitani chithandizo cha ma tubers musanabzale (amawonjezera kumera ndikufulumizitsa kukula kwa mbewu, chifukwa chake, amateteza ku matenda):
- kukonzekera kwa microbiological - "Fitosporin MF", "Flavobacterin" + "Agrofil", "Extrasol";
- mankhwala biologically - "Zircon", "Siliplant", "Epin-Extra", "Melafen", "Albit", humates, etc.;
- gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wofunikira mu kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe mwakonzekera, malingana ndi kupezeka kwa ulimi wothirira, kupezeka kwa nthaka, ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito;
- pa nthawi ya tuberization ndi tuberization m'mikhalidwe kupanga, kuchita kawiri foliar kudyetsa ndi "Aquarin" (Iwo anasonyeza bwino kwambiri, ndipo, chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri pamene wodetsa chilala mikhalidwe, zotsatira anawona mkati maola ochepa, kotero "Aquarin" angatchedwe "ambulansi" ; pazikhalidwe za chinyezi ndi ulimi wothirira, mphamvu ya mankhwala ena onse okhala ndi biologically ndi apamwamba;
- musalole kuti nthaka iume pothirira mbatata;
- tchetcha nsonga masiku 7 mpaka 10 musanakolole kuti mutseke zikopa za tuber;
- samalani kwambiri pakuwumitsa ma tubers mukamasunga zaka zonyowa;
- pewani kutuluka thukuta komanso kuthirira madzi a tubers panthawi yosungira.