Kuchokera m'magazini: No. 4 2016
Category: Kufunsira kwa akatswiri
Yu.A. Masyuk, O.V. Abashkin, L. Ya. Kostina, Yu.P. Boyko, G. V. Grigoriev,
O.A. Starovoitova, D. V. Abrosimov, E. V. Ov, O.A. Aleksyutina, All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming
Anthu ambiri mwina aonapo tizilombo tating’ono, tosalimba tikuuluka kuchokera kwina kupita kwina tili ndi maso owoneka bwino agolide, amene analandira dzina lachirasha lakuti “lacewings.” Ma lacewing akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amawulukira m'nyumba, kukwawa pagalasi kapena kukhala pamakoma. Tizilombozi ndi za dongosolo Neuroptera (Neuroptera), banja la lacewings = Chrysopidae.
Pafupifupi mitundu 6000 ya lacewings yafotokozedwa mu zinyama zapadziko lonse lapansi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (imago) timafika kutalika kwa 6 mpaka 180 mm. Maso awo ndi ovuta, otukuka bwino, ndipo amakopa chidwi ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi kunyezimira kwachitsulo. Kukamwa kwa lacewings ndi mtundu wa kudziluma. Mapiko nthawi zambiri amakhala oonekera, koma mitundu ina ya kum'mwera imapezeka. Pa mapiko pali mitsempha yambiri yayitali komanso yopingasa, yomwe imapanga mawonekedwe amtundu wa mauna, motero dzina lachi Russia - reticularis. Mu mitundu yambiri, mapiko akumbuyo amafanana kutalika ndi mapiko akutsogolo, nthawi zina amafupikitsa kuposa mapiko akutsogolo, muzochitika izi amakutidwa ndi zokutira zoyera. Mitundu iyi ili ndi mitsempha yochepa komanso thupi laling'ono. Lacewing imaphatikizansopo tizilombo todziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi komanso pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, tizilombo ta Antlion (Myrmeleon formicarius L.), yomwe ili ndi nsagwada zolimba. Mphutsi za Antlion zimakumba machulukidwe mumchenga kapena dothi lotayirira ndikudya tizilombo tomwe timagubuduza, makamaka nyerere (motero dzina). Pali mphutsi za lacewing zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ndikupuma kudzera m'matumbo. Kumeneko amasaka tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi zawo.
Mapiko osalekeza opindika amapinda mapiko awo a ngale kapena owoneka ngati denga. Pali mitundu yamtundu wachikasu, yobiriwira komanso yofiirira.
Ma lacewings ndi owopsa kwa mitundu yambiri ya tizirombo m'minda yamasamba, minda, minda ya zipatso ndi nkhalango. Tizilombozi timadya makamaka nsabwe za m'masamba, zomwe zimanyamula matenda a mbatata, ndi akangaude, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri zomera za m'munda. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya mazira ndi mphutsi za tizirombo zambiri, kuphatikizapo kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata. Amadyanso mbozi zongobadwa kumene za mitundu ing’onoing’ono ndi yaikulu ya agulugufe, kuphatikizapo dambo ndi njenjete za chimanga; ntchentche mphutsi ndi kumene moulted kafadala amene sanakhwime pambuyo molting, herbivorous nsikidzi, sawflies ndi thrips. Ma lacewing akuluakulu amadyanso timadzi tokoma ndi mungu, zomera zotulutsa mungu
Lacewings anali amodzi mwa oyamba kuŵetedwa mochuluka kuti atetezere zomera zobiriwira ku tizirombo, makamaka ku nsabwe za m'masamba. Njira zoberekera zambiri mu labotale ndi mafakitale zapangidwa. Kuswana, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kwa ngale lacewing = mitundu ya ngale ya Chrysopus idagwiritsidwa ntchito. (Chrysopa perla Steph.), Chinese lacewing = Chrysopa sinica Tj, Beautiful lacewing = Taiwanese lacewing = Chrysopa formosa Br, Common lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn .) ndi Lacewing seven-spottedi-spottedp (Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm.).
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timamasulidwa ku greenhouses ndi minda kuti tithane ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi tizirombo tina tating'ono.
Mitundu yambiri ya lacewing imakhala m'madera otentha. M'dziko lathu, odziwika kwambiri ndi oimira banja la Chrysopidae omwe ali ndi mtundu wokhawo wa Chrysopidae - pafupifupi mitundu 10 yonse. Izi ndi zokongola zazing'ono (kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera 6 mpaka 25 mm, mapiko kuchokera 19 mpaka 50 mm) tizilombo touluka ndi ndege yofooka.
Angapezeke paliponse. Amakhala okangalika makamaka madzulo ndi usiku, akuwulukira komwe kuli kuwala. Lacewings wamkazi kuikira chowulungika, kuwala wobiriwira mazira, yomwe ili paokha kapena m'magulu pamtunda wautali (utali kwambiri kuposa tsitsi zomera zachilengedwe) woonda silky zimayambira, nthawi zambiri pansi pa masamba, makamaka m'madera kumene nsabwe za m'masamba zimafalikira, kumene mphutsi zawo zimayamba kusaka nthawi yomweyo. mutatha kuswa (kuti asasokonezedwe ndi mazira a aphid, omwe sakhala pamitengo, koma amagona pafupi ndi pansi pa tsamba). Akazi amakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri ndipo amaikira mazira 800 iliyonse. Mphutsizi ndi zazitali za fusiform zokhala ndi nsagwada zazitali zooneka ngati chikwakwa. Kumbuyo kwa mphutsi zamitundu yambiri pali chitsanzo chokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi mawanga. Mwa mitundu ina, kumbuyo kumaphimbidwa ndi chishango chotayirira chopangidwa kuchokera ku zikopa za tizilombo zomwe adadya kapena kuchokera ku zidutswa za masamba owuma, makungwa a zomera ndi zinyalala zina za zomera. Mphutsizi zimakula m’magulu atatu, kenako zimamera moonekera pa zomera, pansi pa khungwa la mitengo, kapena pamwamba pa nthaka. Lacewings amapita m'nyengo yozizira pa prepupa siteji mu silky, zozungulira, wandiweyani, siliva zoyera kapena kuwala imvi zikwa. Nthawi zina wamkulu tizilombo overwinter.
Mitundu yamtundu wa lacewings imasiyana kukula kwake, mtundu wa mapiko ndi mitsempha yawo, pubescence ya mapiko, ndi chitsanzo pamutu ndi thupi. Pali mitundu yovuta kusiyanitsa yomwe ingadziwike pophunzira zamoyo, machitidwe, malo omwe amakonda komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama zomwe zimadya.
Mitundu yotsatirayi ya lacewings imapezeka m'magawo athu:
Chidule cha lacewing = Chrysopa chidule cha Curt. Pali malo amdima mkati mwa tinyanga. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli mzere wakuda. Mitsempha yamtundu uliwonse ya mapiko ndi yakuda.
Altai laceing = Chrysopa altaica Holz. Mitsempha ya thorax ndi zigawo zoyamba za mimba zimakhala zakuda ndipo zimawonekera kumbuyo kwa thupi. Pansi pa miyendo yakutsogolo pali malo amdima. Maonekedwe amasiyana pang'ono ndi Lacewing commata. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa.
Laceing astarte = Chrysopa astarta Holz. Pamutu pali madontho ofiira akuda. Tinyanga kumbali ya korona ndi utoto wofiira. Mitsempha yopingasa ya mapiko ndi yakuda m'mphepete.
Lacewing Valkyrie = Chrysopa walker McL. Amagawidwa kulikonse, kupatula ku Far North, Far East ndi Central Asia. Mitsempha yopingasa imakhala yakuda kokha m'mphepete, ina ndi yobiriwira.
Lacewing viridana = Chrysopa viridana Schn. Amagawidwa m'chigawo cha steppe cha Russia ndi maiko a Central Asia. Pamutu pali mawanga mu mawonekedwe a brownish longitudinal mikwingwirima.
laceing madzi = Chrysopa hummei Tjed. Mitsempha ya thorax ndi zigawo zoyamba za mimba zimakhala zakuda ndipo zimawonekera kumbuyo kwa thupi. Pansi pa miyendo yakutsogolo pali malo amdima.
Dasiptera lacewing = Chrysopa dasyptera McL. Amagawidwa m'maiko a Transcaucasia ndi Caucasus, kumpoto ndi pakati pa Kazakhstan, ndi maiko a Central Asia. Korona ndi mtundu umodzi. Mapiko ali ndi ubweya wambiri. Tizilombo zazikulu ndi zolusa.
Dubitan lacewing = Chrysopa dubitans McL. Chophimba (pamphumi) ndi mtundu umodzi. Pa korona pali madontho awiri amdima ozungulira. Zikhadabo za tarsi zimakulitsidwa kwambiri m'munsi. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa. Amapezeka pa mbewu zamasamba.
Pearl lacewing = Chrysopa perla Steph. Amagawidwa kulikonse kupatula mayiko aku Central Asia. Ku Far East amakhala ku Khabarovsk Territory. Mitsempha yamapiko pamapiko ndi yakuda kwathunthu; mitsempha yapayekha imakhala yakuda pansi. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa.
Green lacewing = Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. Pamutu pali madontho akuda. Tinyanga timakhala tobiriwira. Mitsempha yopingasa ya mapiko si mdima wonse. Chisa (gonocrista) wokhala ndi mano akulu. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa.
Lacewing wapamtima = Chrysopa intima MSL. Chitsanzo pamutu chikufanana ndi ndondomeko ya chilembo X. Amuna ali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pambali pa pronotum. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu ndipo timafalitsa mungu wochokera ku zomera komanso nyama zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa
Chinese lacewing = Chrysopus chinica/Chrysopa sinica Tj. Pronotum mwa amuna imakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu.
Chingwe chokongola = Taiwanese lacewing = Chrysopa Formosa Br. Amagawidwa m'nkhalango-steppe, non-chernozem, steppe zones; kumpoto chakum'mawa; Ural; ku Eastern Siberia ndi Transbaikalia; ku Far East; m'mayiko a Transcaucasia ndi Caucasus; m'malipabuliki a Central Asia. Kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi tinyanga ndi mtundu wofanana. Mitsempha yamapiko ndi yakuda, mphutsi zimadya. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa. Amapezeka pamasamba ndi mavwende.
Lacewing commata = Chrysopa commata Kiss et Uj. Mitsempha ya thorax ndi zigawo zoyamba za mimba zimakhala zakuda ndipo zimawonekera kumbuyo kwa thupi. Pansi pa miyendo yakutsogolo pali malo amdima. Maonekedwe amasiyana pang'ono ndi Altai lacewing. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya chowonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa.
Lacewing magnicoda = Chrysopa magnicauda Tj. Chisa chili ndi mano ang’onoang’ono. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa.
Lacewing nigricostata = Chrysopa nigricostata Br. Amagawidwa m'madera a nkhalango-steppe, zone non-chernozem, steppe zone ya Russia ndi maiko a Central Asia. Pamutu pali timadontho tating'ono tozungulira. Tinyanga ndi lalanje.
Lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea/Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn. Amagawidwa kulikonse kupatula Sakhalin ndi Zilumba za Kuril. Mutu ndi mtundu umodzi. The clypeus ndi masaya ali malire ndi wakuda, nthawi zambiri ndi wofiira tint, tsitsi. Mitsempha yopingasa ya mapiko ndi yobiriwira. The pronotum ya amuna ndi uniformly mitundu m'mbali. Akuluakulu tizilombo overwinter. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Akuluakulu amadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu wa zomera ndipo ndi otulutsa mungu. Akuluakulu tizilombo overwinter.
Lacewing wa mawanga asanu ndi awiri = Chrysopus septempunktata. /Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm. Kugawidwa kulikonse. Pali mawanga asanu ndi awiri pamutu, omwe amasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya lacewing ndi kudziwiratu dzina lake. Mawanga apakati pa tinyanga ndi pansi pa tinyanga sawoneka bwino ndipo amatha kusakanikirana chakumbuyo. Thupi ndi mtundu umodzi. Chachikulu kuposa mitundu ina yamtunduwu. Mphutsizi ndi zolusa. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timadya timadzi tokoma ndi mungu (chakudya choonjezera) ndipo timapanga pollinator wa zomera, makamaka zolusa. Prepupae overwinter mu zikwa zofewa.
Sogdinica lacewing = Chrysopa sogdinica McL. Amagawidwa m'maiko aku Central Asia. Pa korona pali madontho anayi ang'onoang'ono. Malo pakati pa tinyanga ndi mtundu umodzi. Mitunduyi yakhala ikuphunziridwa pang'ono.
Kuyambira 2014, chiwerengero cha lacewings m'chigawo cha Moscow chawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zinagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi imodzi kwa nsabwe za m'masamba, makamaka nsabwe za m'mapichesi, zomwe, chifukwa cha kutentha kwa nyengo, zinatuluka mu greenhouses ndikufalikira kwambiri m'minda. Zomera za artichoke za ku Yerusalemu zimakopa kwambiri ma lacewings, pomwe tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhazikika pamwamba ndi maluwa, zomwe zimakhala ngati chakudya chawo.
Ma lacewings amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochita za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chifukwa chake muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira iyi yoyang'anira pokhapokha pakagwa mwadzidzidzi ngati kuwukira kwa tizirombo.