Kuchokera m'magazini No. 4 2014
Category: Kulingalira pa chinthu chachikulu
Andrey Kalinin
Palibe kuthamangira madzulo achisanu achisanu; ndi nthawi yosinkhasinkha. Chifukwa chake tikupempha owerenga kuti apume paphimbi ndi filosofi m'lingaliro labwino la mawuwo. Nthawi ino tikambirana za ABC za kukula kwa mbatata, maziko a zikhazikitso - za chinthu chomwe popanda zomwe sizingatheke kumvetsetsa kuwerenga kwanzeru ndikukhala katswiri weniweni.
Kuti tikwaniritse nsonga zapamwamba kwambiri pantchitoyo, mosasamala kanthu za kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ya munthu, ndikofunikira kudalira njira zoyambira zachitukuko, zakuthupi, zaukadaulo, zachuma, zachuma, zachikhalidwe ndi zina, kuphatikiza koyenera komanso mwaluso. kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumatsimikizira kupambana komaliza kwa bizinesi yomwe idayambika. Apo ayi, ntchitoyi idzatsogolera ku zolakwika za dongosolo zomwe sizingathetsedwe popanda kukonzanso zoyambira. Chifukwa chake, tebulo lochulutsa losaphunziridwa molakwika lidzathetsa zoyesayesa zonse zotsatila.
Tikufuna kukopa chidwi cha owerenga ku mfundo zazikuluzikulu za kukula kwa mbatata, kuwonetsa zazikulu ndikutaya zakale.
Sitiumirira pachowonadi chotheratu cha malingaliro athu, koma ngati nkhani yoŵerengedwayo imapangitsa woŵerenga wolemekezeka kulingalira ndi kuyang’ana zinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera kumbali ina, zimenezi zingam’lole kupeza yankho losayembekezereka la zotsutsana zomwe zakhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali, zooneka ngati zosatha.
Zilembo izi sizinasanjidwe mwadongosolo lakale, koma molingana ndi kumvetsetsa kwathu kufunikira kwa makonzedwe akukula kwa mbatata, zomwe zidzafotokozedwa pansipa.
Z. Dziko - mphatso yamtengo wapatali kwa anthu, kutipatsa zonse zomwe timafunikira. Dziko lapansi liyenera kutetezedwa, kutetezedwa kuzinthu zopanda nzeru ndipo, pogwira ntchito, ganizirani zochitika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe.
Chidziwitso - mawu ofunika mu nthambi iliyonse ya zochita za anthu. Katswiri weniweni nthawi zonse amawonjezera chidziwitso chake kuti apititse patsogolo luso lake. Kudziwa kokha za njira zenizeni zomwe zimachitika panthawi yopanga mbatata kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza ndalama zokhazikika, mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zosiyanasiyana.
Chitetezo zomera - makamaka, zofooka, zofooka, zofooka komanso zopanda chitetezo monga mbatata - ndi njira yopitilira, kuyambira kubzala mpaka kusungirako. Zida za njira, njira ndi zotetezera zomera ndi zazikulu, koma chinthu chimodzi chiyenera kukumbukiridwa: popanda chitetezo chodalirika n'zosatheka kumasula mbatata.
P. Dothi - chuma chachikulu cha mlimi. Iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa mchitidwe wogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi komanso wapakhomo wa mphatso yamtengo wapataliyi imatipangitsa kulingalira za kulingalira kwaumunthu. Kuonetsetsa kuti zochita za anthu sizikuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chonde komanso kuwonongeka kosasinthika, ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo a Chilengedwe pokonzekera kasinthasintha wa mbeu ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka feteleza, komanso posintha matekinoloje ndi njira zaukadaulo kuti zigwirizane ndi zochitika zapadera.
Kusakanikirana nthaka imatsimikizira zomwe zikuyenera: kukula kwa mizu ya mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa, njira yofunikira ya biota ya dothi, kufalitsa chinyezi ndi zakudya. Zimadziwika podziwa kuti 1-1,5% ya alimi a mbatata nthawi zonse amayesa kuuma kwa nthaka (analogue ya kachulukidwe) nthawi yakukula mpaka kuya kwa 80 cm, ena 3-4% kamodzi adayesa kamodzi, koma samatero. zichiteni pafupipafupi , ndipo ena onse sanaganizepo za kudziwa kuchuluka kwa compaction mugawo lachitukuko la mizu ya mbatata. Timakhulupirira kuti mawu oti "kachulukidwe" ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu a wolima mbatata.
Weather ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zokolola. Iyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndi yosinthika komanso yosasinthika mu mawonekedwe ake. Chifukwa chake, wolima mbatata ayenera kukhala ndi luso mu zida zake kuti achepetse kapena kuthetseratu kusokonezeka kwa nyengo chifukwa cha ntchito yake.
И. Chiwonetsero. Tsoka ilo, mbali yayikulu ya alimi a mbatata amakhala ndi malingaliro onyenga okhudzana ndi kulima mbatata. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kusakwanira mlingo wa chidziwitso, kutsatira miyambo anatengera kwa agogo ndi agogo, komanso akhungu kutsanzira zinachitikira kunja popanda kusanthula mikhalidwe ntchito yake bwino. Chinyengo ndi chomwe chili pamwamba, mawonekedwe. Ndipo pansi pa gawo lowoneka, nthawi zina pamakhala misampha yayikulu yomwe imatha kumira mosavuta bizinesi yamakono komanso yokonzekera bwino ya mbatata.
С. Zabwino Mbewu - chinsinsi chopezera zokolola zokhazikika komanso zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi mbewu zina zambiri, njira yopezera mbewu zapamwamba za mbatata imatenga zaka 4-5. Pakapita nthawi yayitali, pali chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa mbewu chifukwa chotheka kutenga ma virus, fungal ndi matenda a bakiteriya. Choncho, zobzala zoperekedwa ku minda yamalonda ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi zofunikira pakuwunika kwa mbeu. Lingaliro lalikulu lolakwika ndikuthekera kopeza mbewu m'mafamu amalonda pogawa malo obzala zinthu zapamwamba, komanso makamaka posankha kagawo kakang'ono kuchokera ku mbatata zamalonda. Zonsezi sizidzakulolani kuti mupeze mbewu zamtundu woyenera, koma nthawi yomweyo zimafunika ndalama zambiri kuti mubzalidwe. Tikukhulupirira kuti alimi a mbatata adzakhala ndi njira yodzipangira okha yoperekera mbewu kuchokera kumabizinesi apadera opanga mbewu zomwe zimalandila zinthu m'malo odzipatula odalirika, zotetezedwa ndi phytocleaning komanso chitetezo chodalirika cha mbewu ku tizirombo ndi matenda. Iyi ndi ntchito wamba wambatata ndi mbewu alimi.
В. Chinyezi. Kupereka kwanthawi yake kwa chinyezi chofunikira m'minda ndikofunikira kuti mukolole mochuluka. M'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, monga lamulo, mvula yambiri pachaka imakhala yokwanira kuti ipeze mankhwala mu voliyumu yomwe inakonzedwa ndi phindu lalikulu. Komabe, wolima ulimi ayenera kupanga zinthu zodzikundikira chinyezi cha autumn ndi chisanu ndikuletsa kutayika kwake kosasinthika m'chaka ndi chilimwe. Kuphatikiza apo, panyengo yakukula, ndikofunikira kupereka mikhalidwe yochotsa chinyezi chochulukirapo m'nthaka zapansi, kuti mvula ya autumn isalepheretse kukolola. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoterezi kumakuthandizani kuti muyambe kukolola patatha ola mutasiya mvula pamtundu uliwonse wa nthaka.
Nthawi - chinthu chosawoneka, koma chofunikira. M'chaka chilichonse chazovuta zilizonse, mu gawo lililonse la kukula kwa mbewu, nthawi zonse pamakhala zenera lothandizira kuchita ntchito imodzi kapena ina yaukadaulo. Chifukwa chake, wolima mbatata amayenera kukonza dongosolo linalake la ntchito yokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira malinga ndi luso, zakuthupi ndi ntchito kuti amalize munthawi yoyenera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinthu zonse zimatsimikiziridwa kuti zitheke kukwaniritsa kuthekera kwa zomera ndi kupanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali.
Л. Kayendesedwe. Mawuwa adawonekera posachedwa m'chinenero cha Chirasha, koma tanthauzo lake ndilokwera kwambiri. Kusakhalapo kwa dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa bwino loperekera mbewu, feteleza, mafuta, kuchotsa zinthu ndi zinyalala kungathe kunyalanyaza zoyesayesa zonse zomwe famuyo idachita chaka chonse. Zomwe zimaganiziridwa bwino zimatithandizira kuchepetsa nthawi yofunikira kuti tikwaniritse ntchito zonse zaumisiri, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yosasokonezeka ya makina opanga makina.
М. Management - Izi zikuphatikiza kasamalidwe ka kamangidwe, kulinganiza koyenera kwa ogwira ntchito, ndi zisankho zaluso pakusankha ndikusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi ukadaulo wina wam'deralo womwe umafuna kupeza zinthu zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zodziwika bwino. Njira yophatikizika yoyang'anira mabizinesi, kuwunikira kofunikira kwa magawo onse aukadaulo wakukula mbatata ndi njira zothandizira kupanga zimathandizira kuti pakhale phindu lalikulu pafamuyo, ndikuwunikiranso njira zopangira mtsogolo.
Т. Technology - kutsatizana ndi malamulo ena ochitira ntchito zamakono, zogawidwa pakapita nthawi. Matekinoloje ena amapangidwa pamaziko a malingaliro okhudza njira zodziwira kuthekera kwa zomera, komanso pamlingo wa chitukuko chamakono cha sayansi ndiukadaulo. Mwachilengedwe, ukadaulo sungathe kuyimitsidwa pakukula kwake; umasinthidwa nthawi zonse, kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kutengera mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ndi zomwe asayansi atulukira popanga. Koma tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti chitukuko cha matekinoloje amakono kumabweretsa kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito pagawo lililonse lazopanga, kuonjezera mphamvu za ntchito zachuma komanso kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa mankhwala omaliza. Ndikofunikira kusankha njira yaukadaulo yomwe ingafanane bwino ndi momwe ikugwiritsidwira ntchito.
К. Ubwino - lingaliro ili lili ndi zigawo zonse zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa. Ubwino wa mbatata umatengera magawo onse: kuyambira kukonza dothi ndikusankha mbewu mpaka kukolola, kusunga ndi kutumiza zomalizidwa kwa wogula. Chinthu chokhacho chabwino chidzasankhidwa ndi wogula, ngakhale akuyenera kulipira mtengo wapamwamba. Chogulitsa chapamwamba chokha chingatsimikizire kugulitsa kosalekeza, ngakhale kusinthasintha kwa msika. Kutulutsidwa kokha kwa katundu wapamwamba kwambiri kudzatsimikizira kuti bizinesiyo ikuyenda bwino komanso kufunikira kwazinthu zake.
Mbatata - Ichi ndi mankhwala omwe nkhaniyi idaperekedwa. Tikukhulupirira kuti mbale za mbatata zidzakhala patebulo lanu, mosasamala kanthu za nthawi ya chaka ndi nyengo, mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Eya, kwa amene amachipanga, chidzakhala magwero odalirika a kulemerera ndi kunyadira ntchito yawo.
Ife samaumirira kukwanira kwa akufuna zilembo za mbatata kukula. M’menemo muli zilembo zina zambiri zimene tonsefe tiyenera kuzitulukira kuti tipeze chithunzi chokwanira cha dziko lotizungulira. Tinayamba ndi mawu omwe amatanthauzira mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakukula bwino kwa mbatata, ndipo, zowonadi, akamawonekera panjira ya wapaulendo, pamakhala chiwopsezo chosokera panjira yoyenera. M'nkhani zotsatila, ine ndi anzanga tidzayesetsa kuwulula bwino zomwe zili mu zilembo za wolima mbatata kuti tidziwe zambiri ndikudzimasula pang'onopang'ono ku zonyenga zomwe zimatizungulira.