Gawo lalikulu la mbatata ku Russia la 2022/23 lawonetsa zizindikiro zakuchulukirachulukira. M'malo mwake, kulibe kuchulukitsa, izi ndizochitika zomwe zidapangidwa mwachisawawa m'gawo lazamalonda lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi maukonde amalonda akunja.
Mbatata ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri, chomwe ntchito yake ndi kudya kwake zidzakula pang'onopang'ono m'tsogolomu. Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa mphamvu muzomera pagawo lililonse, mbatata imaposa mbewu zina zonse zaulimi nyengo yotentha; ndiyomwe imagwiritsa ntchito madzi yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza kwambiri, yomwe imapereka zokolola zambiri padothi locheperako. Zomwe akatswiri azachuma aku Russia a m'zaka za m'ma 30 amati kulima mbatata kuli ngati kupeza ngala zitatu za chimanga zomwe zimamera kale, zidzakhala zoona m'tsogolomu. Potengera mwayi wa mbewuzi, mbatata padziko lonse lapansi ikuyembekezeka kuwirikiza kawiri pazaka XNUMX zikubwerazi. Russia ili ndi mikhalidwe yonse ndi mwayi (zanyengo ndi zachuma) kuti ikhale mtsogoleri wotsogola wa mbatata zamalonda zapamwamba pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Chifukwa chakugulitsa kosakwanira kwa mbatata nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa ngati mitengo yokwera kwambiri m'masitolo ogulitsa, poyerekeza ndi mitengo yambewu ndi pasitala. Magulu a zakudya zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri pazakudya zopatsa thanzi ziyenera kupikisana wina ndi mnzake malinga ndi mphamvu zogulira za anthu zomwe zatsika m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mitengo imatha kusinthidwa ndikukhazikitsa malire owongolera kukula kwa malonda (osapitirira 30%), kuwonetsa mulingo wogawana zinthu zapakhomo pakugulitsa maunyolo (osachepera 90%), ndikuletsa kulowetsa mbatata kunja. Izi ndi zida zamakono zotukuka kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti chakudya chili paokha komanso kuthandiza omwe akupanga. Boma la Russia, kumbali ina, lakhala likudikirira zaka 30 kuti lidzilamulire lokha la dzanja losaoneka la msika, lolengezedwa ndi theorists, zomwe zimalepheretsa chitukuko cha chuma cha m'nyumba mwazonse komanso makamaka. M'mikhalidwe yomwe ilipo, alimi a mbatata aku Russia nawonso ayenera kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogulitsira zogulitsa, zomwe zimakhala zothandiza kuphunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito zabwino zakunja. Monga chitsanzo chotsatira, lingalirani za Idaho Potato Trade Marketing System ya 2023 - chikalata chopezeka komanso chowoneka bwino. Pakadali pano, mabizinesi 150 m'chigawo chino pamtunda wa mahekitala 120 pachaka amakula pafupifupi matani 5 miliyoni a mbatata, iyi ndi gawo lachitatu la mbatata zonse zaku America. Ndipo amagulitsa bwino, ngakhale amadalirabe mitundu yakale komanso yoyambirira ya Russet (tuber yayikulu yotalikirana yopanda mawonekedwe okhazikika, yokhala ndi khungu lofiirira komanso thupi loyera). Zambiri za mbewuyi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokazinga, koma Russet akupitilizabe kutchuka ngati mbatata yapa tebulo (pafupifupi theka la malonda onse aku US).
Mikhalidwe yoyambira ndi zinthu zogulitsa bwino mbatata
1. Specialization ndi kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu kupanga. Mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono sangathe kupereka mbatata kumaketani ogulitsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kulima mbatata ndikophatikizana ndikukula kwa masamba, koma izi ziyenera kukhala ntchito yayikulu kwambiri. Sizomveka ndipo sizingakhale bwino ngati mutalima mbatata kuwonjezera pa chinthu chonga mbewu yaing'ono. Chifukwa chake, minda ikuluikulu ya Republic of Belarus yokhala ndi luso lazakudya zamkaka ndi chakudya, kupatulapo kawirikawiri, idachepetsa kupanga mbatata. Mafamu apadera okha ndi omwe amapitilira miyambo ya mbatata yomwe kale inali yaulemerero yaku Belarusi, koma ma voliyumu ake si ofanana. Nthawi zina sikokwanira kumsika wapakhomo.
2. Kuphatikiza mabizinesi omwe amalima mbatata. Idaho Potato Association - Idaho Potato Commission (IPC) - idakhazikitsidwa mu 1937 (!) Mwachibadwa, osati modzidzimutsa, koma izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ndondomeko yogwirizana yamitengo ndi malonda, yogwira ntchito ndi zofuna za makampani. Kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano wa akatswiri ogwirizanitsa onse kumatithandiza kuchita zinthu mogwirizana komanso mogwirizana. Kunena zowona, alimi a mbatata aku Russia akadali kutali ndi kugwirizana. Kudzidalira, kudzipatula, kulingalira kwaulimi kumalamulira: "Ndikhoza kugulitsa mbatata yanga ndekha." Pakhala pali zoyesayesa zingapo zogwirizanitsa ndipo pali mabungwe angapo ogulitsa mafakitale, koma samagwirizanitsa gulu lonse la mbatata. Pachigawo chachigawo, mgwirizano wamabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndiwofunika kwambiri kuti akulitse ndikusintha kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa. Izinso ndizochitika zapadera. Ndipo kugawikana sikulola kufotokoza ndi kuteteza zofuna za makampani. Sizingatheke ngakhale kupanga malo ogwirizana ngati bungwe likuphatikiza osati mabizinesi aku Russia okha, komanso oimira makampani akunja omwe ali ndi zokonda zosiyana. Choncho, malingaliro nthawi zambiri amachokera ku mabungwe omwe amalimbikitsa zofuna za osati Russian, koma makampani akunja.
3. Mankhwala apamwamba. Udindowu sufuna kulungamitsidwa, aliyense ayenera kuyesetsa kuti afike pamlingo wapamwamba. Vuto liri molingana: m'tsogolomu, mbatata ya tebulo idzapikisana ndi zokolola zosachepera 40 t/ha ndi msika osachepera 85%. Mbatata zogulitsidwa zikutanthauza gawo la mbewu lomwe limagulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mitengo yamtengo wapatali kwa opanga (ie kuchokera ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu) inkaonedwa kuti ndi $ 100 / tani, ndipo pambuyo pa kuwonjezeka kwapadziko lonse kwa mtengo wa katundu ndi zipangizo mu 2021/22, osachepera $ 200 / tani.
4. Zogulitsa zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kudzipereka kokhazikika kwa anthu aku America ku Russet, kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina isanu ya mbatata imapezeka nthawi zonse pamashelefu ogulitsa ku United States: chikasu, chofiyira, choyera, chokongola komanso chamagulu. Amagulitsidwa mosiyanasiyana.
Kutengera kuwunika kwa ziwerengero zogulitsa kwanthawi yayitali, madera angapo mdziko muno adadziwika kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera pakudya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata. Izi zimaganiziridwa pokonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulima ndi malonda.
Ndipo m'pofunika kuti motsimikiza, koma moganizira, kukulitsa zosiyanasiyana tebulo mbatata, mankhwala mzere. Kukula kwamtundu womwewo pamashelefu am'masitolo aku Russia (zaka zaposachedwa mbatata zozungulira zachikasu) zimalepheretsa ogula mwayi wosankha. Ndipo kusowa kwa chisankho kumachepetsa malonda a mbatata ambiri.
5. Kudziwitsa ogula nthawi zonse za phindu la mbatata. Kuchita bwino kwa kugulitsa mbatata ku Idaho kumachokera, mwa zina, pakukula kwazakudya komanso thanzi la mbatata ngati chakudya. Tiyenera kuvomereza moona mtima kuti sitichita chidwi chilichonse ndi mbali imeneyi ya kukwezedwa. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kwambiri kupereka chidziwitso chasayansi kwa ogula.
Mbatata ndi chakudya chambiri chopatsa thanzi. Monga mukudziwa, phindu la chakudya limatsimikiziridwa ndi chiŵerengero cha zakudya ndi zopatsa mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, magalamu 100 a mbatata yophikidwa amakhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu 97, kapena 5% ya zomwe akulimbikitsidwa tsiku lililonse. Koma kutumikira komweko kumapereka 10% ya zakudya zanu zatsiku ndi tsiku za fiber, vitamini B6, ndi potaziyamu, ndi 5% kapena kuposerapo za thiamine, niacin, vitamini C, vitamini E, vitamini K, phosphorous, magnesium, ndi mkuwa, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo izi zikutsimikizira kuti mbatata ndi chakudya chathanzi.
Mbatata ndi nyemba zobiriwira zidayikidwa ngati zakudya zomwe zili ndi michere yambiri pagawo lililonse landalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zakudya zodziwika bwino za 90. Kugula kwa mbatata, kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi, nthawi yashelufu komanso zokolola zambiri zimawapangitsa kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo.
Mbatata amatchulidwa kuti "zamasamba zowuma," zomwe zimatsindika kwambiri macronutrient - chakudya - ndi mtundu waukulu wa carbohydrate - wowuma. Wowuma wa mbatata amapangidwa ndi amylopectin (polymer-chain glucome) ndi amylose (glucose polima wowongoka) mu chiŵerengero chokhazikika cha 3: 1. m'matumbo aang'ono ndipo amafika m'matumbo aakulu pafupifupi osasintha. Izi "resistant starch" (RS) zimafufutidwa kwambiri ndi microflora m'matumbo, kupanga mafuta acids amfupi omwe awonetsedwa kuti amachepetsa pH ya m'matumbo, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ammonia m'matumbo am'mimba, ndikuchita ngati prebiotics, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya opindulitsa m'matumbo. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa zinyama ndi kafukufuku wina wochepa wa anthu akusonyeza kuti RS ikhoza kuonjezera kukhuta, kukhudza momwe thupi limapangidwira, kukhudza bwino lipids ndi shuga m'magazi, ndikuwonjezera chiwerengero cha mabakiteriya opindulitsa m'matumbo.
Mbatata ili ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo asanu a RS: RS2, yomwe imapezeka makamaka mu mbatata yaiwisi, ndi RS3, yomwe imapangidwa pamene mbatata yaphikidwa ndi kuzizira. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa anaunika kuchuluka kwa RS mu mitundu itatu ya mbatata yodziwika bwino yokonzedwa m'njira ziwiri zosiyana (kuphika ndi kuwira) ndipo amatumikira pa kutentha kutatu kosiyana. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti RS zomwe zili mu mbatata zimasiyana kwambiri kutengera njira yophikira komanso kutentha kwake, koma osati kusiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mbatata yophika inali ndi RS yambiri (3,6 g RS pa 100 g mbatata) kuposa mbatata yophika (2,4 g RS pa 100 g mbatata). Komanso pafupifupi, mbatata yokazinga (yophika kapena yowiritsa) inali ndi kuchuluka kwa RS (4,3 g RS pa 100 g mbatata), kutsatiridwa ndi mbatata yoziziritsa ndi kutenthedwanso (3,5 g RS pa 100 g mbatata) ndipo mbatata idatumizidwa mawonekedwe otentha (3,1) g wa RS pa 100 g mbatata). Ngakhale mbatata yokonzedwa (monga ma flakes a mbatata) imawoneka kuti imakhalabe ndi wowuma wambiri wosamva.
Kuphatikiza pa RS, mbatata imakhala ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi - pafupifupi 2 g pa 150 g, yomwe ndi 7% yamtengo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amapezeka mu zamkati ndi peel. Mbatata zoyera zimakhala ndi fiber yambiri. Mapuloteni omwe ali mu mbatata amafanana ndi mizu yambiri ndi tuber, pafupifupi 2-4 g pa tuber. Ubwino wa mapuloteni nthawi zambiri umatchedwa "biological value" (BC), zomwe zimatengera mbiri ya amino acid ya protein komanso bioavailability yake. Mazira oyera ali ndi biological value of 100 ndipo amatengedwa ngati kalozera. Mbatata ili ndi BV 90 yochuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomanga thupi zina za zomera (monga soya wokhala ndi BV wa 84 ndi nyemba zokhala ndi BV ya 73). Ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe amapezeka kuti mapuloteni a zomera akusowa kapena akusowa chimodzi kapena zingapo za amino acid zofunika. M'malo mwake, mbatata imakhala ndi ma amino acid asanu ndi anayi ndipo motero ndi mapuloteni athunthu. Mapuloteni a mbatata ndi apamwamba kuposa mapuloteni ena amasamba ndipo amafanana ndi mapuloteni a nyama malinga ndi zomwe zili zofunika kwa amino acid.
macro ndi kufufuza zinthu. Mbatata imakhala ndi mavitamini ndi mchere wambiri, makamaka mavitamini C ndi B6, komanso mchere wa potaziyamu, magnesium, ndi iron. Mbatata yapakatikati (150 g) imakhala ndi 27 mg ya vitamini C, yomwe ndi yochuluka kwambiri. Mbatata ili pamalo achisanu pa mndandanda wa zakudya zomwe zili ndi vitamini C kwa anthu aku America. Mbatata imakhalanso ndi riboflavin, thiamine, ndi folate, ndipo ndi gwero labwino la vitamini B6 (12% ya US DV pa kutumikira).
Mbatata ndi amodzi mwa magwero ambiri a potaziyamu, okhala ndi ma tubers apamwamba kwambiri kuposa nthochi, malalanje ndi broccoli.
Mbatata imakhala ndi magnesium yambiri (pafupifupi 48 mg mu tuber yapakatikati yokhala ndi khungu), ndipo kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 5% ya kuchuluka kwa magnesium muzakudya zaku America kumachokera ku mbatata.
Iron, kumbali ina, siwokwera kwambiri mu mbatata (1,3 mg kapena 6% ya mtengo watsiku ndi tsiku ku US), koma bioavailability ya chinthu ichi ndi yochuluka kwambiri kuposa masamba ambiri okhala ndi iron.
Ndi malingaliro olakwika omwe amapezeka kuti zakudya zonse zili pakhungu la mbatata. Lili ndi pafupifupi theka la zakudya zonse zopatsa thanzi, koma zambiri (> 50%) zazakudya zikadali m'matumbo. Mofanana ndi masamba ambiri, bioavailability wa zakudya zambiri za mbatata, makamaka mavitamini osungunuka m'madzi ndi mchere, zimadalira njira zopangira ndi kukonzekera. Kutayika kwakukulu kwa michere kumachitika pamene madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika (kuwira) kapena chakudya chikakhala pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yaitali (mwachitsanzo kuphika).
Phytonutrients. Mbatata imakhalanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phytonutrients, makamaka carotenoids ndi phenolic acids, ndipo ndi gwero lalikulu la mankhwala a phenolic opangidwa ndi zomera ku America zakudya. Carotenoids monga lutein, zeaxanthin ndi violaxanthin amapezeka makamaka mu mbatata yachikasu ndi yofiira, ngakhale kuti zochepa zimapezekanso mu mbatata zoyera. Chiwerengero chonse cha carotenoids mu mbatata chimachokera ku 35 µg mpaka 795 µg pa 100 g mwatsopano kulemera. Mitundu yachikasu yakuda imakhala ndi ma carotenoids ochulukirapo ka 10 kuposa mitundu yoyera. Anthocyanins ndi mankhwala a phenolic omwe amapezeka mu cell sap ya maluwa, zipatso, ndi masamba a zomera ndipo amapereka mitundu yofiira mpaka rasipiberi ndi buluu mpaka wofiirira. Anthocyanin yapamwamba kwambiri mu mbatata imaphatikizapo acylated petunidine glycosides (mbatata wofiirira) ndi acylated pelargonidin glycosides (mbatata zofiira ndi zofiirira). Chlorogenic acid, mtundu wopanda mtundu wa polyphenolic, ndi wachiwiri chomera metabolite ndipo amawerengera mpaka 80% ya phenol yonse yomwe ili mu tubers ya mbatata. Pomaliza, Quercetin ndi flavonoid yomwe imapezeka kwambiri mu mbatata yofiira ndi yofiira ndipo imakhala ndi antioxidant ndi anti-inflammatory properties mu vitro ndi mu vivo. Mofanana ndi zomera zina za phytonutrients, glycoalkaloids imakhala ndi zotsatira zoopsa zokhazokha, komanso zotsatira zabwino, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, ndi antipyretic zotsatira. Ngakhale zidziwitso zonsezi, ziyenera kutsindika kuti kuchuluka kwa glycoalkaloids mu mbatata zomwe zimapezeka kuti anthu azidya nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kuchotsa mbande ndikusenda khungu 3-4 mm wandiweyani kunja musanaphike kumachotsa pafupifupi glycoalkaloids (kuti mumve zambiri). , onani Potato Journal). dongosolo" No. 2, 2023).
Mbatata ilibe gilateni (gulu la mapuloteni omwe amapanga gilateni mumbewu zambewu zomwe anthu ambiri sali nazo), choncho ndizomwe zimapatsa chakudya cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a celiac ndi / kapena kutengeka kwa gluten. Kungodula zakudya za gilateni kungayambitse kuperewera kwa zakudya zina: fiber ndi ma micronutrients angapo, kuphatikizapo thiamine, folate, magnesium, calcium, ndi iron. Chifukwa mbatata imakhala ndi michere yambiri, ndi chakudya chofunikira kwa iwo omwe amafunikira kapena akufuna kutsatira zakudya zopanda gluteni kapena zoletsa. Pamaphukusi a tchipisi ta mbatata (osati mtundu wambatata wopatsa thanzi kwambiri), zayamba kutchuka kusalabadira zomwe zili ndi ma calorie ambiri, koma za zero gluten.
6. Okhwima kupondereza zoipa zabodza zokhudza zakudya zimatha mbatata. Alimi a mbatata ku Idaho amasanthula mosalekeza malo azidziwitso ndikutsutsa zabodza za kuopsa kwa mbatata ngati chakudya. Amachokera ku mfundo yakuti uthenga uliwonse woipa uyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi zinayi zabwino - pamutu womwewo komanso pamayendedwe omwewo. Chitonzo cha Afilisti-amateurish motsutsana ndi mbatata chimanenedwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi akatswiri azakudya padziko lonse lapansi, m'magawo atatu akulu:
Kuthamanga kwa magazi/kuthamanga kwa magazi. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yavomereza pempho la phindu potaziyamu thanzi ndi normalization wa magazi. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa potaziyamu komanso kuchepa kwa sodium, mbatata zitha kukhala chakudya choyenera kuchiza matenda oopsa. Komabe, kafukufuku wina wachipatala anasonyeza kuti kudya kwambiri nyama zophikidwa, zowiritsa, ndi zokazinga za ku France n’kumene kungayambitse matenda oopsa. Kufufuza mozama za zotsatira za phunziroli kunasonyeza kuti palibe zifukwa zomveka zomveka. Nthawi zina, ubale wabwino pakati pa kudya mbatata ndi kukula kwa matenda oopsa unkawoneka mwa amayi okha, pomwe mwa amuna kusintha kumadziwika. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo mwa mbatata ndi ndiwo zamasamba zopanda wowuma zinali zopindulitsa m'magulu awiri okha a azimayi; mwa amuna, zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda oopsa. Ndipo kuchotsa mbatata ndi masamba ena owuma (nandolo, nyemba, chimanga, ndi mbatata) sikunachepetse chiopsezo cha matenda oopsa m’gulu lililonse.
Kuchepetsa thupi / kunenepa kwambiri. Mbatata mu mawonekedwe ake achilengedwe ndi mmene otsika kalori masamba mbewu ndi mphamvu mphamvu pafupifupi 90 kcal pa 100 ga mwatsopano kulemera (poyerekeza ndi kalori zili kaloti, kabichi, beets). Ma calorie a mbatata amawonjezeka nthawi zambiri akakazinga mu mafuta kapena mafuta. Chifukwa chake, tchipisi zili ndi zopatsa mphamvu za 450 kcal pa 100 g, koma pafupifupi 30% ya kulemera kwawo ndi mafuta a masamba.
Tikuwonanso kuti kupeza mphamvu ndi munthu ndi chakudya ndiye cholinga chachikulu ndi tanthauzo la zakudya. Vuto la kunenepa kwambiri silimayambitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa ma calories, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chakudya pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Anthu omwe amangokhala osachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ayenera kuphatikiza mbatata yophika ndi mbatata yosenda muzakudya zawo, ndikuyika zokazinga ngati mbale zatchuthi.
Komabe, pa intaneti mutha kupeza zomwe zimatchedwa maphunziro a asayansi aku Britain, kuyika mbatata pazakumwa zokhala ndi shuga komanso nyama yofiira. Olima mbatata ku Idaho akuyenera kutsutsa mosalekeza mfundo zolimba mtima ngati izi.
Kuyankha kwa Glycemic / Type 2 shuga. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma carbohydrate komanso index yotsika ya glycemic (GI), mbatata sikuti nthawi zambiri imangokhala pazakudya za odwala matenda ashuga, komanso amatchulidwa kuti ndi omwe amayambitsa matendawa. Komabe, palibe maphunziro azachipatala / oyesera omwe amatsimikizira ubale woterewu. Komabe, olemba ena apeza kuti mbatata (kuphatikiza zophika, zophika, zosenda ndi zokazinga zaku France) zimalumikizidwa bwino ndi chiwopsezo cha matenda a shuga a 2, ndipo amatchula GI ya mbatata ngati njira yowonjezereka pachiwopsezo. Kuwunika kodziyimira pawokha kwa zotsatira za kafukufukuyu kunawonetsa kuti pomwe body mass index (BMI) idaphatikizidwa muzowerengera ndikuwongoleredwa ngati cofactor, mgwirizanowu sunakhalenso wofunikira pa mbatata yophika, yophika, kapena yosenda. Kuwongolera kwa BMI ndikofunikira chifukwa kunenepa kwambiri / kunenepa kwambiri ndiye chiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda amtundu wa 2. Zinayeneranso kudziwika kuti olembawo sanaganizirenso zakudya zina zomwe zingafotokoze ubalewu, makamaka nyama yofiira.
Ponena za index ya glycemic yokha, yomwe ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kusweka kwa wowuma mpaka shuga m'matumbo amunthu, imasiyana kwambiri mu mbatata kutengera mtundu wa kuphika ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito. Miyezo ya GI imachokera pakatikati (mbatata yophika yophika imadyedwa mozizira: 56) mpaka yokwera kwambiri (mbatata yophika ya Russet: 77) mpaka yokwera (mbatata yophika nthawi yomweyo: 88; mbatata yophika yophika: 89). Kafukufuku wina adayang'ana GI yamitundu isanu ndi itatu ya mbatata ku UK ndipo adapeza mitundu 56 mpaka 94. Ndipo chenjezo lina: Fries zaku France zili ndi GI yotsika kuposa mbatata yophika.
7. Kudziwitsa ogula za ubwino wa mbatata. Zotsatira za mbatata pa thanzi la munthu sizinayesedwe kale (poyerekeza ndi masamba angapo). Koma imakhala ndi ma phytonutrients ambiri omwe ali ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi matenda osachiritsika. Pakalipano, mayesero azachipatala atsimikizira kuti kudya mbatata nthawi zonse kumakhala ndi hypocholesterolemic ndi anti-inflammatory effect, kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa, shuga, ndi kunenepa kwambiri.
8. Kudziwitsa ogula za kasamalidwe koyenera ka mbatata: momwe mungasungire, momwe mungapewere kubiriwira, kumera, kuchepa thupi. Mwachitsanzo, verbatim pa mutu wa greenery: Chlorophyll ndi glycoalkaloids amapezeka mwachilengedwe mu mbatata. Kuwala kwa mbatata m'munda, posungira, pamashelefu am'golosale, kapena kunyumba kungayambitse mtundu wobiriwira pamwamba pa mbatatayo. "Kubiriwira" kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kupangika kwa chlorophyll, mtundu wa pigment womwe umapezeka muzakudya zambiri zamasamba, kuphatikiza letesi, sipinachi, ndi broccoli. Mbatata, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa, zimakhala zochepa mu solanine. Miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri ya glycoalkaloids nthawi zambiri imapezeka muzomera, maluwa, masamba, kapena mbali zina za tuber, zomwe sizili mbali za mbatata zomwe anthu amadya nthawi zambiri. Kuchuluka kwa glycoalkaloids kumakhala kwakukulu mu mbatata yosakhwima ndipo kumachepa pamene tuber ikukula ndi kukhwima. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti mapulogalamu oswana mbatata apangitsa kuti malonda atulutsidwe kwa mizere yotsika kwambiri ya mbatata ya solanine. A FDA amaona kuti kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa glycoalkaloid ndi 20-25mg/100g kulemera kwa mbatata yatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kuyankha kwapoizoni kwa anthu ku glycoalkaloids ndi 3 mg/kg kulemera kwa thupi (kusiyana 1-5 mg/kg kulemera kwa thupi). Pongoganiza kuti mbatata ili ndi glycoalkaloids pamlingo wovomerezeka wa 200 ppm, munthu wa 80 kg (176 lb) amayenera kudya kilogalamu yonse ya zotupa za mbatata pakutumikira kuti ayambitse poizoni. Komanso dziwani kuti mbatata yokhala ndi glycoalkaloid yapamwamba imakhala ndi kukoma kowawa, koyaka. Kuchepetsa mapangidwe a glycoalkaloids mu mbatata pokolola komanso pambuyo pokolola, zinthu ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, amdima. Ngati muwona malo obiriwira pa mbatata, dulani, gawo lalikulu la mankhwalawa likugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Bungwe la Idaho Potato Growers Association limagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe odekha komanso olimbikitsa. Ndipo amapereka mfundo, ponena za magwero ovomerezeka a sayansi pa mutuwo.
9. Maphikidwe osinthidwa nthawi zonse a mbale za mbatata. Izi, kwenikweni, chipika chachikulu cha chidziwitso kwa ogula. Mawebusayiti a mabungwe olima mbatata ndi mabizinesi ambiri opanga mbatata ali ndi magawo ophikira okhala ndi maphikidwe atsatanetsatane, zithunzi zokongola za mbale za mbatata ndi ma servings. Amawonjezeredwa nthawi zonse ndikulengezedwa, kuphatikiza pa siteji ya kugulitsa mbatata m'masitolo.
10. Kupanga bungwe la malonda a mbatata. Malangizo pamasitolo a 2023:
- kulimbikitsa mbatata yotchuka kwambiri;
- pangani zithunzi zotsatsa mumitundu yofiirira (imathandizira kukulitsa malonda ndi 13%);
- ikani zotsatsa paziwonetsero m'masitolo akuluakulu (kuwonjezeka kwina kwa malonda ndi 22%, malinga ndi IPC);
- gwiritsani ntchito zizindikiro za IPC pamapangidwe a malo ogulitsa (monga chikumbutso kwa ogula za mbatata ya Idaho);
- gwiritsani ntchito kutsatsa chithunzi cha phukusi ndi zinthu (chidutswa, kuti ogula asamaganize kuti mbatata zimagulitsidwa zambiri);
- pangani masanjidwe a mbatata osiyanasiyana (mbatata za Idaho ndizochulukirapo kuposa Russet);
- konzekerani mipikisano ya okonda mbatata (mipikisano imawonjezera kupezeka m'masitolo).
Bungwe la Idaho Potato Growers Association limapereka ndalama pa zikondwerero za mbatata, limapanga msonkhano wokhazikika ku United States pa mega-trailer yokhala ndi chithunzi cha tuber ya mbatata, malotale osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mphotho kwa ogula mbatata. Ndipo samayembekezera kuti mbatata yabwino idzadzigulitsa yokha, yomwe timadalirabe. Olima mbatata aku Russia nawonso ayenera kutsatira njira iyi. Njira zolimbikitsira kwambiri zotsatsa ndizoposa mphamvu zabizinesi iliyonse. Choncho, choyamba choyamba ndikukhazikitsa ndime 2 (onani pamwambapa).
Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi Yaulimi Sci., Doka - Gene Technologies LLC