Makampani opanga zakudya za mbatata ku China akukula mwachangu. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 10 mpaka 20% ya mbewu yonse imatumizidwa kuti ikasinthidwe pachaka. Zopangira zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakonzedwa ndi wowuma, mbatata zopanda madzi (ma flakes a mbatata ndi ufa), tchipisi ndi ma french fries.
Osaka
Njira yayikulu yopangira mbatata ndiyo kupanga wowuma wa mbatata. Kufunika kwa wowuma kumachitika pazifukwa ziwiri: choyamba, imakhala ngati zopangira kuti zipitirire kukonzanso, ndipo kachiwiri, kupanga wowuma ndiyo njira yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito ma tubers omwe sangathe kugulitsidwa mwatsopano (aang'ono, opanda pake).
Wowuma wambiri amapangidwa ku Gansu ndi Inner Mongolia. Malo opangira zazikulu kwambiri ali ku Gansu (voliyumu yopanga -788 matani pachaka), matani oposa 600 a wowuma pachaka amapangidwa ndi mabizinesi ku Inner Mongolia.
Wopanga mbatata wamkulu kwambiri ku China ndi Inner Mongolia Nailun Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., yomwe imapanga matani 100 pachaka.
Pali mafakitale atatu owuma mbatata ku Chongqing, awiri aiwo amakonzanso wowumawo kukhala Zakudyazi, zomwe zimathetsa vuto la anthu ogwira ntchito chifukwa chanthawi yolimba yokonza wowuma.
Zomera zingapo (zitatu zomwe zilipo pano) zimatulutsa wowuma wa mbatata ndi sitachi yosinthidwa ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito sitachi yonyowa (isanawumidwe) kupanga zinthu zosinthidwa, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo woyanika.
Kuchuluka kwa wowuma wosinthidwa wa mbatata mdziko muno ndi matani 458 pachaka. Ndi mafakitale anayi komanso mphamvu zopanga matani 000 pachaka, Gansu ndiye chigawo chachikulu.
Kupanga kwa wowuma wosinthidwa ku China kwachitika kuyambira m'ma 80, makamaka kudzera m'thupi, mankhwala, enzymatic kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti asinthe mawonekedwe a wowuma wachilengedwe.
Malinga ndi bungwe la China Starch Industry Association, mitundu yopitilira 2000 yazakudya zosinthidwa zosinthidwa pano imapangidwa mdziko muno, kuphatikiza wowuma wa oxidized, acid modified starch, cationic starch, cyclodextrin, ndi dialdehyde starch.
Mu 2019, kuchuluka kwa wowuma wosinthidwa ku China kunali matani 1. Mitundu ya wowuma wosinthidwa wokhala ndi zokolola zopitilira matani 757 amaphatikiza wowuma wosinthika, wowuma oxidized, cationic starch, acetate starch, phosphate starch ndi pregelatinized starch ndi zokolola za matani 800, matani 100, 000 mpaka 319 mpaka 200 mpaka 279 mpaka 600 tons, 219 mpaka 900 tons ns ndi 216 matani motsatana. Kutulutsa kwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzizi ndi pafupifupi 100% ya kuchuluka kwa wowuma wosinthidwa.
Kupanga kusinthidwa wowuma ku China makamaka anaikira m'zigawo za Shandong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu ndi Jiangxi, amene chifukwa oposa 85% ya linanena bungwe okwana. Mu 2019, kupanga wowuma wosinthidwa m'chigawo cha Shandong kunali matani 656,6. Pali mabizinesi anayi omwe akugwira ntchito m'chigawo chino ndi mphamvu yapachaka ya matani oposa 100, omwe amawerengera 000% ya wowuma wosinthidwa. Mwa iwo, linanena bungwe la Guangxi Nongken Mingyang Biochemical Group Co., Ltd. ndi matani 40,96 (196% ya zopanga zonse za mdziko).
Wogula wamkulu wa wowuma wosinthidwa ndi makampani opanga mapepala aku China, omwe amawerengera 58% yazomwe zimadya wowuma wosinthidwa.
Wowuma wosinthidwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri ndi makampani azakudya, omwe amawerengera 18% yazakudya zonse zosinthidwa ku China. Wowuma amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga Zakudyazi pompopompo, soseji wa ham, yoghurt ndi sauces osiyanasiyana.
China ndiyogulitsa kunja kwa sitachi yosinthidwa, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a dextrin ndi wowuma wosinthidwa. China yomwe idatulutsidwa kunja kwa wowuma wosinthidwa idakwana matani 2019 mu 369, kukwera 100% kuyambira chaka chatha, malinga ndi China Starch Viwanda Association.
Zovuta zazikulu za kupanga wowuma zimagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti bizinesiyi imagwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu yapachaka yochepera matani 10, zomwe zimawavuta kuyambitsa umisiri wamakono ndi zida munthawi yake, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zokhazikika. za chilengedwe ndi ntchito zamisonkho. Njira yokha yotulukira kwa iwo, kuchokera kumalingaliro a boma, ndikugwirizanitsa ndikukulitsa kukula kwa kupanga.
Fries la France
Gawo lokonza mbatata ili ndi lomwe likukula mwachangu ku China.
Kupanga kwa China kwa zokazinga zozizira za ku France kunali matani 2006 mu 63 ndipo kudakwera mpaka matani 000 mu 2015. Chiwopsezo chachikulu chakukula kwapachaka chinali 318% mu 000. Mu 64,36, chifukwa cha kusintha pang'ono kwa mabizinesi akunja, kuchuluka kwa zokazinga zaku France ku China kudatsika pang'ono. Mu 2010, mphamvu yopanga pachaka inali matani 2016 ndi kukula kwa 2017%.
Omwe amagula kwambiri zokazinga zaku France ku China ndi malo odyera othamanga amitundu yakumadzulo. Akatswiri amalosera kuti chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mizinda, kuchuluka kwa malo ogulitsa zakudya zotere kudzawonjezeka pakapita nthawi, zomwe zidzakhudzanso msika wogulitsa zinthu. Dziwani kuti pofika pa February 2020, kunali malo odyera a McDonald opitilira 3500 ndi malo odyera 6600 a KFC mdziko muno.
Zina mwa zokazinga zozizira za ku France zimatumizidwa kuchokera ku US, koma msika ukuwonetsa kutsika kwa kugula. Chifukwa chake mu 2020, zogulitsa kunja zidatsika nthawi yomweyo ndi 26% (chifukwa chachikulu ndichakuti zinthu zonse zakunja zidayesedwa kwakanthawi kwa Covid-19, ma restaurateurs adakakamizika kusinthira kuzinthu zakomweko).
Kupanga zokazinga zaku France ku China mu 2022/23 zikuyerekezeredwa kukhala matani 400, otsika pang'ono kuposa chaka chatha (matani 000) chifukwa chakutsika kwazinthu zopangira. Malinga ndi magwero am'mafakitale, mapurosesa ambiri adakulitsa maekala a mbatata koyambirira kwa 410 kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zapakhomo, koma izi zidathetsedwa ndi mbatata zatsopano zotsika.
Pakati pa Julayi ndi Seputembala 2023, mizere inayi yatsopano yopangira ma fries ikuyembekezeka kutumizidwa. Mphamvu zawo zonse zopanga zidzafika matani owonjezera a 400000, kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka komwe kulipo.
Kuchulukitsidwa kwanyengo kumatha chifukwa chazovuta zamalangizo (komanso makampani onse opanga mbatata). Mafakitole ambiri aku France a Fry amapezeka kumpoto kwa monoculture zone, komwe amakolola mbatata m'dzinja. Kutumiza kwa mbatata kuzinthu izi kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti ndizochepa, chifukwa sizotheka nthawi zonse kusunga kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zili mumtundu woyenera. Ena mwa mabizinesi omwe ali munyengo yopuma amagwira ntchito pazopangira zobwera kunja.
Chips
Makampani opanga zakudya zopatsa thanzi ku China akukula mwachangu kwambiri, pazaka 10 zapitazi, malinga ndi Unduna wa Zamalonda wa PRC, makampaniwa adakula ndi 422,51%. Munjira zambiri, kutchuka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatha kudyedwa popita kumalumikizidwa ndi kuthamanga kwa moyo wa anthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti tchipisi ta mbatata ziyenera kulimbana ndi mpikisano wamphamvu ndi mitundu ina ya zokhwasula-khwasula zomwe zafala kwambiri m'dzikoli. Kuphatikiza apo, vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi pazamalondali ndikuyang'ana kwa ogula ku "zakudya zopatsa thanzi" molingana ndi moyo wathanzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Mafakitole a chip chip amakhala makamaka m'chigawo cha Fujian (Dali Garden, Panpan, Qinqin (kuphatikiza Pringles), ndi zina zotero. Shanghai (Lay's ndi Oishi) ndi Beijing (Orion) nawonso ndi malo akuluakulu opangira tchipisi ta mbatata, amagawana ndalama 22,59 % ndi 12,91% ya malonda onse a dziko.
Dali Group ndiye bizinesi yayikulu kwambiri ya mbatata ku China yomwe imagulitsa ma yuan biliyoni 16 pachaka, zomwe zimapangitsa 34,42% yazogulitsa zonse mdzikolo. Dali Group ili ndi mabungwe 18 m'zigawo 16 ndi zigawo m'dziko lonselo. Chipisi cha Copico cha mbatata chimapangidwa m'magawo 10 a Dali omwe ali ku Quanzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Hubei, Jilin, Gansu, Maanshan, Shanxi ndi Yunnan.
ufa wa mbatata
Ufa wa mbatata wopanda madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga chakudya chifukwa ndi wopatsa thanzi kuposa wowuma wopanda madzi. Zakudya zoyera zokhala ndi wowuma (ndi zinthu zofanana) zimangopereka shuga ku thupi la munthu, pamene zinthu zonse za mbatata, monga mbatata yosenda zopangidwa kuchokera ku ufa wa mbatata wopanda madzi, zimasunga phindu la zakudya za tuber yonse ya mbatata, i.e. wowuma, mapuloteni, mavitamini, michere yazakudya ndi mchere [Camire et al. 2009]. Kupanga kwa ufa wa mbatata wopanda madzi m'mafakitale ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale zakudya zambatata zokonzeka kudya komanso zopatsa thanzi zomwe zili zoyenera kwa anthu aku China [Mu et al. 2017].
Zina zokonzedwa za mbatata
M'zaka zaposachedwa, China yawonjezera kusintha kwa maphikidwe azinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zidapangidwa kale pamaziko a ufa wa tirigu kapena mpunga. Pokonzekera mkate wowotcha, mkate wosanjikiza, tirigu ndi mpunga wa mpunga, dumplings, ufa wa mbatata umawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zomwezo. Cholinga chachikulu chazatsopano ndikusintha kadyedwe kabwino komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa nzika zadziko.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mkate wopangidwa kuchokera ku mtanda ndikuwonjezera ufa wa mbatata wasintha bwino thanzi komanso magwiridwe antchito [Blades et al. 2008]. Kuonjezera ufa wa mbatata ku ufa wa tirigu kwanenedwa kuti kumathandiza kuchepetsa milingo ya gluteni komanso kupewa zovuta zokhudzana ndi matenda a celiac [Ijah et al. 2015]. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri omwe akupanga Chinsinsichi amayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti zomwe zasinthidwazi zikukhalabe ndi mawonekedwe ake komanso kukoma kwake. Chifukwa chake, zadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwambiri kwa ma granules a mbatata kumatha kuwononga mawonekedwe a mtanda [Xu et al. 2017]. Popanga mkate, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ufa kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya mbatata (Hunmei, Blue Congo, Shepodi ndi Atlantic).
Pakadali pano, mitundu yopitilira 200 yazakudya zambatata idapangidwa ku China, ndipo ina yagulitsidwa bwino.
Kupanga zinthu zambiri zatsopano kumalephereka chifukwa cha kusowa kwaukadaulo wapadera ndi zida, koma vutoli likuthetsedwa pang'onopang'ono. Chitsanzo ndi mzere wopangira zakudya za mbatata wopangidwa ndi asayansi ndi mainjiniya aku China. Zogulitsa zimachokera pamzere wa msonkhano womwe, kumbali imodzi, zimagwirizana kwathunthu ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha China, ndipo, kumbali ina, ndizopangidwa ndi mafakitale amakono opanga mbatata [Chen et al. 2017]. Kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo, mzere wopanga Zakudyazi umafanana ndi mizere yopangira zokazinga za ku France, mbatata zopanda madzi, wowuma, ndi zina zambiri.
Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China (zigawo monga Chongqing, Sichuan, ndi Guizhou), kuli mbatata yokonzeka kuphika yomwe ndiyofunika kupanga mafakitale. Mbatata imatenthedwa, kenako imadulidwa mu magawo wandiweyani ndikuchotsa madzi m'thupi. Zotsatira zake ndi chinthu chowoneka bwino, chotafuna chofanana ndi abalone wopanda madzi m'thupi, chomwe chimatchedwa "masamba abalone". Mbatata yomaliza iyi sikuti imathetsa vuto la kusunga mbatata, komanso, kutengera madyedwe a anthu akumwera chakumadzulo kwa China, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera chakudya chokoma kwambiri. Pakufunika kupanga zida zowumitsa zapadera zopangira mbatata zamtundu wamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri kuti muchepetse nthawi yotaya madzi m'thupi - "kuyanika kwadzuwa".
Ndi zoperekedwa kafukufuku Makampani Opangira Mbatata ku China: Zomwe Zachitika Panopa, Zochitika Zam'tsogolo ndi Zotsatira Zapadziko Lonse; Zhao-jun Wang, Hong Liu, Fan-kui Zeng, Yan-chen Yang, Dan Xu, Yu-Ci Zhao, Xiao-feng Liu, Lovedeep Kaur, Gang Liu & Jaspreet Singh