Kafufuzidwe KABWINO
Alexander Kuznetsov, Executive Director, SPSK Ustyuzhensky Potato
Alexander Khutti, Ph.D. (Biol.), Wofufuza Wakukulu, Mushroom, Viral, Mycoplasma ndi Matenda a Nematode a Mbatata ndi Mbale Crops Federal State Budgetary Institution All-Russian Research Institute for Plant Protection.
Imodzi mwa matenda oopsa kwambiri a mbatata ndi matenda a Rhizoctonia, kapena "nkhanambo wakuda" woyambitsidwa ndi bowa Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn m'malo osawoneka bwino. Choopsa chachikulu cha rhizoctonia chimalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake obisika komanso moyo, kulola kuti bowa achite nkhondo yolimba, komanso luso lotha kulumikizana, kupezeka kwa magulu anastomotic osagwirizana ndi ena mwa mafangasi amakono, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera zomwe zikukhudzidwa ndi zida zina zomwe zimasunga Kuchita kwake m'nthaka kwa zaka zingapo.
Gawo I.
ZOKUTHANDIZA VEGETATION
Chomwe chimapanga matendawa ndikuti chipika cha Rhizoctonia chikhala choyenererana ndi gawo lonse la chomera cha chomera chokhazikika ndikutha kuyamba kukula ndi kuyamba kwa mbatata. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopatsirana ya ma rhizoctoniasis, onse munthaka komanso pamwamba pa tuber (nthawi zambiri) kapena mbatata yokha (mawonekedwe apamwamba), imamera ndikuwononga mbewuyo nthawi yomweyo ndikuwoneka ngati mphukira, mothandizidwa ndi ma fungo obisika munthaka.
Mafangayi amakhudza ziwalo zonse zapansi panthaka za mbatata: mizu, stolons, maso, zikutulutsa, khosi mizu, mbali zina za zimayambira zomwe zili m'nthaka, tubers, komanso gawo la mlengalenga pamwamba pa dothi. Zizindikiro zake ndizachulukirapo: Zilonda pamtunda wonse wapansi panthaka zamtundu uliwonse wamtundu ndi mitundu (kuchokera pakuwala mpaka bulauni, nthawi zina zakuda), zonse zonyowa ndi zowuma; mycelium yopanda utoto pamwamba pa tuber kapena kapangidwe kake ka sclerotic, komwe kumakhala kosakanikirana kwa fungus mycelium kuchoka mumdima wakuda mpaka wakuda, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ming'alu, mesh necrosis.
Pamtunda wa zimayambira, pafupi ndi maziko awo, "myendo woyera" woyera wa mycelium amapangidwa - gawo logonana la bowa, zomwe zimayambitsa mapangidwe a spores omwe amatha kupatsira ana tubers. Chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa mitsempha, gawo lamlengalenga la chomeracho limavutikanso: pamakhala kutayika kwa turgor ndikuwoloka, kupindika kwa masamba ndi "bwato" ndikupeza mtundu wofiirira, kapangidwe ka ma tubers ampweya, kuwonetsa kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa munthawi yazomera.
Pazaka khumi zapitazi, pakhala pali chizolowezi chodziwikiratu chokhazikitsa "mwendo woyera" osati theka lachiwiri la nyengo yokula, koma nthawi yophuka kwathunthu kwa mbatata. Mchitidwe womwewo umawonekanso mawonekedwe am'mimba a tubers. Chiwonetsero cha matendawa ndi chachikulu ndipo nthawi zambiri chimachotsa chizindikiro china chodziwika bwino - sclerotia wakuda. Kuopsa kwa zilonda zam'mimba zili pakuchulukirachulukira kwake, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbatata, zovuta kuzindikiritsa komanso kusapezeka mu GOST 33996-2016 "Mbatata za mbewu. Makhalidwe ndi njira zodziwira zabwino ", zomwe zidayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 01, 2018, zomwe zimathandizira kufalikira kwa matendawa mosalamulirika.
Kuvulaza kwa matendawa kumakhudza mikhalidwe yofesa: ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa atha kumera pang'ono kapena kutayika kwathunthu kumera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu zambiri zisawonongeke, zimayambira zochepa, kuchepa kwa kusunga kwa mbewu zatsopano, komanso kutayika kwa pathogen ya rhizoctoniosis ikhoza kusiyana 10-20 mpaka 40%.
Chifukwa chake, Rhizoctoniosis (yozikidwa pakuphatikiza kwa zinthu zoyipa, kuchuluka kwaukali ndi virulence, phenomenal adaptability) idasankhidwa ngati chinthu choyesa phunziroli pazotsatira za oteteza pa izo, zomwe zalembedwa mu "Mndandanda wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi Agrochemicals zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwa chaka cha 2018" komanso zoperekedwa pa Msika waku Russia.
Mndandanda wa ntchito zoyesayesa zamatekinoloje sizinangowunikira kuwunika kwa zomwe amavala pa rhizoctoniasis, komanso kutsatira m'kupita kwanthawi (osachepera zaka zitatu akuphunzira zamatenda: wothandizirayo wa matendawa ndi woveketsa chomera) zamankhwala omwe amateteza chitetezo cha mbatata, zokolola: kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa mbewu zomwe zatulutsidwa kuwunika kwake kosunga nthawi yosungira nthawi yophukira-nthawi yozizira, komanso kuzindikira kufalikira ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenda ena opatsirana, ndi zina zambiri.
Zochitika zamasamba zidakhazikitsidwa pakupanga famu ya Burov LLC (Vologda Oblast, Ustyuzhsky District). Nyengo ya derali ndiyopanda kontinenti, mpweya wathunthu wapachaka ndi 500 mm, dothi lamchenga lamchere limakhalapo. Munthawi yakukula kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembara 2018, kutentha kwapakati pamlengalenga kumakhala 13,3 mpaka 18,5 ° С; chinyezi chidakonzedwa pamlingo wa 64 mpaka 83%; Mpweya anali kuyambira 25,9 mpaka 103,7 mm. Poganizira izi, gawo lazachuma lidadziwika kuti ndi malo oyeserera kuyesa kwaukadaulo, popeza Rhizoctonia imakonda kutentha pang'ono ndi chinyezi.
Poyeserera, mbadwo wina wa mbatata wa Labadia udagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zosiyanasiyana zidasankhidwa kuti zikhale tanthauzo la kuphatikiza zinthu zingapo: sing'anga koyambirira, ndi kuwala kwa chikaso chowoneka bwino (mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a chizindikiro cha matenda omwe amawonekera), kuyika patebulopo, zokolola zokhazikika, zoyenera pamitundu yonse ya dothi, yomwe ikuwoneka ndi Rhizoctonia.
Mitundu ya Labadia idayesedwa kuti izitsatira ndiukadaulo waukadaulo (makamaka, monga matenda a virus, bacteria, fungal ndi nematode) unachitika molingana ndi GOST 33996-2016 yatsopano ya mbatata "Mbeu." Mkhalidwe ndi njira zothandizira kudziwa luso. " Malinga ndi zotsatira za kusanthula, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala zimafanana ndi zonse zowunikira komanso zaluso ndipo zimadziwika kuti sizimayambitsa matenda, makamaka, rhizoctonia.
Pa kuyesa kwaukadaulo, njira 12 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe chamakono cha mankhwala ophatikizidwa mu "Mndandanda wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma agrochemicals ovomerezedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mu 2018" ndikuwonetsedwa pamsika waku Russia (tebulo 1).
Gulu 3. Zizindikiro zoyenerera (kugulika): zokolola, kulemera kwake ndi magawanidwe ake molingana ndi zotsatira za kuyesa kwamankhwala kuyesa mankhwala motsutsana ndi matenda a mbatata rhizoctonia - Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn
Kapangidwe kamayesedwe, kuyika kwa zidziwitso, kufufuza ndi kujambula zotsatira zake kunachitika mogwirizana ndi malangizo omwe ogwira ntchito a WIZR "Upangiri wotsogola pakuyesa ukadaulo wa fungicides muulimi, 2009". Kuyika kwa zoyesa kunachitika mosadukiza, kubwerezabwereza pamiyeso yachilengedwe yopatsirana. Kusintha kwa zitsanzo zomwe zidachitika kunachitika polemba ziwembu (10m2, 30 mbewu iliyonse), tsiku lomwelo kuchokera pachikhalidwe chilichonse.
Kuvala kwa Tuber kunachitika pobzala pogwiritsa ntchito Grimme GL 34T wobzala mbatata wokhala ndi mzere masentimita 75. Kukonzekera koyesedwako kunatsanuliridwa mu chipangizo chovala tuber molingana ndi chizolowezi chovomerezedwa ndi wopanga, pambuyo pake tubers adabzalidwa m'nthaka.
Amawerengera zigawo zitatu zazikulu za chitukuko cha mbatata, mulingo woyenera wofufuza komanso kusanthula mphamvu ya pathogenesis ya Rhizoctoniosis: kumera kwathunthu (kutalika kwa mbeu kuyambira masentimita 5 mpaka 15), pachimake chonse ndi gawo la budding, komanso nthawi yakututa mbatata (kuwerengera kwa machitidwe a mbatata: zipatso, kulemera ndi zachipongwe).
Zotsatira zoyambirira zamayeso aukadaulo a othandizira mavalidwe zinawonetsa (Gome 2) kuti m'chiwerengero choyamba (gawo lonse la kumera kwathunthu), chiwongolero chosasinthika chinawonetsa zotsatira zabwino, kuphukira kwa mphukira zomwe zinali zochepa poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yonse ya ovala omwe anayesedwa.
Njira zoyeserera ndi ochita kuvala zovala zikuwonetsa kuti pamitundu yonse yoyesera, chikondi cha mmera chinali chofanana ndipo chinali choposa 10% ya malo onse okhala.
Mu gawo lachiwiri (la maluwa) ndi lachitatu (lachigawo cha budding) chowerengera mphamvu zamphamvu zomwe sizinasinthidwe zidakhalabe pamlingo womwewo: zochitika za rhizoctoniosis ya mbatata zimatulutsa ndi stolons zinali zochepa kapena pamlingo wa oteteza.
Zizindikiro zotere zikuwonetsa kuti mbeu za chiberekero zobzalidwa m'nthaka komanso zopanda matenda a Rhizoctoniosis malinga ndi GOST 33996-2016 zimakula mokwanira popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza, osakumana ndi mavuto chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha mbatata ndikuwonetsa Zotsatira zake zimakhala zabwino kapena zofanana ndi oteteza ndipo amatha kupirira ("kuchokapo") ku matenda omwe adalipo m'nthaka.
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa tsatanetsatane, pakupanga kwa magawo atatuwo (tebulo 2) komanso pakukolola mbatata (tebulo 3), pulani yomwe ili pansi pa No. 4 inaonekera kwambiri kuchokera kwa ovala omwe adayesedwa: zokolola zomaliza ndi machitidwe amakampani anali abwino kwambiri.
Kusala kwazizindikiro zothandiza za kugonjetsedwa (kufalikira ndi kutukuka kwa ma rhizoctonia mu mphukira ndi ma stolon) mwa oteteza, mosiyana ndi kuwongoleredwa kosawerengedwa, ndikomveka komanso chosatsutsika: Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumayambitsa kuchepa mu kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matupi awo asachedwe kukula komanso zomwe zimabweretsa zina zambiri matenda oopsa ndi matenda, ife, Rhizoctonia. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti chithunzichi ndichachifaniziro pakuyesa uku pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodzala zodziwika kuti ndi zopanda matenda a Rhizoctonia malinga ndi GOST 33996-2016. Pamaso pa matenda, mwanjira imodzi kapena ina, mbatata zambewu (ngakhale osagwera pansi pa GOST 33996-2016), zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ovala zovala zapamwamba, monga chosankha cha 4, kumakhala koyenera ndipo kumakhudza mikhalidwe yofunika monga kubala komanso kugulitsa, yomwe ndi imodzi mwamipikidwe yayikulu pakupanga mbatata zapamwamba.
KUCHOKA KWA WOYAMBITSA: tikuwona chidwi cha owerenga kuti nkhaniyi ili ndi chidziwitso pazotsatira zoyesera chaka chatha cha kuyesera. Munkhani yotsatira ya mtolankhani, tikufalitsa momwe nkhaniyo ikupitilira: nkhaniyi iphatikizaponso kuwunika kwa mbatata zomwe zalandiridwa mmagawo osiyanasiyana osungirako mu nyengo ya 2018/2019, komanso zotsatira za chaka chachiwiri cha phunziroli.