Msonkhano «Wowuma wa Soyuz» adawonetsa zotsatira zamakampani a 2022. Makampani opanga tirigu akuya akupitilira kukula pang'onopang'ono koma mokhazikika. Mu 2022, kupangidwa kwa zowuma zosinthidwa ndi maltodextrin kudakula kwambiri - kulowetsa m'malo mwazinthu izi kukuchitika. Mu 2022, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wazinthu, zovuta zazachuma komanso kusokonekera kwa zinthu, kutumiza kunja ndi kutumiza kunja kwazinthu zingapo zamakampani opanga mbewu zatsika kwambiri. Mabungwe a boma apanga njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira makampani - njira zothandizira zilipo kale ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani.
Association of Deep Grain Processing Enterprises ikuwonetsa zochitika zingapo zofunika mu 2022 pamsika. Chaka chatha, makampani adakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano: kukhazikitsa maunyolo atsopano a zida, zida, ma enzyme ndi ma reagents. Komanso, makampani amakampani adayesa kukulitsa luso, kukulitsa zotuluka, ndikusintha magawo ena azinthu zogulitsa kunja. Mwambiri, 2022 idatha ndi machitidwe abwino pamakampani.
Nthambi yaku Russia yopangira tirigu wozama pafupifupi matani 2,5 miliyoni a tirigu ndipo imapanga pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni azinthu zomalizidwa. Makampaniwa ku Russia akadali ngati kagawo kakang'ono, koma ali ndi mwayi uliwonse wotukuka, kuyambitsa mabizinesi atsopano, mizere yopangira ndikulowa m'misika yatsopano yogulitsa kunja. Ntchito zazikulu zingapo zikukonzedwa.
Nthambi yakuya processing wa tirigu imagwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, olima owuma amapatsidwa ngongole zogulira kuti apange kapena kusinthika mabizinesi ndingongole zomwe amakonda zogulira zinthu zopangira zina. Palinso muyeso wobwezera ndalama zogulira katundu potumiza katundu, kubwezera ndalama pamene makampani atenga nawo mbali pazochitika zowonetserako ndi njira zina zothandizira.
Zatsopano za Federal Law "On Grain" zinayamba kugwira ntchito, malinga ndi zomwe FSIS "Grain" inakhazikitsidwa. Mu 2022, kupereka malipoti mu dongosolo la mapurosesa kunali kodzifunira, koma pafupifupi makampani onse omwe ali mgululi adayamba kugwira ntchito munjira yotsatirira. Kuyambira pa Marichi 1, 2023, kuperekedwa kwa chidziwitso pazakudya zambewu kudongosolo kwakhala kovomerezeka.
Poganizira njira zothandizira boma zomwe zaperekedwa, m'zaka zaposachedwa makampani awonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa (Table 1), chifukwa cha kuchepa kwadongosolo pakudalira kutengera zinthu kuchokera kunja kwamtengo wapatali - zinthu zowonjezera (Table 2), kukulitsidwa kwa mzere wazinthu, komanso mwayi wolowa m'misika yatsopano yapadziko lonse lapansi (Table 3).
Zosintha zamakampani chaka ndi chaka zikuwonetsa kukula pang'onopang'ono koma kokhazikika. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa Rosstat ndi Association, mu 2022, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu (ndi 39%) kumawonedwa pakupanga zowuma zosinthidwa, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufunikira kosintha ma analogues otumizidwa kunja ndi ogula kusinthana ndi zinthu zapakhomo - chaka chino, kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakudya zosintha za wowuma zidakwana matani 94.
Kupanga kwa amino acid lysine, komwe kumapangidwa ku Russia ndi mabizinesi awiri, kudakwera ndi 22% pachaka. Mu 2022, zotulutsa zapakhomo za L-lysine sulfate zidakwana matani 142.
Zogulitsa zina zopangidwa ndi wowuma zidawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa 1% mpaka 10% (Table 1). Kupanga kwa dextrins kunatsika ndi 72%, koma mankhwalawa amakhala ndi gawo laling'ono pamsika.
Table 1 - Kupanga kwa wowuma ndi wowuma, matani
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Dynamics 2022 mpaka 2021,% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zowuma, kupatula zosinthidwa (zachilengedwe) | 294 654 | 324 914 | 354 032 | 374 812 | 6 |
Zowonongeka | 8 165 | 9 526 | 10 5324 | 2 939 | -72 |
Zowuma zosinthidwa | 58 804 | 61 103 | 68 006 | 94 355 | 39 |
Glucose-fructose syrups | 152 504 | 200 625 | 260 002 | 278 190 | 7 |
Maltodextrin | 19 131 | 20 073 | 49 773 | 54 960 | 10 |
Molasses wowuma (glucose syrups) | 466 648 | 467 235 | 476 940 | 494 103 | 1 |
Lysine | 80 000 | 90 000 | 117 000 | 142 729 | 22 |
Malinga ndi Federal Customs Service, kutumizidwa kwa wowuma ndi zotumphukira zake kwatsika chaka chino pazinthu zazikuluzikulu. Kupatulapo kunali lysine m'mitundu iwiri (sulfate ndi monohydrochloride), kuitanitsa komwe kudakwera ndi 37%, zomwe zidathandizidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa msonkho wakunja (Table 2).
Kutsika kwakukulu mu 2022 pofika 2021 kunachitika m'gulu la madzi owuma (ma syrups a shuga) - nthawi 109. Kutumiza kwa maltodextrin kunatsika ndi 71%, kutumizidwa kwa dextrins kunatsika ndi 59%, masitayesi osinthidwa ndi 46%, zokometsera zakubadwa ndi 24% ndi syrups ya glucose-fructose ndi 4%, motsatana, zochepa.
Tebulo 2 - Kutengera zinthu za wowuma ndi wowuma, matani
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Dynamics 2022 mpaka 2021,% | |
Zowuma, kupatula zosinthidwa (zachilengedwe) | 22 363 | 24 574 | 40 225 | 32 341 | -24 |
Zowuma zosinthidwa | 95 958 | 94 656 | 103 541 | 71 076 | -46 |
Glucose-fructose syrups | 422 | 257 | 5 467 | 5 261 | -4 |
Zowonongeka | 1 079 | 889 | 1 489 | 938 | -59 |
Maltodextrin | 14 625 | 10 038 | 5 740 | 3 359 | -71 |
Molasses wowuma (glucose syrups) | 4 082 | 794 | 8 320 | 76 | -10 847 |
Lysine | 60 834 | 53 352 | 43 130 | 68 783 | 37 |
Kutumiza kunja kwa zinthu zomwe zidawonjezedwa pamtengo wapamwamba kudatsikanso kwambiri mu 2022 pazinthu zazikuluzikulu chifukwa chakugawikanso kwamisika ndikusinthanso zofuna zapakhomo.
Kutsika kwakukulu kwa zogulitsa kunja ndi 542% kumawoneka pakutumiza kwa lysine - 7 mu 442. Izi ndichifukwa choletsa kutumiza kwa lysine kunja kwa Russia, komwe kudapitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa 2022.
M'magulu ena, kuchepa kwakukulu mu 2022 poyerekeza ndi 2021 kudachitika mumadzi a glucose-fructose, omwe adatumizidwa kunja 273% kuchepera - matani 394. Madzi owuma ndi 226% ochepera - matani 7, zowonda zosinthidwa - 442% zochepa, maltodextrin - 61% zochepa. Kutumiza kunja kwa dextrins kunakwera ndi 8% (Table 90).
Msika wogulitsa kunja kwa zinthu zogulitsa ndi wosiyana kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, kutumizidwa kunja kwa zinthu zakuya kwambiri kumachulukirachulukira kumayiko aku Middle East, Africa ndi South America. Ma syrups a glucose amtundu wamadzimadzi amatumizidwa ku Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Voliyumu yayikulu ya syrups youma imatumizidwa ku Lebanon ndi Jordan. Misika yogulitsa ya Maltodextrin imaphatikizapo mayiko opitilira 40, kuphatikiza Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, UAE, Chile, Egypt, Colombia, Ghana, Turkey, Dominican Republic. Zowuma zosinthidwa za cationic zimapita ku Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan. Zowuma zosinthidwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malata ndi kupanga mafuta zimatumizidwa ku Iraq, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan.
Table 3 - Kutumiza kunja kwa wowuma ndi zinthu zowuma, matani
2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Dynamics 2022 mpaka 2021,% | |
Zowuma, kupatula zosinthidwa (zachilengedwe) | 29 279 | 26 257 | 48 814 | 38 366 | -27 |
Zowuma zosinthidwa | 7 151 | 7 484 | 8 142 | 5 072 | -61 |
Glucose-fructose syrups | 852 | 334 | 1 470 | 394 | -273 |
Zowonongeka | 461 | 461 | 166 | 1 705 | 90 |
Maltodextrin | 981 | 1235 | 13 536 | 12 577 | -8 |
Molasses wowuma (glucose syrups) | 19 834 | 33 764 | 24 250 | 7 442 | -226 |
Lysine | 1 652 | 736 | 616 | 96 | -542 |
Mpaka pano, mitundu yayikulu ya zida zopangira tirigu wowuma ku Russia mwamwambo imakhalabe chimanga ndi tirigu. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo la wowuma kuchokera ku chimanga ndi lomwe limatenga gawo lalikulu kwambiri pazakudya zonse, mwanjira iliyonse komanso m'zandalama.
Kupanga chimanga kumakwera chaka ndi chaka ndi matani 2022 opangidwa mu 316. Zogulitsa kunja zidakwana matani 599 ndikutumiza kunja matani 5. Chimanga chimaperekedwa ku Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Ecuador ndi mayiko ena (Chithunzi 262).
Chithunzi 1 - Wowuma wa chimanga, matani
Kupanga wowuma wa mbatata kudakhalabe pamlingo womwewo - matani 11 mu 131 motsutsana ndi matani 2022 mu 11. Kutumiza kwa wowuma wa mbatata kudatsika pang'ono, kufika matani 483 mu 2021 poyerekeza ndi matani 10500 mu 2021. Kutumiza kunja kunatsika kwambiri mpaka matani 4800 pachaka (Chithunzi 2020).
Chithunzi 3 - Wowuma wa mbatata, matani