E. D. Mytsa, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Oomycete Phytophthora operewera (Mont) de Bary imayambitsa choipitsa mochedwa, matenda oopsa a mbatata ndi tomato. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za inoculum yoyamba P. operewera Ndizigawo zopumira zokhala ndi mipanda yolimba - oospores.
Ma Hybrid oospores, omwe amapangidwa chifukwa chowoloka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makolo, amathandizira pakukula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu, chifukwa chake njira yosinthira mitundu yamitundu yatsopano ndikuyika ma fungicides imathandizira.
Mapangidwe a Oospore P. operewera m'munda adadziwika m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi: Russia (Smirnov et al., 1999), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) ndi madera ena. Oospores amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zoposa 2 m'nthaka pamalo abwino (Bødker et al., 2006) ndi kuyambitsa matenda a zomera pambuyo pa kuzizira (Ulanova et al., 2010; Lehtinen et al., 2002).
M'mbuyomu zidawonetsedwa kuti masamba a zomera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitsamba cha mbatata amasiyana pakukana koyipa mochedwa; imawonjezeka kuchokera ku masamba apansi kupita kumtunda. Izi sizitengera zaka za masamba, zaka za zomera, kapena mitundu ya mbatata (Vesper et al., 2003). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sitinathe kupeza deta pa kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya oospore mapangidwe m'masamba a zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitsamba cha mbatata m'mabuku. Komabe, ngati kusiyana koteroko kulipo, ndiye kuti ziyenera kuganiziridwa potenga zitsanzo za masamba kuti zifufuze mapangidwe a oospore komanso potanthauzira zotsatira zomwe olemba ena adapeza. Cholinga cha ntchitoyi chinali kuphunzira mapangidwe a oospores m'masamba otsekedwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu ya mbatata yomwe imayikidwa mumikhalidwe yomweyi m'zipinda zachinyontho.
Zida ndi njira
Tinagwiritsa ntchito 5 zodzipatula P. operewera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makwerero olekanitsidwa ndi zitsanzo zomwe zakhudzidwa zochokera kumadera a Moscow, Ryazan ndi Leningrad. Mwa izi, mapeyala atatu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makwerero adasankhidwa, kupereka ma oospores ochulukirapo akayesedwa mu agar oat medium.
Poyesa, tidagwiritsa ntchito mbewu za mbatata zopanda kachilombo zamitundu yotsatirayi yomwe imakula mu wowonjezera kutentha (mu gawo lapansi la peat): Sandrin, Zorachka, Uladar, Osiris, Ilyinsky, pakati pa nyengo Yanka.
Masamba osavuta ochokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana a mbewu ya mbatata adasankhidwa kuti aunike. Masamba atatu amasankhidwa kuchokera kumunsi (masamba 4 otsika), atatu kuchokera pamwamba (masamba 3-4 pamwamba), ndi masamba atatu kuchokera pakati pa chitsamba. Masamba osavuta amayezedwa, kujambulidwa pamapepala ogwirizanitsa (kuwerengera voliyumu ndi dera), ndiyeno anayikidwa mozondoka pamwamba pa madzi wosabala, anatsanulira 25 ml mu Petri mbale. Kenako tsamba lililonse linakhudzidwa ndi dontho limodzi la kuyimitsidwa kosakanikirana kwa zoosporangia kumapatula A1 ndi A2 amtundu wa mating. Kwa masamba atatu otengedwa pamlingo uliwonse, inoculum yamagulu atatu osiyana a zodzipatula ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tsamba limodzi linali lopangidwa ndi inoculum osakaniza a peyala imodzi ya zodzipatula.
Kuti akonze kuyimitsidwa kwa zoosporangia, zosporangia zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakulitsidwa pa agar oat sing'anga kwa masiku 7, kenako zoosporangia adatsukidwa ndi madzi osabala. Kuchuluka kwa inoculum kunali 5-7 zoospores m'munda wa ma microscope pakukula kwa 80x. Tsamba lililonse linali ndi dontho limodzi la kuyimitsidwa kosakanikirana kwa zoosporangia kumapatula A1 ndi A2 amtundu wa mating.
Pazoyeserera zonse, masamba atatu a mbatata adagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo makulitsidwe kwa masiku 3 pa 20 ° C, aliyense tsamba anali homogenized mu mtondo ndi 18 ml ya madzi osungunuka. Kuchokera pakuyimitsidwa kotsatira, zitsanzo za 2 zinatengedwa, zomwe kukonzekera kwa microscopy kunakonzedwa.
Pazosintha zilizonse, magawo owoneka 180 adawunikidwa, pambuyo pake kuchuluka kwa oospores kudawerengedwanso pa 1 mm.2 pamwamba pa pepala. Zotsatira zowerengera pazosiyana zilizonse zidawerengedwa.
Kuti muwerengere nthawi yodalirika (μ) pamlingo wofunikira wa 0,05, njira yotsatirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito
pamene s ndiye njira yopatuka, n ndi chiwerengero cha miyeso, t ndi kuyesa kosalekeza kwa mulingo wofunikira wa 0,05. Zowerengera zonse zidachitika mu Excel (Microsoft Office phukusi).
Zotsatira ndi zokambirana
Kuika masamba otengedwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a chitsamba cha mbatata ndikuyikidwa m'malo omwewo m'zipinda zachinyontho kunawonetsa kusiyana kwa kukula kwa oospore. M'mitundu yonse yophunziridwa, kuchuluka kwa oospores kumapangidwa panthawi yothira masamba osonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumunsi ndi pakati pa tchire. Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka mu mapangidwe a oospores m'munsi ndi pakati masamba.
Chiwerengero chochepa cha oospores chinapangidwa mu masamba a chapamwamba wosanjikiza (mkuyu. 1).
M'masamba am'munsi ndi apakati, kuchuluka kwa oospores kudapangidwa mumitundu ya Sandrin, Ilyinsky, Zorachka, Uladar ndi Osiris. Iwo adapanga pang'ono pang'ono m'masamba amitundu ya Yanka. Kuchuluka kwa oospores m'masamba akumtunda kunkawoneka m'masamba a mitundu ya Uladar, ndiye Zorachka, Osiris, Yanka, Ilyinsky, Sandrin adapita mocheperako, koma osati kusiyana konse komwe kunali kofunikira.
Mpunga. 1. Mapangidwe a oospores mu masamba osiyanasiyana a chitsamba cha mbatata. Otsika ndi masamba a magawo atatu otsika a chitsamba, chapamwamba ndi masamba 3-4 ovuta kuchokera pamwamba pa mmera, apakati amachokera pakati pa chitsamba.
Mipiringidzo yolakwika imawonetsa nthawi yodalirika pamlingo wofunikira wa 0,05.
M'munda, ma microclimatic amathandizanso kupanga ma oospores m'masamba apansi ndi apakati pa tchire: chinyezi chambiri, kuchepa kwa dzuwa, komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwatsiku ndi tsiku (Harrison, 1992). Kupopera mankhwala pamwamba kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochepa pansi ndi pakati pa tchire. Kuti muchepetse kupangika kwa oospores, ukadaulo uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito womwe umalola kuperekera bwino ma fungicides kumunsi ndi pakati pa tchire. Zotsatira zabwino zitha kupezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina opopera mpweya komanso ma fungicides a systemic omwe amatha kufalikira kumadera osatetezedwa atchire.
Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa ndi Russian Science Foundation (projekiti No. 14-50-00029).
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa munyuzipepala yoteteza "mbatata" (No. 2, 2015)