E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Kuwonongeka kwakumapeto kwa mbatata ndi tomato, komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi chamoyo chonga bowa, oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, ndichofala pafupifupi pafupifupi madera onse apadziko lapansi omwe mbewu izi zimalimidwa. Pansi pa epiphytotic, kutayika kwa zokolola za mbatata kuchokera kumapeto koipitsa kumatha kufikira 10-30% kapena kupitilira apo, ndi phwetekere, mpaka 100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyambira inoculum Ph. infestans, yomwe imabweretsa matenda opatsirana, ndi mipanda yolimba yopumuliramo ziwalo zoberekera - ma oospores. Mafuta osakanizidwa omwe amapangidwa chifukwa chodutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makolo amathandizira kukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa mitundu yatsopano ndikugwiritsanso ntchito fungicides kudathamanga. Kapangidwe ka oospores Ph. infestans m'munda adadziwika m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi: Russia (Smirnov et al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) ndi madera ena. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti ma oospores omwe amachititsa kuti matenda oopsa achedwe mochedwa atha kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zopitilira ziwiri m'nthaka (Hermansen et al., 2; Bшdker et al., 2002) ndikupangitsa matenda azitsamba atagwiranso ntchito (Lehtinen et al., 2006; Ulanova et al. al., 2002).
Masiku ano, njira yayikulu yothanirana ndi vuto lakumapeto ndi kuteteza mankhwala, komwe kumathandizira kukonzanso mbewu ndi fungicidal kukonzekera. Kupanga ma oospores kumalepheretsa kwambiri mankhwala ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mbatata ndi tomato ku vuto lakumapeto (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Komabe, mankhwala ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mbatata zomwe sizimakhudza mwachindunji Ph. infestans, ndipo momwe zimakhudzira mapangidwe a oospore sizikudziwika. Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndikuwunika momwe mapangidwe amankhwala ena amagwiritsidwira ntchito mbatata, koma osalembetsedwa motsutsana ndi vuto lakumapeto.
Tidagwiritsa ntchito 9 Ph. infestans amitundu osiyanasiyana akakwatirana, olekanitsidwa ndi ife kuchokera ku masamba a mbatata omwe ali ndi kachilombo ku Moscow, Leningrad, zigawo za Ryazan. Pofufuza momwe kukula kwa mycelium ndikapangidwe ka oospores, mankhwalawa adagwiritsidwa ntchito: fungicides Maxim (chinthu chogwiritsira ntchito fludioxonil kuchokera m'kalasi la phenylpyrroles) ndi Scor (difenoconazole, triazoles), mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Aktara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) ndi Tanrek (imidacidribidopidicicidididibidicibidicidicididicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicosis). , ma triazines). Mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo amalembetsedwa mu "State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals" ya 2014. Kuti muwone momwe kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kukukulira pakukula kwa madera a oomycete, mtundu uliwonse udathiridwa ndi botolo la agar mkatikati mwa mbale ya Petri yokhala ndi sing'anga wandiweyani. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo anayesedwa kuwonjezerapo pakati pa 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, ndi 100.0 mg / L (potengera chinthu chogwira ntchito - DV). Pofuna kulamulira, tinkagwiritsa ntchito sing'anga popanda mankhwala owonjezera. Ma inoculation adalumikizidwa pa 18 ° C kwa masiku 12-15 mpaka colony m'mimba mwake yopanda mankhwala ophera tizilombo inali 70-80% ya Petri mbale m'mimba mwake, pambuyo pake m'mimba mwake mumayeso amiyeso yoyeserera komanso yoyesera.
Kuyesaku kunachitika moyerekeza katatu. Kafukufuku wopanga ma oospores adachitika pa agar oat sing'anga (3 ml mu mbale ya Petri) ndikuwonjezera fungicide pamagulu a 30, 0.1, 1.0, ndi 10.0 mg / L komanso pa sing'anga yopanda fungicide (control). Pachifukwa ichi, agar amatseka ndi mtundu wa mating A100.0 ndi A1 olekanitsidwa adayikidwa awiriawiri pamwamba pazakudya zopatsa thanzi pamtunda wa 2 cm wina ndi mnzake. Mankhwalawa adalumikizidwa pakukula kwa ph kukula. Infestans pa kutentha kwa 5 ° C masiku 18. Pambuyo pakulima, sing'anga wa michere wokhala ndi spores adatsitsidwanso ndi chosakanizira mu 20 ml yamadzi osungunuka, ndipo kukonzekera kwa microscopy kunakonzedwa kuchokera kuyimitsidwa kumeneku. M'mitundu iliyonse, magawo 30 owonera adayesedwa (zoyeserera zitatu, magawo 180 owonera). Kenako kuchuluka kwa ma oospores kudawerengedwa (ma PC / μl apakatikati).
Zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakukula kwakukulu kwa ziphuphu. Difenoconazole, thiamethoxam ndi imidacloprid sizinakhudze kwambiri kukula kwakulimba kwa Ph. infestans (Gulu 1). Herbicide metribuzin idapangitsa kuchepa kwakanthawi kochepa m'nthawi yoyamba (masiku 5-7 akukula); komabe, pofika tsiku la 10th, madera mwake maderawo adakhala ofanana kukula. Fludioxonil powerengera kwambiri adaletsa kukula kwa Ph. infestans pamalingaliro opitilira 10 mg / l.
Gulu 1
Zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakukula kwakukulu kwa madera Phytophthora matenda
Fungicide-DV (mankhwala) | Colony m'mimba mwake mosiyanasiyana (mg / L) DW pakati, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Aktara mankhwala) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Kutalika) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Zindikirani. Chizindikiro "±" chimatsatiridwa ndi kudalira kwakanthawi kofunikira kwa 0.05. Makhalidwe omwe ali m'mabulaketi amafotokozera kuchuluka kwa madera omwe ali poyeserera mosiyana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Chizindikiro "-" chimatanthauza kuti kafukufuku sanachitike.
Gulu 2
Zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pakupanga ma oospores Phytophthora matenda mu sing'anga ya agar
Fungicide-DV (mankhwala) | Chiwerengero cha oospores pakatikati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana (mg / l) DV, pcs / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Aktara mankhwala) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Kutalika) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Kuphunzira za momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhudzira mapangidwe a oospores Ph. infansans mu sing'anga sing'anga. Zinapezeka kuti kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa oospores m'malo ena kunayambitsidwa ndi mankhwala onse omwe anafufuzidwa (Gulu 2). Pazigawo za 1.0 mg / l, mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo, kupatula kukonzekera kwa Aktara ndi Skor, adapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma oospores omwe adapangidwa (mwa 12-24% poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera). Kuwonjezeka kwina kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogwira ntchito sing'anga kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yoletsa. Kukonzekera kochokera ku thiamethoxam ndi difenoconazole kudapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero za oospores pomwe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimathandizira pakatikati zinali zoposa 10 mg / l.
Kukambirana ndi kumaliza. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sanalembetsedwe motsutsana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbatata pakukula kwakukulu kwa mycelium adawonetsa, monga zikuyembekezeredwa, kufooka kocheperako (fludioxonil) kapena kusakhudzanso kukula (mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo anaphunzira).
Gulu 3. Kukhazikika kwa zinthu zogwira ntchito mumadzimadzi ogwira ntchito
Kukonzekera (fungicide-DV) | Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito ya DV mu chimbudzi, mg / l | Kukhazikika kwa DW m'madzi ogwiritsira ntchito pokonza mbatata, mg / l |
---|---|---|
Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Zolemba (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Zovuta (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Makhalidwewa amaperekedwa molingana ndi "State catalog ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals" ya 2014.
Mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo adapangitsa kuchepa pakupanga ma oospores muzakudya zopatsa thanzi. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo munsikayo kunali kotsika kapena pafupifupi kofananira (kwa imidacloprid) ndi magawo omwe amaloledwa m'madzimadzi ogwira ntchito (Gulu 3). M'mayesero athu, kuponderezedwa kwa mapangidwe a oospores kunakula pamene mlingo wa mankhwalawo unkawonjezeka, zomwe zikusonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu pakukhudzana ndi madzi ochulukirapo ogwira ntchito. Difenoconazole idapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ma oospores osati pazoyeserera zamagetsi zokha, komanso pamayeso a masamba odulidwa a mbatata omwe adayikidwa mumadzi okhala ndi fungicide. Chifukwa chake, mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Vektar Belorussia, ma oospores 32 pa 1 mm2 a tsamba adawonedwa ndikuwongolera, pa difenoconazole m'madzi a 10 mg / l - 24, ndi 100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Kusiyanitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa oospores pa 100 mg / l wa fungicide ndikuwongolera ndikofunikira kwambiri (Elansky, Mytsa, osasindikiza).
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo angakhudze njira zosiyanasiyana m'maselo a fungal. M'mabukuwo, sitinathe kupeza chidziwitso chomwe chimafotokozera momwe zotsatira za mankhwala omwe amafufuzidwa angapangire mapangidwe a oospores. Tiyeni tiyesere kupanga malingaliro ena pokhudzana ndi zochita za difenoconazole. Njira yomwe fungicidal imagwira ndikuletsa mphamvu ya C14-dimethylase enzyme, yomwe imathandizira kwambiri sterol biosynthesis. Sterols amapangidwa ndi bowa, zomera ndi zamoyo zina ndipo ndi gawo la khungu lawo. Oomycetes amtundu wa Phytophthora, pakalibe ma sterol, amatha kukula kwamasamba okha; mapangidwe a oospores amaletsedwa kwathunthu (Elliott et al., 1966).
Oomycetes sangathe kupanga ma sterol pawokha; amaphatikizira mu nembanemba mwawo ma sterol omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku chomeracho, ndikuwasintha. Poyesa kwathu, tidagwiritsa ntchito oat agar sing'anga wolemera mu â-sitosterol ndi isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), mwachitsanzo, zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa mapangidwe a oospores. Ndizotheka kuti difenoconazole imalepheretsa ntchito ya michere yomwe ikukhudzidwa pakusintha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi sterol omwe amachokera kuzomera. Izi zitha kuchepetsa kukula kwa mapangidwe a oospore.
Pazigawo zochepa, monga zikuwonetsedwera pantchito yathu, difenoconazole idakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mycelium ndikupanga ma oospores.
Kuponderezedwa kwa mapangidwe a oospores muzakudya zamagetsi kudawonetsedwa kale ma anti-phytophthora fungicides. Chifukwa chake, mu ntchito ya Kessel et al. (2002) adasanthula mankhwala opitilira 10 a antiphitofluoroids. Fluazinam, dimethomorph, ndi cymoxanil m'malo osapha omwe amaletsa kwathunthu mapangidwe a oospores mu sing'anga ya agar; metalaxil, maneb ndi propamocarb adawonetsa kugwira ntchito pang'ono; mancozeb ndi chlorothalonil sizinakhudze konse mapangidwe a oospore. Mu ntchito ya SA Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013), kuletsa kupangika kwa oospore pazakudya zopatsa thanzi mosakhudzidwa ndi metalaxyl sikuwonetsedwa.
Zomwe tidayesera zidawonetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbatata, omwe analibe chiwopsezo chilichonse pakukula kwa mochedwa choipitsa tizilomboti, adaletsa mapangidwe a oospores. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala otetezedwa bwino a mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito fungicides, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi herbicides amachepetsa mwayi wopangika kwa oospores m'masamba azomera.
Ntchitoyi idathandizidwa ndi Russian Science Foundation (projekiti No. 14-50-00029).
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa munyuzipepala ya "Mycology and Phytopathology" (Volume 50, Issue 1, 2016).