Zinthu kuti kuonetsetsa apamwamba kusungidwa tubers.Ukadaulo wopangira mbatata ukhoza kuyimiridwa ngati midadada iwiri: chipika chogwirira ntchito kumunda ndi chosungirako. Pachifukwa ichi, kupeza zokolola zambiri ndi theka la nkhondo; ndikofunikabe kupulumutsa. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa mbewu za mbatata, zomwe zimasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali poyerekeza ndi chakudya. Zosungirako zovuta kwambiri komanso zodalirika ndi masika, chifukwa m'pofunika kusunga makhalidwe apamwamba a tubers, kuteteza kumera msanga.
Kutayika kosungirako kumakhala ndi kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, zinyalala zaukadaulo (machubu owola pang'ono, makamaka owuma), zowola mtheradi (zowola kwathunthu - zowola zonyowa) ndi mphukira. Munjira zambiri, zizindikirozi zimadalira mtundu woyamba wa tubers, womwe umatsimikiziranso kubzala kwa mbatata. Mbatata ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za GOST 33996-2016, malinga ndi zomwe zili mumbewu:
- kukhalapo kwa ma tubers okhala ndi zizindikiro zakuyamwitsa, chisanu, kupsa, kunyansidwa, ndi zophukira komanso zophuka mosavuta, zodulidwa, zosweka, ndi khungu lopukutidwa (kuposa 1/4 ya tuber pamwamba) sikuloledwa;
- kukhalapo kwa dziko lapansi ndi zonyansa zakunja kumaloledwa, osapitirira 2% ndi kulemera m'magulu OS, ES, RS1-2;
- kukhalapo kwa tubers kumaloledwa, mu peresenti:
- osakwaniritsa zofunikira malinga ndi kukula - osapitirira 3%;
- mitundu ina ya botanical - zosaposa 0,5% (zokha za gulu la PC);
- okhudzidwa ndi mphete zowola - zosaposa 0,5% (zokha za gulu la PC);
- akhudzidwa ndi tsinde nematodes - osapitirira 0,5% (kokha pa gulu PC);
- ndi mawanga a glandular ndi mdima wa zamkati (ndi kuwonongeka kwa 1/4 ya gawo longitudinal la tuber) - osapitirira 5% (onse);
- ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina kupitirira 5 mm kuya ndi kutalika kwa 10 mm (mabala, misozi, ming'alu, madontho amtundu wa tuber) - osapitirira 5% (onse);
- ndi kuwonongeka ndi tizirombo taulimi popanda kuwonongeka kwa maso (wireworm - kusuntha katatu, makoswe, kafadala ndi scoops) - osapitirira 2% onse.
Kukula kwa mbeu kumadalira kwambiri luso la kukula, kukonza ndi kusungirako ma tubers. Choyamba, nthawi yakukula (molingana ndi nyengo, munthawi yake komanso kuchuluka komwe kumafunikira), mbewu ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kukhudzana, kukonzekera kwadongosolo komanso kumasulira motsutsana ndi choipitsa mochedwa, alternaria, anthracnose ndi matenda ena afungal ndi mabakiteriya. Kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa zochita za mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza zowongolera zakukula kwa mbewu muchitetezo. Kachiwiri, pofuna kupewa kufota kwa dothi kwa ma tubers, njira yokonzekera nthaka isanabzalidwe ndi kulima pakati pa mizere iyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti dothi la m'mikwingwirima ndi lotayirira komanso pakati pa mizere mpaka nthawi yokolola. M'madera angapo, kubzala ndi mzere wa masentimita 90 kwadziwonetsera yokha. Chachitatu, kuchotsedwa kusanachitike kukolola ndi mankhwala (Reglon Super 2,5 l / ha, Dry wind 2,5 l / ha, Basta 2,0 l / ha) ziyenera kuchitidwa, ndi makina kapena njira zophatikizira, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri komanso kukula kwa nsonga, masiku osachepera 10-12 musanayambe kukumba ma tubers. Chachinayi, kuyeretsa kuyenera kuchitika pa kutentha kwa mpweya osachepera +10 0C, apo ayi kuchuluka kwa makina owonongeka ndi kukhudzidwa ndi Fusarium zowola tubers kumawonjezeka.
Kusankha zida zoyeretsera. Pakadali pano, mbatata imakololedwa ndi kuphatikiza kapena diggers ndi kusankha tubers ndi dzanja. Njira yachiwiri imakhudzana ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito zamanja komanso kufunikira kwakukulu kwa matumba kapena maukonde onyamula mbatata. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi ntchito zokolola, ntchito diggers amapereka kwambiri otsika mlingo wa mawotchi kuwonongeka tubers. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito, kukolola ndi digger kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakupanga mbewu (panthawiyi, mbatata imakula, monga lamulo, m'malo ang'onoang'ono). Monga kuchotserapo, kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji kumaloledwa mumikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, pamene chifukwa cha dothi losavomerezeka ndi nyengo, zophatikiza sizikugwira ntchito.
Kutchetcha nsonga ndi chophatikizira chophatikizira nthawi imodzi ndikukumba ma tubers (botolo limayikidwa mu gawo lolandirira la zophatikizira) sikuvomerezeka kumadera ambiri a Russia, popeza mfundo yayikulu ya chiwonongeko chake idatayika: nthawi yakucha ndi kuumitsa. wa peel amachotsedwa; kuchepetsa mwayi ndi mlingo wa kuwonongeka kwa tubers ndi mochedwa choipitsa si anapereka. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi ndizotheka pokhapokha pokolola mbatata zoyamba, zomwe zimagulitsidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Poyerekeza njira zaukadaulo zodziyendetsa zokha komanso zotsogola (okolola, okumba, onyamula) ndi wina ndi mzake, zokonda ziyenera kuperekedwa kumagulu odziyendetsa okha pakupanga mbatata zazikulu. Ngakhale kuti ndi okwera mtengo, nthawi zambiri amapambana potengera zizindikiro za ntchito ndi zachuma.
Ukadaulo wa kuyala mbatata posungirako. Kukolola kumatsatiridwa ndi siteji yaukadaulo ya kuyala mbatata kuti isungidwe. Pali njira zitatu zamakono zosungira zizindikiro - mumzere, transshipment ndi otaya mwachindunji, zomwe zimatsimikizira mlingo wofanana wa kuwonongeka kwa makina ku tubers (tebulo 1).
Table 1. Kuwonongeka kwa makina ku tubers kutengera ukadaulo wosungirako,%
Mitundu yowonongeka | umisiri | ||
motsatana | kutumiza | kamodzi-kudutsa | |
Peeling mpaka ½ pamwamba pa tuber | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Peeling oposa ½ pamwamba pa tuber | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Ming'alu, misozi ndi mabala mu zamkati wa tubers | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
Kudetsa kwa zamkati ndi kukula ndi kuya kopitilira 5 mm kuchokera ku nkhonya | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
ZONSE zowonongeka | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Kutayika kwathunthu kwa miyezi 8 yosungira,% | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
Zinyalala zotsuka ma tubers,% | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Akukhamukira - Mbatata zokololedwa ndi chophatikizira kapena digger zimaperekedwa kumalo osankhidwa kuti alekanitse zonyansa ndikuzigawa m'tigawo ting'onoting'ono, kenako ndikusungidwa. Poyerekeza ndi matekinoloje ena, njirayi imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mawotchi ku tubers. Choncho, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pogulitsa mbatata yophukira kapena pamene mbatata yokolola ndi kompositi imachokera kumunda ndi dothi losakanikirana la 25-30% ndi zotsalira za zomera. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu ndikololedwa pankhani yokolola ma tubers okhwima, okhala ndi khungu lamphamvu komanso osakhudzidwa ndi matenda.
Kusintha - ma tubers amasungidwa mumilu kwakanthawi asanasungidwe kapena kusanjidwa pamalopo. Kusankha mokomera ukadaulo uwu kuyenera kupangidwa ngati kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ma tubers ndi kufiyira, choipitsa mochedwa, zowola zonyowa, kapena pomwe kukolola kumachitika nyengo yozizira komanso yamvula, makamaka ndi kuphatikiza pa dothi lolemera.
Direct-otaya - Mbatata yochokera kumunda imasungidwa nthawi yomweyo kuti isungidwe popanda kusanja m'dzinja. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, kuyeretsa kumatha kuchitidwa molingana ndi zochitika ziwiri. Ngati kusakanikirana kwa dothi mu mulu sikudutsa 10-15%, ndipo zomwe zili mu tubers zing'onozing'ono mpaka 30 mm kukula kwake ndizochepa, zimakololedwa molingana ndi "kuphatikiza-kusungira" kosavuta" scheme, i.e. Mbatata zochokera ku zokolola zimasamutsidwa kusungirako ndikutsitsidwa m'chipinda chapansi cha TZK-30/60 chonyamula katundu, chomwe chimayika ma tubers m'mphepete mwake. Ngati kusakaniza kwa dothi kukuposa 20% ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma tubers ang'onoang'ono ndi okwera, ndiye kuti mbatata zomwe zimachokera kuphatikizi zimatsitsidwa mu hopper yamakono (mwachitsanzo, yopangidwa ndi GRIMME) yoyikidwa kutsogolo kwa chipata chosungirako. Bunker ili ndi heaper, yomwe imalekanitsa nthaka ndi ma tubers ang'onoang'ono, ndipo mbali yaikulu ya mbatata imadyetsedwa ndi dongosolo la conveyors (conveyors) kusungirako, kumene muluwu uli. Ma tubers omwe sali okhazikika, zotupa, miyala ndi zonyansa zina zimasankhidwa pamanja pama conveyors. Mbatata zobzalidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu zimasungidwa mpaka masika, ndipo tizigawo tating'onoting'ono timasinthidwa pokonzekera kubzala, nthawi yomweyo ma tubers amathandizidwa ndi yankho la Maxim, Prestige, Aktara, ndi zina zambiri. wobzala.
Kuchokera pazomwe zili mu Table 1, zikutsatira kuti pakalibe kugulitsa m'dzinja, mbatata pafamu iyenera kusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woyendera mwachindunji, komanso m'malo ovuta kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa transshipment. Ndi mumzere, kuwonjezera pa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwamakina kwa ma tubers, kuchuluka kwa mdima wa zamkati kuchokera ku zovuta kumawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinyalala ziwonjezeke pakuyeretsa ma tubers - kuwirikiza kawiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono. khalidwe la mbatata poyerekeza ndi luso otaya mwachindunji.
mtundu wa sitolo ya mbatata. Posungira mbewu za mbatata, nkhokwe zosungiramo zokhala ndi ndime yapakati kapena zokhala ndi magawo akutali ndizoyenera. (chithunzi 1).
Kwa mbatata ware, zosungiramo zosavuta (makamaka mtundu wochuluka) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimakhala ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri. Mbatata, makamaka pobzala mbewu, zimasungidwanso m'mitsuko (Chithunzi 2).
Chithunzi 2. Ukadaulo wosungira chidebe cha mbatata:
a) zitsulo zopopera mpweya zomwe zimapatsa mpweya kudzera m'zitsulo zoyima pamwamba pa zotengerazo; b) Kuyika zotengera m'magulu asanu
Iyi ndi njira yokwera mtengo kwambiri, koma imapereka kusuntha kwapamwamba kwa ntchito pokonzekera ndi kusanja mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zobereketsa.
Tekinoloje yosungira nthawi yayitali algorithm. Tekinoloje yosungira, yomwe, ikakhazikitsidwa mosamalitsa, imatsimikizira kutayika pang'ono, imaphatikizapo nthawi zisanu zazikulu: zotsatizana. kuyanika ma tubers akunyamula mbatata mumsungidwe chifukwa cha mpweya wopitilira ndi mpweya wakunja pamlingo wa 100-200 m.3/t pa ola; nthawi ya chithandizo - mkati mwa masiku 20-25 pa kutentha kwa 18-20 0C ndi cyclic mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya mkati mwa njira recirculation kwa mphindi 30-40 pa tsiku; nthawi yozizira ndi mphamvu 0,5 0C patsiku; nthawi yayikulu pa kutentha kutentha 4-5 0C ndi nthawi mpweya wabwino kwa mphindi 40-50 kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata nyengo ya masika - omwe ali ndi udindo kwambiri komanso wovuta, chifukwa ndikofunikira kusiya kumera msanga kwa ma tubers, makamaka tsiku lobzala kapena kubzala komwe kumachedwa chifukwa cha nyengo. Ntchitoyi ndikuchotsa kulowa kwa mpweya wabwino wakunja wotentha m'malo osungiramo ndikusunga kutentha m'malo osungira pamlingo woperekedwa chifukwa cha mpweya wocheperako panthawi yozizira kwambiri masana, mwachitsanzo, m'maola oyambirira.
Chinyezi chamlengalenga chomwe chimasungidwa posungirako mbatata, kupatula nthawi yowumitsa, chiyenera kukhala pamlingo wa 90-95%.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zolimbikitsa kukula. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kunja ndi ku Russia, kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza komanso opatsa mphamvu (Maxim 0,2 l / t, etc.), ukadaulo wosungira mbewu zambatata ukukulirakulira, kuphatikiza njira monga gassing ndi phytohormone ethylene. Malinga ndi zotsatira za maphunziro omwe adachitika ku FGBNU VNIIKH mu 2015-2017, kusungidwa kwa mbewu za mbatata m'malo a phytohormone ethylene kuyambira Novembala mpaka Meyi pa kutentha kwa 4. 0C idathandizira kuchulukira kwa maso otsogola (makamaka chifukwa cha ofananira nawo osayang'anira apical), m'mbuyomu (pofika masiku 3-5) komanso kutuluka kwa mbande mwaubwenzi, kupanga kuchuluka kwa zimayambira pachitsamba chilichonse. ndi 19,9-36,0% kutengera mitundu), kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa mbewu ndi 2-3 cm, kuchuluka kwa ma tubers pachitsamba chilichonse (ndi 6,3-19,0%) ndikuyamba kwa tuberization, kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola. (chiwerengero - ndi 9,9-19,0% , malonda - ndi 7,0-23,9%, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira), mapangidwe a mbewu yofananira kwambiri mu dongosolo (tebulo 2).
Table 2. Zizindikiro za biometric ndi zokolola za mbatata pachitsanzo cha mitundu yoyambirira ya Gala pogwiritsa ntchito ethylene, kutengera kukula kotsatira (chiwerengero cha 2015-2017)
Malo okulirapo | Njira kusunga mbewu tubers ndi ntchito ulimi wothirira | Chiwerengero cha tsinde, zidutswa/chitsamba | Chiwerengero cha ma tubers pcs/chitsamba | Kupanga, t / ha | |
wamba | zogulitsa (zigawo za tubers> 50 mm) | ||||
Lyubertsy (nthaka yamchenga ya loamy) | kulamulira | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
ndi ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
Ozersky (nthaka ya loamy) | kulamulira | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
ndi ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
control (mthirira) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
ndi ethylene (mthirira) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
Kwa zaka zingapo, mankhwalawa Vist 10 g/t (a.i. thiabendazole) adawunikidwa bwino za momwe zimakhudzira kusunga bwino kwa mbewu za mbatata. The viability wa Rhizoctonia sclerotia pambuyo fumigation ndi kukonzekera pa yogwira mpweya wabwino utachepa 14 zina. Pazoyesa zopanga (chigawo cha Moscow), kutayika kwa ma tubers kunatsika pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Amadeus ndi 8,7%, Asterix ndi 9,4%, Mwayi - ndi 17,3%, Nevsky - ndi 25,8%. Kutulutsa kwa mbatata wathanzi kudakwera ndi 9,4-11,8%. Mtengo wopangira unatsika ndi nthawi 1,2, ndipo kuchuluka kwa phindu kunali pakati pa 49,6-75,5%.
Stanislav Maltsev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi; Vladimir Zeiruk, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi;
SERGEY Andrianov, wophunzira maphunziro apamwamba; Sofia Shishkova, wofufuza wamkulu,
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FRC ya Mbatata yotchedwa A.G. Lorani"