Sergey Ariskin, Chief process Engineer, Agrotrade Company LLC
Zipatso zambiri zadothi mukamakolola mbatata lakhala vuto lalikulu kwa alimi mchaka cha 2020. M'mafamu ena, mpaka theka la mbewu zomwe zidanyamulidwa kuchokera kumunda zinali zibumba za dothi. Izi zidachepetsa kwambiri zokolola za malo olandirira nthawi yosungirako. Kwenikweni, ziboda zimayenera kunyamulidwa pamanja pazonyamula. Ngakhale zili choncho, mbali ina ya malowo anaisunga. Malinga ndi zomwe tawonera, m'mafamu ena zokolola zake zimasungidwa kufika 20 ... 25%.
Kodi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimawonekera pamatope ambiri poyeretsa ndi chiyani? Inde, uku ndikukhazikika kwa nthaka musanadzalemo ndi kubzala. Sitingaganizire mutu wokhudza kuwonongeka kwa nthaka chifukwa cha momwe makina oyendetsera makina amakhudzira. Popanga mbatata, kugwiritsa ntchito matayala otsika kwambiri komanso zoyendetsa mbozi sikungatheke. Ndizosatheka kukana kuchokera pazida zakulima ndi matupi ogwira ntchito. Zinthu ziwirizi zimapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke (magawo amtundu wa nthaka). Nthaka zosakhazikika zimatha kugwa ndipo, chifukwa chake, zimapanga mabala.
Agronomists amadziwa kuti chinyezi ndichomwe chimayambitsa kukhathamira kwa nthaka pantchito yamunda yamasika. Nthaka yodzaza ndi chinyezi imapanikizika mosavuta. Nthawi yopumula dothi mutakhwima, nthawi zambiri, imatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa nyengo yokula ya mbatata. Tikaika nthaka yolumikizika m'mbali, nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi ziphuphu panthawi yokolola.
Pali lingaliro loti MPHAMVU YAPANSI YA NTHAKA YOPHUNZITSIRA (HB) - kuchuluka kwa chinyezi chomwe dothi lomwe limakhalapo pakadali pano likhoza kukhalabe litayimitsidwa pambuyo poti madzi okoka ayima. Iwonetsedwa mu% ya kulemera kwake kapena kuchuluka kwake kwa nthaka. Amadziwikanso ndi nthaka ya granulometric, mineralogical ndi mankhwala, kapangidwe kake, kachulukidwe kake, porosity - zomwe sizingatithandizenso mwachangu. Kunena mophiphiritsira, iyi sinalinso dothi, koma nthaka ikafinyidwa mderali, chotupacho sichitha pamene chagwera pansi.
Nthawi yabwino yolima nthaka ndi nthawi yomwe nthaka imakhala yotchedwa yakucha. Pa dothi lolemera kwambiri ndi 40 ... 70% HB, yopepuka - 40 ... 60%. Mukamasulira izi kukhala kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'nthaka, mumalandira 12 ... 24%, kutengera mtundu wa nthaka.
Gulu 1. Kusintha kwa chinyezi cha nthaka kuti chikonzedwe bwino kwambiri
Malire a chinyezi | ||||
M'munsi, tillage ndi kovuta, ndizosatheka kuwononga apezeka, fumbi | Pamwamba, nthaka yomata, mapangidwe a ziboda zowumbika | Agrotechnically yovomerezeka kulima | Kutsiriza kwamtundu wapamwamba komanso kukana kotsika kwambiri | |
Sod-podzolic | 11 | 22 | 12 ... 21 | 15 ... 18 |
Nkhalango imvi | 14 | 24 | 15 ... 23 | 17 ... 18 |
Dziko lakuda | 13 | 25 | 15 ... 24 | 15 ... 18 |
mgoza | 12 | 24 | 13 ... 23 | 14 ... 16 |
Msuzi solonetzic | 12 | 21 | 13 ... 20 | 16 ... 17 |
Imvi-bulauni ndi bulauni | 13 | 21 | 14 ... 20 | 15 ... 17 |
Serozems | 14 | 21 | 12 ... 24 | - |
Monga tawonera pa Gulu 1, nthawi yovomerezeka pokonza nthaka ndikubzala ndi nthawi yomwe chinyezi cha nthaka chimakhala pakati pa 15 ... 20%. Izi ndi za masiku 7-10.
Masika 2020 anali akugwa komanso aatali m'madera ambiri. Kubzala mbatata m'minda ina kunachedwa pafupifupi kumapeto kwa Juni. Nthawi zambiri, mbatata zimabzalidwa munthaka yodzaza madzi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti apange mabampu.
Kodi tingatani?
M'malingaliro athu, choyambirira, chotsani khasu lokha. Kulima mozama mosiyanasiyana chaka chilichonse. Chothandiza kwambiri ndikumasula kwakukulu ndi mapulawo a chisel. Kapenanso, kuyika magawo obwezeretsa nthaka kumbuyo kwa thupi lolimira. Pafupifupi onse opanga mapula amapereka zida izi muzogulitsa zawo. Koma, mwatsoka, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa izi. Pochita izi, sitinawone mapulawo okhala ndi zida zotere. Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka kumathandiza kwambiri kuti madzi azikhala m'nthaka - chinyezi chimasungidwa bwino m'munsi, palibe malo otsika. Nthaka imakhwima msanga.
Bzalani mbeu
Sikoyenera kuchita kubisa nthawi yomwe dothi limadzaza madzi. Thalakitala yothamangitsayi imadzaza nthaka, ndipo sizokayikitsa kuti izi zidzachotsedwa mtsogolomo. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kulima ndi olima ana. Madzi otumphuka ophatikizana adatembenukira kumtunda atayanika sangathe kuwonongeka ngakhale ndi makina amphero.
Ophunzira agronomist amadziwa kuti kusiyana pakati pa kulima ndi makina amphero (mozungulira mphero kapena kutsetsereka) ndikubzala sikuyenera kukhala kochepa. M'nyengo youma kwamphepo, ndi mpata waukulu, chinyezi chimatayika. M'masika amvula, malo olimidwa, koma osabzalidwa amatha kuyimirira masiku angapo. Nthaka imadzipangira yokha, kubzala nthawi zambiri kumayamba ndikutentha kwambiri. Izi zidzatsogolera pakupanga chotumphuka.
Kubzala mbatata
Makina obzala mbewu ndi ma disc harrowers amagwira ntchito molimbika panthaka. M'mikhalidwe yobzala yonyowa, dothi likakhala lolemera kuposa momwe limakhalira, ziphuphu zimapangika, bedi la mbeu limakhala lolimba. Chosasangalatsa kwambiri ndikuti ziphuphuzi zili pafupi ndi pamwamba pa mbeu ya tuber. Sikutheka kuwawononga nthawi yopesa ndi makina amphero. Chotumphuka chimamasula nthaka PAMODZI NDI ZOTHANDIZA, zotumphukira zimakhalabe momwe zimayambira mzere.
Kuchokera pazomwe tafotokozazi, titha kunena kuti ndizosatheka kupewa mapangidwe amtundu uliwonse pogwiritsa ntchito njira zaukadaulo zaukadaulo wamadzi. Kutsata kokha mawu amtundu wa agro kumathandizira kuchepetsa vutoli.
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