Sergey Elansky
Imodzi mwamatenda owopsa a mbatata ndi tomato ndikumachedwa chifukwa cha oomycete Phytophthora matenda (Mtsinje) De Bary. Izi phytopathogen ndizowopsa kwambiri, chifukwa nyengo ikakhala yoyenera, imatha kukulitsa ndikuwononga mbewu zazikulu, komanso kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu, komwe kumalola kuti kuthetse msanga mitundu ya mitundu ndi kuwopsa kwa kukonzekera kwa fungicidal. Mpaka pano, palibe mitundu ya mbatata ndi phwetekere yomwe yapangidwa yomwe imagonjetsedwa kwathunthu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.
Njira yokhayo yodzitetezera ku vuto lakumapeto ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otetezera mbewu. Epiphytosis yamatenda akuchedwa imayambitsidwa ndi inoculum yoyamba. Ku Europe, inoculum yoyamba imaganiziridwa kuti ndi kachilombo kamene kanalowa m'nthaka ndi tizilomboti todwala, kameneka kamadzaza m'matope (nyumba zoberekera zolimba) P. operewera), komanso zoosporangia zomwe zimabwera ndi mphepo yochokera kuzomera zomwe zakula kuchokera pamitengo yopitilira muyeso m'minda yazaka zapitazo (zomera za "odzipereka"), kapena pamulu wa ma tubers omwe adatayidwa posungira kuti asungidwe. Mwa izi, mbewu zomwe zimakula pamulu wa tubers zomwe zatayidwa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi gwero loopsa kwambiri la matenda. pamenepo, kuchuluka kwa ma tubers ophuka nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira, ndipo zoosporangia itha kunyamulidwa kuchokera ku iwo pamtunda wautali. Zina zonse (oospores, "odzipereka" zomera) sizowopsa, chifukwa Sizolowera kubzala mbewu m'minda imodzimodzi kangapo kamodzi pachaka chilichonse. Kutenga kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa sikokwanira chifukwa cha kayendedwe kabwino ka mbewu.
Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa ma inoculum oyambilira mu anthu aku Europe ndi ochepa, chifukwa chake kukula kwa mliriwu kumachedwetsa ndipo kumatha kuyendetsedwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a fungicidal kukonzekera.
Ku Russia, zinthu ndizosiyana kwambiri. Mbewu zambiri za mbatata ndi phwetekere zimalimidwa m'minda ing'onoing'ono; zodzitetezera mwina sizimachitidwa pa iwo konse, kapena mankhwala ophera fungic amachitika mosakwanira ndipo amayamba pambuyo poti chiwopsezo chachedwa pamwamba pake. Zotsatira zake, minda yamasamba yabwinobwino imakhala gwero lalikulu la matenda, komwe zoosporangia amanyamulidwa ndi mphepo kupita kuzomera zamalonda. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe tawona ku Moscow, Bryansk, Kostroma, zigawo za Ryazan: kuwonongeka kwa mbewu m'minda yabwinoko kunawonedwa mankhwala a fungicide asanayambe. Pambuyo pake, mliri m'minda yayikulu umaletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito fungicidal kukonzekera, pomwe m'minda yamwini pali chitukuko chofulumira cha vuto lakumapeto.
Pankhani ya chithandizo chosayenera kapena "chotsika" cha malo obzala malonda, zojambulidwa mochedwa zowawa zimapezeka m'minda; mtsogolomo akutukuka, akugwira madera akuluakulu.
Kutenga matenda m'minda yabwinobwino kumakhudza kwambiri miliri m'misika yamalonda. M'madera onse olima mbatata ku Russia, dera lomwe mumakhala mbatata m'minda yabwinopo limakulirapo kangapo kuposa malo onse amabungwe omwe amapanga mabungwe ambiri. M'malo otere, minda yamasamba yabwinobwino imatha kuwonedwa ngati chida cha inoculum padziko lonse lapansi chamalonda.
Tiyeni tiyese kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimafanana ndi anthu a P. infestans m'minda yazokha. Kubzala mbewu zopanda mbewu ndi kuika kwaokha mbatata, mbewu za phwetekere zomwe zimapezeka kwaopanga akunja odabwitsa, kulima mbatata ndi tomato kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo omwewo, mankhwala osayenera a fungicide kapena kupezeka kwawo kumabweretsa ma epiphytoties ovuta m'magulu aboma, zomwe zotsatira zake ndi zaulere kuwoloka, kusakanizidwa ndi mapangidwe a oospore m'minda yabwinobwino. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya genotypic imawonedwa, pomwe pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse uli wosiyana ndi mitundu yake (Elansky et al., 2001), ndikugawa kwa mitundu ya anthu kumakwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa Hardy-Weinberg (Amatkhanova et al., 2004), zomwe zimatsimikizira kuwoloka kwaulere mwa anthu. Oospores amapangidwa mwakhama mu ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwa (Smirnov, Elansky 1999). Kubzala mbatata za mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kuti mizere yolimbana ndi mitundu iliyonse itulukire. Mitundu yomwe yasankhidwa pankhaniyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusunthika kwawo poyerekeza ndi mitundu yomwe yakhudzidwa; ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa virulence (Amatkhanova et al., 2004; Shein et al., 2009). Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi machitidwe a "clonal lines" omwe amapezeka m'minda ikuluikulu yamabizinesi azolimo omwe ali ndi dongosolo loyenera lodzitchinjiriza ku ngozi yochedwa. "Clonal lines" (pomwe mitundu yonse yamatenda oyenda mochedwa m'munda imayimilidwa ndi mtundu umodzi kapena zingapo) imapezeka kulikonse m'maiko momwe kulima mbatata kumachitika kokha ndi minda yayikulu: USA, Netherlands, Denmark, ndi zina zambiri (Goodwin et al., 1994, Dyakov, Elansky, 2007, Cooke et al., 2006). Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, "mizere ya clonal" inali ponseponse kumadera aku Asia ndi Far East ku Russia (Elansky et al., 2001), zomwe zikuwoneka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofananira ya mbatata pokhapokha pobzala. Posachedwa, zomwe zidachitika mzigawozi zidayambanso kusintha kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu (SN Elansky, zomwe sizinafalitsidwe).
Kupezeka kwa chithandizo champhamvu ndi fungicidal kukonzekera kuli ndi zotsatira zina, zachindunji - palibe kudzikundikira kwa zovuta zosagwira m'minda. Zowonadi, zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti mitundu yokhudzana ndi metalaxyl sichimapezeka m'minda yabwinoko kuposa m'minda yamalonda (Elansky et al., 2007).
Kubzala kwapafupi kwa mbatata ndi tomato m'minda kumathandizira kusunthika kwa mitundu pakati pa mbewu izi, chifukwa chake, mzaka khumi zapitazi, pakati pa mitundu yotalikirana ndi mbatata, gawo la iwo omwe anyamula jini yokana mitundu yamatcheri yamatcheri T1, omwe kale anali ndi "tomato" wokha. Matenda omwe ali ndi jini la T1 nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kwambiri pa mbatata ndi tomato.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, vuto lochedwa pa phwetekere lidayamba kuonekera nthawi zambiri kuposa mbatata. Mbande za phwetekere zimatha kudzazidwa ndi ma oospores m'nthaka, kapena ma oospores omwe amapezeka mu nthangala za phwetekere kapena amamamatira (Rubin et al., 2001). Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, mbewu zambiri zotsika mtengo, makamaka zotumizidwa kunja, zawonekera m'masitolo, kuti agwiritse ntchito omwe opanga ang'onoang'ono asintha. Mbeu zimatha kubweretsa zovuta zama genotypes ofanana ndi zigawo zomwe amakula. M'tsogolomu, ma genotypes awa amaphatikizidwa munjira zogonana m'minda yabwinobwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yatsopano yatsopano.
Chifukwa chake, minda yabwinobwino ndi "poto wosungunuka" wapadziko lonse lapansi, momwe, chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa majini, ma genotypes omwe adalipo amasinthidwa ndikuwonekeranso atsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, kusankha kwawo kumachitika pansi pazikhalidwe zomwe ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidapangidwira mbatata m'minda yayikulu: kusapezeka kwa fungicidal press, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera, kutsogola kwa mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma virus ndi bakiteriya, pafupi ndi tomato ndi nightshades zakutchire, kuwoloka mwachangu ndi mapangidwe a oospore, kuthekera kuti oospores ayambitsenso matendawa chaka chamawa. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu kumbuyo kwa nyumba. Momwe zimakhalira ndi epiphytotic m'minda yamasamba, vuto lochedwa mochedwa limafalikira mwachangu ndipo zochuluka za spores zimamasulidwa, zikuwuluka kupita kubzala komwe kuli pafupi. Komabe, atafika kumisika yamalonda ndi njira yolondola yaukadaulo waulimi ndi chitetezo, ma spores omwe adalowera sangathe kuyambitsa mliri wam'munda, womwe umachitika chifukwa chakusowa kwa mizere yolimbana ndi fungicides 10 komanso yodziwika bwino ndi mitundu yolimidwa.
Gwero lina la main inoculum lingakhale matenda a tubers omwe atsekeredwa mu mbande zamalonda. Mitunduyi idakula, monga lamulo, m'minda yokhala ndi ukadaulo wabwino waulimi komanso chitetezo chamankhwala. Mitundu yodzipatula yomwe imakhudza ma tubers imasinthidwa ndikukula kwamitundu yawo. Mitundu iyi ndi yoopsa kwambiri pobzala malonda poyerekeza ndi inoculum yochokera kuminda yazokha. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wathu zimathandiziranso izi. Anthu omwe amakhala kutali ndi minda yayikulu yokhala ndi chitetezo choyenera cha mankhwala komanso ukadaulo wabwino waulimi samasiyana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri iyi ndi mizere ingapo yama clonal, yodziwika ndiukali kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa mitundu yolimbana ndi fungicide.
Zoyenga kuchokera kuzinthu zogulitsa zimatha kulowa anthu m'minda yamasamba ndikuchita nawo zomwe zikuchitika. Komabe, m'munda wamasamba, mpikisano wawo umakhala wotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi wamalonda, ndipo posachedwa adzaleka kukhalapo ngati clonal line, koma majini awo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa anthu "m'munda".
Matenda omwe amapezeka pazomera "zongodzipereka" komanso pamulu wa zimbudzi panthawi yokolola sizothandiza kwenikweni ku Russia, chifukwa M'madera omwe amalima mbatata kwambiri ku Russia, nthaka yozizira kwambiri yozizira imawonedwa, ndipo zomera kuchokera ku tubers zomwe zakhala m'nthaka nthawi zambiri sizimera.
Kuphatikiza apo, monga momwe kuyesa kwathu kukuwonetsera, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timayambitsa matendawa, monga lamulo, sizimakhala pamafunde otentha ngakhale pa ma tubers omwe apitilizabe kugwira ntchito. Kudera louma, komwe kulimidwa mbatata zoyambirira kumachitika, vuto lochedwa mochedwa ndilosowa chifukwa cha nyengo yowuma komanso yotentha.
Chifukwa chake, pano tikuwona kugawidwa kwa P. infestans anthu kukhala "m'munda" komanso "m'munda". Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, njira zakhala zikuwonetsedwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana ndi kulowererapo kwa majeremusi ochokera kwa anthuwa.
Mwa iwo, titha kuzindikira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kuwerenga kwa opanga ang'onoang'ono, kutuluka kwa mapaketi ang'onoang'ono a mbatata za mbewu, kufalikira kwa mapangidwe a fungicidal m'maphukusi ang'onoang'ono, komanso kutaya mantha kwa "chemistry" ndi anthu.
Zinthu zimabwera pamene, chifukwa chantchito yogwira ntchito ya m'modzi wogulitsa, midzi yonse imabzalidwa ndi mbewu zofananira zamtundu umodzi ndikupatsidwa maphukusi ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala omwewo. Titha kuyerekezera kuti mbatata za mitundu yofananayo zitha kupezeka m'malo obzala malonda pafupi.
Kumbali inayi, makampani ena ogulitsa mankhwala akupha amalimbikitsa njira za "bajeti" zopangira mankhwala. Poterepa, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumachepetsedwa ndipo fungicides yotsika mtengo imaperekedwa, ndipo sikulimbikitsidwa pakuletsa kukula kwa vuto lakumapeto mpaka kudula nsonga, koma pakuchedwa kwa epiphytoty kuti muonjezere zokolola. Ndondomeko zoterezi ndizovomerezeka pachuma polima mbatata kuchokera kuzinthu zotsika, pomwe kulibe lingaliro lopeza zokolola zambiri. Komabe, pakadali pano, mosiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'mundamo, mbadwa zomwe zatulutsidwa zomwe zimalola mbatata zimalola kusankhidwa kwa mitundu ya michere ya phytopathogens, yomwe ndi yowopsa pamitundu iyi.
Zizolowezi pakuphatikizana kwa "munda" ndi "munda" njira zopangira mbatata zimawoneka ngati zowopsa kwa ife. Pofuna kupewa zotsatirapo zake zoyipa, mnyumba komanso zamalonda, zikufunika kuwongolera mitundu yonse ya mbatata zambewu ndi mitundu yambiri ya fungicides yoperekedwa kwa eni ake m'maphukusi ang'onoang'ono, komanso kutsatira njira zotetezera mbatata komanso kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides mgulu lazamalonda.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mbewu ku Russia, mbatata zambiri zimatumizidwa kuchokera kunja. Pamodzi ndi izi, mitundu yatsopano, mwina yayikulu kwambiri yothandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidzaitanitsidwa, kuphatikiza. choipitsa mochedwa.
Ku Russia, geni yawo idzakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chobereketsa mitundu yatsopano, yosinthidwa malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri komanso kugonjetsedwa kwa mitundu yolimidwa ku Russia.
M'madera azinsinsi, pali chitukuko chambiri chongokhala zoopsa osati mochedwa kokha, komanso Alternaria. Ambiri omwe ali ndi minda yabwinobwino satenga njira zapadera zodzitetezera ku Alternaria, kulakwitsa kukonza kwa Alternaria pakufota kwamasamba kapena kukulitsa koipitsa mochedwa. Chifukwa chake, ndikukula kwakukula kwa Alternaria pamitundu yomwe ingatengeke mosavuta, ziwembu zanyumba zitha kukhala gwero la inoculum pakudzala malonda.
Ntchitoyi idachitika mothandizidwa pang'ono ndi Russian Science Foundation (projekiti N 14-50-00029).
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa munyuzipepala yoteteza "mbatata" (No. 1, 2015)