Evgeny Simakov, Mtsogoleri wa Experimental Potato Gene Pool Department, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Pulofesa wa A. G. Lorani"
Pakalipano, chifukwa cha vuto lalikulu lopatsa opanga mbewu zovomerezeka, kufunikira kwa mitundu yapakhomo ya m'badwo watsopano, mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakono pamsika wa mbatata potengera zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazachuma, zakula kwambiri. .
Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa zinthu kumafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zoyendetsera bwino zomwe zimayang'ana makamaka kukonzanso zida zamakono komanso zamakono zazinthu ndi luso la mabungwe omwe alipo kale asayansi. Ngati zomwe zakwaniritsidwa ku Russia zikufanana ndi mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya analogue yakunja yomwe ikufunika pamsika wambewu ndi mbatata zamalonda, zimakhala zotheka kufulumizitsa kuchulukitsa kwa mitundu yatsopano yolonjeza kuti mupeze osankhika apamwamba.
Mkati mwa dongosolo lomwe likupitilira "Kukula kwa kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu ku Russian Federation kwa 2017-2025", Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi Unduna wa Zamaphunziro ndi Sayansi waku Russia adazindikira omwe atenga nawo gawo pama projekiti ophatikizika asayansi ndiukadaulo. KSTP) ndi mapulogalamu ophatikizika a kafukufuku wasayansi (CPNI) kuti apange ndikulimbikitsa mwachangu mitundu yatsopano yobala zipatso popanga potengera umisiri wamakono wolima mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri.
Zotsatira za kuyesa kwachilengedwe kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata yomwe idapangidwa pakukhazikitsidwa kwake, ikakula m'mabizinesi aulimi a zigawo 9 za Russian Federation (North-Western, Central, Volga, Ural, etc.) komanso nyengo, mitundu yambiri yatsopanoyi imapereka zokolola zambiri zomwe sizitsika poyerekeza ndi ma analogi akunja. Kupanga kufunikira kwa mitundu yatsopano yapakhomo, kutchuka kwawo kwakukulu sikofunikira osati kuchokera kumbali ya eni ma patent, komanso kuchokera kwa omwe adayambitsa. M'zochita, mwatsoka, mitundu yatsopano yopangidwa ndi obereketsa aku Russia, atalowa mu State Register, imakhalabe yosadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mbewu zotsimikizika kwa ogula, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa bwino ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Gulu 1.
Gulu 1. Mitundu yotsogola pamsika wambatata wa Russia Federation (data kuchokera ku Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhozcenter, 2020)
Mzere | Woyambitsa | Mbewu zobzalidwa | ||
matani | % | |||
Nevsky | FITs mbatata iwo. A.G. Lorkha | 11120 | 13,75 | |
Zabwino zonse | - // - | 1942 | 2,48 | |
Aurora | - // - | 1556 | 1,99 | |
Zhukovsky molawirira | - // - | 936 | 1,26 | |
Gulliver | - // - | 392 | 0,50 | |
Linga | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Charoite | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Munthu wa gingerbread | - // - | 289 | 0,37 | |
Meteor | - // - | 242 | 0,31 | |
Makonda | - // - | 194 | 0,25 | |
Ndalama | - // - | 173 | 0,22 | |
Sineglazka 2016 | - // - | 125 | 0,16 | |
Grandee | - // - | 117 | 0,15 | |
Фиолетовый | - // - | 110 | 0,14 | |
Sadon | - // - | 80 | 0,10 | |
Ariel | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Zodabwitsa | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Fritella | - // - | 36 | 0,04 | |
Hussar | - // - | 25 | 0,03 | |
Kukongola Meshchera | - // - | 21 | 0,02 | |
ZONSE: | 21802 | 26,8 | ||
Wofiyira | HZPC Holland BV | 15313 | 18,8 | |
Gala | Norika | 13307 | 16,4 | |
Colombo | HZPC Holland BV | 13283 | 16,3 | |
woyambitsa | HZPC Holland BV | 12501 | 15,4 | |
Newton | Frito-Lay Kumpoto kwa America | 2590 | 3,2 | |
Arizona | Agrico UA | 2475 | 3,1 | |
ZONSE: | 59469 | 73,2 | ||
Pakalipano, kuonjezera mphamvu ya kusankha kwapakhomo ndikusamutsira ku msinkhu watsopano kungatheke kokha pamaziko a mgwirizano wapagulu ndi wachinsinsi (mkuyu 1). Poganizira kuti mabungwe ambiri obereketsa, mabungwe aboma ndi mabizinesi obereketsa ndi mbewu samalumikizana pang'ono ndipo akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito paokha, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza kuyesetsa kuti pakhale dongosolo lamakono la kuswana mbatata ndi kupanga mbewu potsatira mfundo za mgwirizano pakati pa anthu wamba. .
Kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yolowa m'malo mwa mbatata, pazaka 10 zapitazi, mitundu yopitilira 20 yosankha mbatata ya FRC yotchedwa A.I. A. G. Lorkha, mwa omwe amadziwika kwambiri mitundu yoyambirira: Krepysh, Meteor, Gulliver; m'ma koyambirira: Ariel, Krasa Meshchery, Sadon, komanso zinthu zatsopano: Sprinter, Flagman ndi Mirage. Zambiri mwa mitunduyi ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito patebulo.
Imodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino yokhwima yoyambilira pambuyo pa 2010 ndi Meteor (zovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera ambiri a Russia). Zimasiyana osati kumayambiriro kwa tuberization, komanso, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri, kumayambiriro kwa mbeu yogulitsa. Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera kumera pamitundu yonse ya dothi, koma ndizosavuta kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe ozungulira a tubers pa dothi lokhala ndi dongosolo labwino. Kuti mupeze kupanga koyambirira, ndikofunikira kutenthetsa ma tubers, ndipo kumera bwino ndikwabwino (mbande mpaka 1 cm). Kufunika kwa zakudya zamchere kumakhala kofala kwa mitundu yoyambirira. Ngati mbatata idapangidwa kuti isungidwe, ntchito ya nayitrogeni iyenera kukhala yochepa: 70% musanabzale, 30% isanapangidwe tuber. Mukakulitsa zokolola zoyambirira, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kumalimbikitsidwa. Miyezo ya phosphorous ndi potashi feteleza amawerengedwa kutengera zotsatira za mayeso a nthaka. Kuyankha kwamitundumitundu pakugwiritsa ntchito kowonjezera kwa magnesium ndi manganese kunadziwika. Mphukira zimawoneka mwamtendere komanso mwachangu, kutseka kwa mizere kumachitikanso kwakanthawi kochepa, chifukwa chake, chithandizo chanthawi yake komanso chokhazikika chothana ndi choipitsa chakumapeto ndikofunikira. Kusintha kwa chinyezi m'nthaka kungayambitse kuyambiranso kukula kwa tuber ndikuwoneka "zophukira" pamachubu akulu. Zosiyanasiyana zimagonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina, koma zimatengera milungu iwiri kapena itatu kuchotsedwa kwa nsonga kuti apange peel "yolimba". Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali pa kutentha koyenera + 4оC.
Linga - mitundu ina yoyambirira, yofala kwambiri m'madera aku Russia. Zoyenera kukula pamitundu yonse ya dothi, komabe, zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za kuchuluka ndi kufanana kwa ma tubers zimapezeka pa nthaka yachonde ya loamy. Nthawi yogona ndi yaifupi, kenako kumera kwa ma tubers ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumachitika mwachangu. Izi zamitundumitundu ndizofunikira kuziganizira ngati kuli kofunikira kukulitsa mbewu yachiwiri ya mbatata kumadera akumwera kwa dzikoli. Kuti mupeze kupanga koyambirira, kutentha kapena kumera pang'ono kwa ma tubers (kuphukira mpaka 1 cm) ndikotheka. Pazosiyanasiyana, kulimidwa kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kupanga dothi lokhala ndi dothi labwino kwambiri ndikofunikira, zomwe zipangitsa kuti tuberization ikhale bwino. Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wofunikira kumawerengedwa molingana ndi muyezo wamitundu yoyambirira, ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu kutengera zotsatira za mayeso a nthaka. Mukakulitsa zokolola zoyambirira, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kumalimbikitsidwa. Zosiyanasiyana zimayankha bwino pakuthirira, chifukwa chinyezi chabwino kwambiri cha nthaka chimatsimikizira kuti tuberization imakhazikika komanso kugulitsidwa kwakukulu. Kukula kwamphamvu kwa misa yomwe ili pamwambapa komanso kutseka mwachangu kwa mizere kuyenera kuganiziridwa popanga njira yochizira fungicidal zomera zamasamba. Akakhwima, peel imalimbitsa pang'onopang'ono mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo ma tubers amasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi stolons. Kukolola kumayamba pasanathe milungu itatu kuchotsedwa kwa nsonga, nthawi zina kubwereza mobwerezabwereza ndikofunikira. The zosiyanasiyana ali pafupifupi kukana mawotchi kuwonongeka. Kukolola ma microdamages kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chinyezi kuchokera ku tubers ndi kumera msanga. Zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwira kupanga koyambirira (kusungirako mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kumaloledwa). Zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika ndi nthawi yochepa yopumira, kutentha koyenera kusunga mbewu za mbatata + 4-5.оC. Pofuna kupewa kutayika kwa chinyezi ndi ma tubers, ndikofunika kuti panthawi yozizira panthawi ya chithandizo, kusiyana pakati pa kutentha kwa mbatata ndi mpweya wozizira kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kuchepa kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kutentha kwa tubers kuyenera kukhala mkati. 0,5-0,7оC.
Gulliver (mu State Register ya Russian Federation kuyambira 2018) imaphatikizidwanso m'gulu lamitundu yoyambirira ya tebulo. Multituber, imafuna malo opangira mbewu: ikalimidwa kuti ipange malonda, kachulukidwe kameneka ndi 40 pa ha. Mitengo ya feteleza yotengera matani 40 a machubu ogulitsidwa kuchokera ku 1 ha mpaka (a.i./ha) N:P:K:Mg mu chiŵerengero cha 170-180:100-110:310-320:70-80. Nayitrogeni ndi yofunika kwambiri - 170 kg / ha, yochokera ku a.i., poganizira nthaka; gwiritsani ntchito pang'onopang'ono 50/50, makamaka pa dothi lopepuka - pakubzala ndi zomera pamitengo yotalika masentimita 15. Mitundu yoyambirira: kale mu Ogasiti, kukalamba kwachilengedwe kwa nsonga kumayamba, chifukwa chake, kuti atalikitse nyengo yakukula. koyenera kuchita mavalidwe apamwamba munthawi yake limodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mochedwa pamlingo wa 5 -10 N/ha (malinga ndi a.i.). M'pofunikanso kusamalira ubwino wa tubers powonjezera K ndi Mg. Pa dothi lomwe lili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi nkhanambo, ndi bwino kuthirira madzi atangoyamba kumene tuberization.
Medium oyambirira tebulo zosiyanasiyana Ariel akatswiri amatcha kwambiri chosinthika mu MITUNDU YA NYEMBA mzere. Chifukwa cha pulasitiki yake yapamwamba, imasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri m'madera ambiri a ku Russia. M’chaka chouma cha 2021, itakula popanda kuthirira, idapereka zokolola zapakati pa 43,4 mpaka 55,5 t/ha. Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zofunikira zonse kuti zilowe pamwamba pa opanga aku Russia. Choyamba, mtundu wamtunduwu uli ndi makolo obala kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi mphamvu zabwino za majini; Kachiwiri, imalimbana ndi chilala, ngakhale ikapanda chinyezi, imayika mpaka ma tubers 15 ndi "kuwakoka" kuti agulitse. Ubwino wina ndikuwonjezera kukana kuwonongeka kwamakina ngakhale poyeretsa kutentha kwa +8-10оC. Kusungidwa kwa ma tubers ndikokwera kwambiri.
Medium oyambirira tebulo zosiyanasiyana Sadon kuphatikizidwa mu State Register ya Russian Federation mu 2020, uku ndikukwaniritsa limodzi kwa oweta a FRC Potato otchedwa A.I. A. G. Lorch ndi FAT-AGRO. Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera kumera pamitundu yonse ya dothi, komabe, zotulukapo zabwino kwambiri zimapezedwa pamapapo opangidwa bwino. Zokolola zokwana 2021 t/ha zidapezedwa m'malo othirira a AFG National mu 83,3. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yopuma, koma palibe kulamulira kwa apical pakamera. Musanabzale, tikulimbikitsidwa kuchitira tubers ndi mankhwala othana ndi rhizoctoniosis. Kufunika kwa nayitrogeni ndi 10-15% kutsika kuposa masiku onse amitundu yoyambirira. Fractional nayitrogeni ntchito: 75% musanadzalemo, 25% pamaso tuber mapangidwe. Mlingo wa kugwiritsa ntchito phosphorous ndi potashi feteleza amawerengedwa motsatira zotsatira za kusanthula nthaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza organic osavomerezeka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tubers ndi nkhanambo. Mbande zimawoneka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kukula kwa misa yomwe ili pamwambapa imachitika mwachangu, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pochita mankhwala a fungicidal a zomera zamasamba. Zosiyanasiyana zimapirira chilala, zimagonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina oyambirira (masabata awiri asanakolole) kuchotsa nsonga. Kutentha kusinthasintha pa yosungirako kungayambitse msanga kumera tubers.
Medium oyambirira tebulo zosiyanasiyana Kukongola Meshchera idaphatikizidwanso mu State Register ya Russian Federation mu 2020. Zokolola ndizochuluka, chiwerengero cha tubers pa chitsamba ndi zidutswa 14-18. Kalasiyo ndi yoyenera kulima pamitundu yonse ya dothi. Ma tubers ndi ozungulira-oval, ndi kukula kwake kumakhala ndi chizolowezi chowoneka ngati peyala. Nthawi yogona ndi yapakatikati. Zosiyanasiyana zimatchula kulamulira kwa apical, chifukwa chake, musanabzale, ndi bwino kuthyola mphukira za apical ndikulimbikitsa kumera kwa maso ozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotentha (+ 20-30).оKUCHOKERA). Chodabwitsa cha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndikuti ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni pang'ono: 70% musanabzale, 30% musanabzalidwe. Mwina ntchito imodzi ya nayitrogeni. Feteleza wa phosphorous amagwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira zotsatira za kusanthula nthaka, ndipo feteleza wa potashi amathiridwa 10-15% kuposa mlingo wowerengeka kuti apewe zovuta zakuda kwa tuber zamkati. Mphukira zimawonekera mwachangu, komanso kukula kwa misa yomwe ili pamwambapa ndi kutseka kwa mizere, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pochita chithandizo cha fungicidal. Zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuchotsa nsonga zake milungu iwiri musanakolole kuti mutsimikizire kulimba kwa peel. Mawonekedwe amitundu nthawi yosungira - amatha kupanga zipsera za apical; tcheru kugwedezeka pamene mukutsitsa kuchokera kusungirako (kuda kwa zamkati kumadziwika): kuti mupewe kuwonongeka, m'pofunika kutenthetsa ma tubers. Ndi bungwe loyenera la kusungirako, ndizotheka kupewa "kukalamba" mofulumira kwa thupi komanso kutaya madzi m'thupi kwa tubers.
Ndikufuna chidwi cha owerenga angapo posachedwapa kuswana zomwe zikuchitika.
Mitundu ya tebulo lapakati-nyengo Mbendera kutengera mawonekedwe amtundu komanso kukula kwa ma tubers, zimafanana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Arrow. Zosiyanasiyana zoyambirira Sprinter opangidwa kuti apange apamwamba ang'onoang'ono mbatata. Onse akhala pa Mayeso a State Variety kuyambira 2021.