Kukulitsa zokolola zochuluka, kubwereranso pa mita iliyonse ya nthaka ndi ntchito wamba pafamu iliyonse. Opanga zaulimi amawathetsa chaka ndi chaka, ndipo ziyenera kudziwika kuti amachita bwino kwambiri: zisonyezo zokolola zikukwera pang'onopang'ono.
Alexey Egorov, Mutu wa Zamitengo Yoteteza Chomera, Agrotrade
Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90s, kupeza 10 t / ha ya mbatata kunkaonedwa ngati zotsatira zoyipa, 15 t / ha inali zotsatira zabwino, ndipo 20 t / ha inali chabe kuchita bwino kwambiri.Tsopano, tikamanena zachuma chopindulitsa kwambiri, tikutanthauza kuti sonkhanitsani pafupifupi 50-70 t / ha. M'malo mwake, pazaka 10 zapitazi, zokolola m'magawo amakampani zakula nthawi 4,5-7 (kutengera famu).
Kodi chimachititsa kuti manambala akhale otani? Kuchulukitsa kuchulukitsa katundu panthaka.
Timalankhula za katunduyu, tikutanthauza kuchulukitsa kwa michere m'nthaka, ndi kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake, ndi kupangika kwa nthaka, komanso kuchuluka kwa tizirombo, namsongole, ndi kuwonongeka kwa mkhalidwe wa phytopathological.
Nthawi yomweyo, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, alimi ambiri a mbatata anakana kutsatira malamulo otembenuza mbewu. Minda, chabwino, imakwaniritsa nyengo yobala zipatso, pomwe mbatata zibwerera kumunda mchaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, koma sizachilendo kuti mbatata zibzalidwe pamunda womwewo kwa zaka zingapo, zomwe zimakhudza mtunduwo ndi phindu.
Potengera maziko awa, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mineral ndi mankhwala otetezera mbewu pakukula mbatata kwawonjezeka kangapo. Masiku ano, pobzala mbatata, mlimi amagwiritsa ntchito zosakanikirana zitatu, kapenanso kasanu mpaka kasanu ndi kamodzi ka zinthu zomwe zimateteza pakudya. Ngakhale kupezeka modekha komanso kufananirana kwachilengedwe kwa chitetezo chamakono chodzitetezera chomera ndi ma feteleza a mchere, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizowoneka bwino komanso osati zabwino mu nthaka.
M'chilengedwe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tonse tili ndi adani achilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena njira zachilengedwe zotetezera ndi feteleza amchere, timakhumudwitsa, ndikuletsa microflora yopindulitsa yazakudya, kuchepetsa chitukuko ndi kubereka tizilombo tofunikira. Zotsatira zake, matenda am'fungulo amalowedwa m'malo ndi bacterioses, mitundu yolimbikira komanso yolimba ya bowa, tizirombo tomwe sitingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mankhwala. Mosiyana ndi iwo, tikukulitsa mndandanda wazogwiritsidwa ntchito panthaka. Bwalo latsekedwa.
Pozindikira vutoli, alimi ena akukhazikitsa njira zopangira zinthu zamtunduwu, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pazinthu zadothi, kukonza zachilengedwe, koma izi zokha sizikhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu.Zomwe zimadziwika m'mabuku amalimidwe opanga mbewu, mbatata siziyenera kubwerera kumunda koyambilira kuposa pambuyo pake patadutsa zaka zinayi chomera itakwana, panthawiyi (potengera zomwe zimasinthanitsa ndi udzu wobiriwira), mundawo umapanga chonde m'nthaka Chiwerengero cha matenda omwe amapanga mbatata ndi tizirombo tina amachepetsa.
Alimi nthawi zambiri amafunsa: ndi mankhwala ati omwe ndi othandiza kwambiri kuthana ndi nematode? Njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera nematode ndi kusinthasintha mbewu, komwe kumakhala manyowa obiriwira komanso osachepera awiri omwe adalipo kale. Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zamankhwala zolimbana ndi nematode ziyenera kuyambitsidwa m'njira yovuta, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kwa mankhwala aliwonse kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa anthu a nematode, koma osathetsa kwathunthu. Ndizotheka kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pokhapokha ngati njira zonse zikuphatikizidwa nthawi imodzi: izi ndi njira zopatulira anthu, komanso kasinthasintha wa mbeu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otetezera chomera mokwanira.
Koma tikupitiliza ndi mutu wakukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoteteza zachilengedwe. Mwachidziwikire, njirayi ikutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya opanga ulimi. Ngati zaka khumi zapitazo mtengo wa zotchinjiriza zamitengo popanga mtengo wa mbatata zogulitsidwa unachokera pa 3 mpaka 10%, tsopano afika mpaka 20%.
Ngakhale zili choncho, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotsika mtengo m'mafamu sikunasinthe zaka zapitazi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, kugulitsa m'mafamu opita patsogolo kunali pamlingo wa 75-85%. Masiku ano manambalawa ndi ofanana. Ngakhale zili zachilungamo, titha kudziwa kuti lingaliro loti "kugulitsa" pazaka zapitazi lasintha modabwitsa: koyambirira mbatata iliyonse yayikulu idkagulitsidwa.
Koma kapangidwe kake kagwiritsidwe kamasinthidwanso. Zaka khumi zapitazo, ogula ambiri adagula mbatata pamsika m'matumba, lero okhala mumzinda amabwera ku sitolo kudzasankha phukusi laling'ono la mbatata zabwino pachakudya kuchokera ku assortment yomwe ilipo. Gawo lodyera komanso kudya mwachangu lidakulanso. Zotsatira za izi zonse zidali kuwonjezeka kwa zofunika pazida zopangira komanso mpikisano wokwera mtengo pakati pa opanga ulimi.
Ndipo aliyense akumva izi. Mukamawerengera ndalama ndi ndalama kumapeto kwa nyengo, alimi ambiri a mbatata amakakamizidwa kunena kuti mbewu ikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse.
Kodi njira yothanirana ndi izi ndi iti?
Mu lingaliro langa, pakupanga mbatata muyenera kuyang'ana chilinganizo chodziwikiratu: kuphatikiza kwamakemizidwe kuphatikizira mbewu komanso kuphatikizira kwaukadaulo waukadaulo.
Ngakhale si aliyense amene angakwanitse kuyesetsa kuzikhulupirira. Ngati minda yayikuru ikakhala yosavuta kuwerengetsa momwe amagwiritsira ntchito nthaka, ndiye kuti zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kwa alimi omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakulima mahekala 100200. Njira zothetsera minda ngati imeneyi zimatha kukhala mgwirizano waumisiri, kumanga njira zofananirana ndiukadaulo zokulira mbewu.
Ganizirani izi: kuzindikira nematode agolide m'minda kumapangitsa kuti wophatikiza mbatata abweretsenso mtengo wa chida chodzitetezera. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kuyika magawo omwe ali ndi kachilombo. Muzochitika zotere, lingaliro la mgwirizano limakhala chinsinsi cha kupulumuka kwamabizinesi ambiri.