Pakadali pano, helminthiase yazomera zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zowonda (nematode) ndivuto lalikulu pakupanga kwaulimi. Zotayika padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku nematode pafupipafupi 7-10%, ndikulimbana kwambiri, olima amalandila zosakwana 80% ya mbewuzo.
Mbatata zimayamwa mitundu ingapo ya nematode. Ena mwa iwo ndi tsinde (Ditylenchus destructor), gallic kumpoto (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), wotumbululuka (Globodera pallida Stone) ndi golide (Globodera rostochiensis). Tsinde (tuber) nematode imawononga malo obisika a mbewu (zonse nthawi yakula komanso nthawi yosungira), zomwe zimayambitsa matenda oopsa a ditylenchiasis. Mu zotuwa za tuber pansi pa peel tating'ono tating'ono timapangidwa timabowo mkati mwake. Madera omwe akukhudzidwawo amakhala ofewa ndipo amawonedwa mukakhala palpating. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tamenyani ndi kuvunda. Nthawi zambiri, matenda obzala mbewu amapezeka m'munda, ndipo m malo osungirako, matendawo amayamba kupita patsogolo.
Zilibenso zovulaza ndi ndulu yakumpoto ya nematode, yomwe imafalikira pamizu ndi tubers za mbatata ndikuthandizira kukulitsa meloidoginosis. Pa mizu ya Dietilenchosis, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi mbatata nematode mbewu, makulidwe (ma galls) amapangidwa. Tizilombo timeneti timalepheretsa mbewuzo kuzomera zam'madzi ndi michere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Mbatata yotumbatira imathanso kukonzanso zachuma za mbatata. Matendawa amakhala m'malo ozizira komanso otentha, afala kwambiri ku maiko aku Europe, ndipo akuyenera kukhala kunja kwaokha.
Chenjezo - CYST
Chimodzi mwazirombo zoyipa kwambiri ndi mbatata ya golide yotchedwa nematode, yomwe imayambitsa matenda owopsa - mbatata globoderosis (zomera zina za banja la Solanaceae zimayambukiranso, koma pang'ono).
Golden mbatata nematode imaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazilombo wazirichonse chaku Russia.
NKHANI YA NEMATODE CYST YAKUDALIRA BWANJI?
Akazi a chotupa nematode amapanga zotupa ndi mazira pamizu ya mbatata. Mutabzala mbatata mchaka, mphutsi zowuluka zimatuluka m'matumba kwa milungu 3-6 mothandizidwa ndi zotulutsa mizu ndikupatsira mizu. Mphutsi imalowa muzu kudzera muzu wa mizu ndipo kwa masiku angapo imayenda pamizu ya mizu, kenako imayima ndikupanga malo azodyera amitundu yayikulu. Kutengera kutentha kwa nthaka, akazi ndi abambo amapangidwa kuchokera ku mphutsi mkati mwa miyezi 1,5-2. Patangotha masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene mkazi wagwirana, mkaziyo amayamba kudziunjikira m'mimba. Atsikana achichepere oyera amakhala ndi golide nthawi yophukira ndipo mdziko muno amapita nthawi yozizira. Chakumapeto kwa moyo, thupi la mkazi limadzazidwa kwathunthu ndi mazira, osandulika mtundu wa kapisozi, wokutidwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba - chotupa.
Cysts imakhala m'nthaka, imayambitsa mizu yazomera pazomera zomwe zikubwera, ndipo ikhoza kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali (pafupifupi zaka 10) ngakhale popanda chomera.
Zimakhala zovuta kuthana ndi zotupa - njira zachikhalidwe (kuwotcha dothi lapamwamba ndikusinthasintha kwa mbewu) sizothandiza, sizikupezeka ndi mankhwala.
Pakadali pano, asayansi ambiri komanso akatswiri azaulimi akutenga mwayi pazokonzekera zachilengedwe (kutengera bowa wodya nyama), zomwe zimayambira pazinthu zachilengedwe "zolanda". Mankhwalawa, kuphatikiza pakuthandizira kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu, ali ndi maubwino owonjezera: siowopsa, samayambitsa chizolowezi chowononga.
Momwe MUNGAPANGIRE NEMATODE
Namawa ndi kanyongolotsi kakang'ono kozungulira (0,5-1 mm kukula) ndipo ndi kovuta kuwawona ndi maso. Koma mutha kuzindikira chomera chomwe chili ndi kachilombo ka zinthu zingapo zosiyana. Zinthu zoyambirira zimawoneka kale masabata 3-4 pambuyo poti mbande zamera: mbewuzo zimatsalira m'mbuyo pakukula, zimayamba kukhala zachikasu msanga (makamaka kuchokera kumunsi wotsika), zimakhala ndi zimayambira zochepa, masamba azipiringa.
Maluwa nthawi zambiri samakhala kapena osauka kwambiri. Tchire lomwe ladzaza kwambiri limamwalira nthawi yayitali isanakololedwe, ndikupanga tubers tating'ono kwambiri kapena ayi. Mizu ya zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ndi zofiirira, zazing'ono kuposa zachibadwa, ndipo ili ndi mizu yambiri yotsatira. Pakatikati mwa Julayi, mipira yagolide imapangidwa pamizu ya mbatata - chokhacho chokhacho chodziwitsa mbatata ya golide.
Kuti mudziwe zolondola, njira zodziwira zovuta zomwe zayambika zakonzedwa ndikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'mabuku akatswiri. Komabe, kumunda, ambiri aiwo - chifukwa chofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera - palibe.
Chifukwa chake, alimi amalimbikitsidwa kuti azisanthula nthaka chaka chilichonse kuti pakhale nematode. Vuto likangopezeka posachedwa, zimakhala zosavuta kuti muthane nalo.
KULIMA KWA NEMATODA
Magwero a kufalitsa kwa nematode ali ndi ma tubers a kachilomboka ndi nthaka yomwe ili ndi kachilombo (panthawi yokolola, ziphuphu zimagwera mizu ndikukhalabe m'nthaka). Ndi ma cysts omwe amatenga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kumadera onse atsopano, chifukwa amatha kusamutsira mbatata, ndi zida komanso nsapato.
Njira zazikulu za matenda:
• mutabzala tubers kachilombo;
• posunga ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo limodzi ndi athanzi machitidwe otentha kwambiri;
• mukamagwiritsa ntchito chida chomwe sichinapezeke chomwe chinakhudzana ndi nthaka chowonongeka;
• ma tubers akabzalidwe m'nthaka pomwe mbatata zoyambukiridwa kale zidabzalidwa.
Mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya mbatata ya golide yamatumbo imapangidwa m'malo omwe mbatata zimamera chaka ndi chaka, popanda kutsatira malamulo otembenuza mbewu.
ZOCHITIKA KU RUSSIA
Malinga ndi Rosselkhoznadzor, kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2018, malo omwe adadziwika kuti amagawika mbatata zagolidi ku Russia ali pafupi mahekitala 376, ndipo malo omwe amakhalamo anthu azikhalamo panthaka yoposa mahekitala 1 miliyoni.
Kuchulukitsidwa kwa mbatata za golide zagolide pakadali pano kumaphatikizapo zigawo 64 za dzikolo (kuphatikiza moyang'ana ku Urals, Siberia ndi Far East), m'ma dera a 906.
Kufalikira kwa mbatata zagolide za mbatata kumakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha minda yama mbatata ndipo zikuwopseza kwambiri chitetezo cha dzikolo.