SERGEY Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Doca-Gene Technologies LLC
Mapeto. Chiyambi cha nkhaniyi chili mu nyuzipepala "Potato System" No. 2 (2020)
Monga tawonera m'gawo loyamba la nkhaniyi, ndikofunikira kuwongolera modalirika matenda a virus pakupanga mbewu za mbatata chifukwa chazovuta zake. Ku Russia, kulolerana kosasunthika kwa matenda obisika kwayambika, kumatsimikiziridwa ndi njira zodziwira ma cell. Bizinesi iliyonse iyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimanyamula kachilomboka ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa matenda, chifukwa kuvulaza kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsabwe ndizosiyana kwambiri. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa geographical factor pakupanga mbewu kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa nyengo imakhudza kwambiri maziko opatsirana.
Table 4. Mphamvu za chilimwe ndi mitundu ya nsabwe za m'mapiko zonyamula ma virus, gawo la VNIIKH
Dzina (mitundu) ya nsabwe za m'masamba | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ma PC. | % | ma PC. | % | ma PC. | % | |
Pichesi wobiriwira | 116 | 26.1 | 58 | 50 | 54 | 49.5 |
Buckthorn | 35 | 7.9 | 6 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.7 |
Mbatata wamba | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
Nyemba yakuda | 230 | 51.7 | 32 | 27.6 | 36 | 33 |
Mbatata yaikulu | 16 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.8 |
Pea | 39 | 8.8 | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 6.4 |
Chiwerengero: | 445 | 100 | 116 | 100 | 109 | 100 |
M'zinthu za VNIIKH ndi VIZR (Zeyruk V.N. et al., 2017), zidadziwika kuti kusintha kwa biology ya phytofauna kunayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya nsabwe za m'masamba, nsabwe zamtundu wobiriwira. Ngati mu 1970-1971. (Chigawo cha Ramenskiy, dera la Moscow) cholengedwa ichi chinali pamalo achinayi pakati pa mitundu yodziwika, ndipo patapita zaka 35 inakhala yaikulu (Matebulo 4, 5).
M'chigawo cha Leningrad, kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba pa mbatata kumawonedwa kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka koyambirira kwa Ogasiti, ndipo mitundu ngati ya buckthorn ndi mbewu za legumi ndizofala (Berim M.N., 2017). Nsabwe zamtundu wamba ndi nsabwe za m'masamba zazikulu zimapezeka makamaka kumadzulo ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa derali. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri a VIZR, m'chigawo chapakati ndi chakum'mawa chiwerengero chachikulu cha nsabwe za m'masamba chimafika anthu 300-600 pamasamba 100 (pamene amadzaza 40-70% ya zomera), yomwe ndi chiwerengero cha anthu; m'mayiko akumadzulo - 1000-1400 anthu (mpaka 100% ya zomera okhalamo) - mkulu mlingo wa anthu. Phunziro la kuthawa kwa nsabwe za m'masamba kumwera (chigawo cha Kotlassky) ndi kumpoto (chigawo cha Kholmogorsky) Arkhangel
dera mu 2017-2018 pakubzala kwa mbatata (Popova LA et al., 2019) adawonetsa kusowa kwa nsabwe zamtundu wa pichesi ndipo, makamaka, malo opatsirana otsika, otsika kwambiri kuposa magawo aku Europe a IVD a nyengoyi (Table 6).
Kupanga mbewu za mbatata m'madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, mvula yambiri, kutentha kochepa kumachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwa matenda a virus. Nthawi zambiri, makamaka ku Netherlands, malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvu amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zabwino. Inde, nsabwe za m'masamba zimakulitsidwa kwambiri pamene liwiro la mphepo ndi losakwana 3 m / s. Koma ngati tifanizira maluwa a mphepo m'madera osiyanasiyana (mkuyu 6), zikuwonekeratu kuti nsabwe za ku Dutch zili ndi mwayi wokwanira kugunda mbatata ndi mphepo yamkuntho: mwayi ndi wosachepera 35%. Ndiko kuti, pafupifupi masiku awiri mphepo pa polders kwenikweni kuwomba kuchokera nyanja, ndipo tsiku lililonse lachitatu - kuchokera kum'mwera kapena kum'mawa. Kunena momveka bwino, nsabwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimagwira ntchito motsatira ndondomeko: patatha masiku awiri. "Mphepo inawomba kuchokera kunyanja" ndi chinyengo chotsatsa malonda, ndizopupuluma kudalira kokha pakuwongolera matenda a virus.
Table 5. Mphamvu za chilimwe ndi mitundu yopangidwa ndi mapiko aphid-vectors of virus, 2016
Dzina (mitundu) ya nsabwe za m'masamba | Chiwerengero cha nsabwe za m'masamba, okwana | Kuphatikizirapo ndi miyezi, makumi | ||||
zowonadi | zabwino | |||||
I | II | III | I | II | ||
EB "Korenevo", chigawo cha Luberetskiy, dera la Moscow. | ||||||
Pichesi wobiriwira | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 12.4 | 0.8 | 2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
Mbatata wamba | 1.6 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
Nyemba yakuda | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Cicadas | 48 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 31 |
Chiwerengero: | 22.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
Eb "Ilyinskoe", chigawo cha Domodedovsky, dera la Moscow. | ||||||
Pichesi wobiriwira | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 4 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
Mbatata wamba | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
Nyemba yakuda | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 |
Cicadas | 17 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Chiwerengero: Nsabwe za m'masamba | 7.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0 |
Cicadas | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Table 6. Mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimagwidwa ndi misampha yachikasu mu 2017-2018.
Mitundu | Chigawo cha Kotlas | Kholmogorsk chigawo | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||
Total, ma PC. | % | Total, ma PC. | % | Total, ma PC. | % | Total, ma PC. | % | |
Aulacorthum solaniKalt. | 43 | 30.71 | 21 | 12.72 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 12.15 |
Aphis Fabae Scop. | 25 | 17.86 | 44 | 26.67 | 7 | 8.24 | 19 | 17.75 |
Hyperomyzus lactucae L. | 17 | 12.14 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13.08 |
Aphis nasturtii Kalt. | 14 | 10 | 12 | 7.27 | 33 | 38.8 | 8 | 7.48 |
Macrosiphum rosae L. | 10 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphum padi L. | 9 | 6.43 | 26 | 15,76 | 2 | 2.35 | 25 | 23.36 |
Sitobion avenae F. | 8 | 7.51 | 15 | 9.1 | 7 | 8.24 | 9 | 8.41 |
Capitophorus elaeagni Guerc. | 6 | 4.29 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aphis sambuci L. | 4 | 2.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus Goot. | 2 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anoecia Corni F. | 2 | 1.43 | 4 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.16 | 11 | 10.28 |
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brachycaudus cardui Kalt. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cinara costata Zett. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.36 | 2 | 1.87 |
Rhopalosiphum insertum Walk. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5.61 |
okha | 140 | 100 | 165 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 107 | 100 |
Njira yosunthira pang'onopang'ono popanga mbewu za mbatata zaku Russia kupita kumadera akumpoto omwe ali ndi mphamvu yotsika ya vector yayamba. Mabizinesi amakono akugwira ntchito kale kumadera a Kostroma, Novgorod, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Karelia. Mphamvu ya Primorsky imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera la Kaliningrad. Mosakayikira, ntchito nyengo ndi kwakukulu malo kudzipatula polimbana ndi matenda tizilombo amapereka mabizinesi kumpoto kwambiri ubwino. Pamaso pa mwayi wachilengedwe wotere, ndi pachiwopsezo chopanda chilungamo kupitiliza kupanga mbewu za mbatata ku CCZ, dera la Volga, komanso kumwera. Nthawi zambiri, m'malingaliro mwanga, akatswiri opanga mbewu za mbatata ayenera kuyikidwa pamwamba pa 54 kufanana, pomwe pafupifupi kutentha kwa mwezi sikudutsa 20.оС, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mvula nthawi yakukula kumapitilira 260 mm. Nyengo yabwino sikuti imangosiyanitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba otsika, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti pakupanga mbewu zambiri zololera. Mbatata imatsindika ndikuchita molakwika mwa ana awo kumtunda wapamwamba ndi kutentha kwa nthaka ndi kusowa kwa chinyezi. Kumpoto kuli bwinoko? Ayi, pali zoletsa kuchokera kumpoto ndi kum'mawa - nthawi yopanda chisanu iyenera kukhala masiku osachepera 100, kuchuluka kwa kutentha kuyenera kupitirira madigiri 1200. Kuchuluka kwa mbeu zakumpoto kumachepa ndi zovuta za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kake. Zingakhale zanzeru kuwongolera zothandizira za pulogalamu yoweta ndi kupanga mbeu ya 2018-2025 kuti apange gawo limodzi la mbewu zakumpoto zomwe zimamera m'dziko la High Grade, koma pulogalamuyi sinafike pamlingo wokulira chotere. kumvetsetsa kwamavuto omwe alipo komanso magwiridwe antchito, otsogola a chitukuko.
Udindo wa zikhalidwe zotchinga
Mbewu zolepheretsa ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbewu pamlingo uliwonse wa kuthamanga kwa vector. Kusiyana kwamitundu pakati pa zomera ndi nthaka yopanda kanthu kwasonyezedwa kuti kumakopa nsabwe za m'masamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsabwe za m'masamba zambiri zigwere pa zomera zowonongeka. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimawona malo aliwonse osagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo otera - zosiyidwa, zipsera, kuchotsedwa kwa mbewu zopitilira zitatu motsatana pakutsuka phyto-cleaning, tramlines of sprayers ndi sprinkler. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa dothi lopanda kanthu kuzungulira ndi pakati pa mbewu za mbatata kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zawulukira. Chifukwa chake, kusiya madera aliwonse osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbewu pamagawo ambewu, kukhala kugawa mizere, malekezero a minda, ndikokongola, koma kumayambitsa kufalikira kwa matenda a virus (chithunzi 11).
Ndikoyenera kuyika mbewu zotchinga pafupi ndi mbewu za mbatata, ndikusiya njira zakuda kumbuyo kwawo (chithunzi 12, 13). Pankhaniyi, nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhudzidwa ndi kusiyana kwa mtundu ndikukhazikika pa zomera za chikhalidwe chotchinga. Pa kudyetsa kapena mayesero
jakisoni, mkamwa wake zida chitachotsedwa tizilombo particles. Popeza mbewu zotchinga sizikhala ndi ma virus, nsabwe za m'masamba zimakhala "zoyera" kapena zimachepa pang'ono pamene zikupita ku mbatata. Izi zimagwira ntchito bwino pamatenda ambiri a virus, kupatula FLRV.
Dera lomwe mbewu zotchingira zimamera zimakhala msampha wothandiza kwambiri wa nsabwe za m'masamba ngati ndi mtunda wa mita pang'ono, njira imodzi kapena ziwiri pobowola. Kusankhidwa kwa mbewu ndikokwanira, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti sionyamulira ma virus a mbatata. Mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi tirigu, rye, balere, mapira, manyuchi, ryegrass, etc. (chithunzi 14). Zomveka, koma zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera pamagawo ambewu, zosankha zopangira chotchinga cha nsabwe za m'masamba zimabzala pafupi ndi madambo ndi udzu (chithunzi 13) ndikubzala mbatata mozungulira mozungulira (chithunzi 15). Komabe, munthu ayenera kudziwa kuti palibe chiopsezo chosakaniza mitundu pokhapo ngati mbeu imodzi itayikidwa pamunda umodzi.
Ngati mbewu zotchinga sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti ndizomveka kulima mbewu zoteteza mbewu mozungulira mozungulira pafupipafupi kuposa mainsif kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu kuchokera pamizere yakunja podyera. Pakupanga mbewu za mbatata, mtundu wina wa zotchinga zamitundu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - kuyika dothi ndi oat kapena udzu wa mapira (chithunzi 16). Mtundu woyera wonyezimira umathamangitsa nsabwe za m'masamba ndikuwalepheretsa kusiyanitsa chotchinga chamtundu pakati pa dothi lopanda kanthu ndi zomera za mbatata. N'zoonekeratu kuti njira imeneyi angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa minda yaing'ono.
Zomera zogona
Pogona zomera kuti atetezedwe ku nsabwe za m'masamba onyamula matenda tizilombo mu mbatata mbewu si ponseponse. Ngakhale kuti nthawi ndi nthawi mauthenga pamutuwu amawonekera, ndipo mitundu iwiri ya zokutira imapangidwa ngakhale malonda. Yoyamba imaphatikizapo maukonde opangidwa ndi ulusi wa pulasitiki (mtundu wa maukonde a udzudzu, chithunzi 17), mu mawonekedwe a zinsalu zazikulu. Flying aphid, leafhoppers, psyllids sangathe kulowa m'maselo osakwana 0,6 mm. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha kafukufuku wazaka zambiri wa asayansi aku New Zealand (Merfield CN 2014, 2017, 2019), zidapezeka kuti ngakhale pansi pa mauna okhala ndi ma cell a 0,3 mm, pali nsabwe za m'masamba. Bwanji? Mwachibadwa chakudya cha tizilombo ndi champhamvu kwambiri. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimapeza mbatata mobisa. Sangathe kulowa mkati, palinso ana - nymphs aang'ono kwambiri (chithunzi 18), omwe nsabwe za m'masamba zimabereka nthawi yomweyo zamoyo ndi njala. Amakwawa kudzera m'maselo ang'onoang'ono. Ndipo pansi pa chivundikiro amayamba kuchulukitsa mofulumira. Kotero kuti amakopa, nawonso, adani. Amenenso ayenera kudziwa momwe angagonjetsere pogona. Mu chithunzi 19 - lacewing mazira, amene anaikidwa ndi njira ankatera kudzera pogona.
Vuto linanso la mauna woluka ndi kukwera kwa kutentha. Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa selo, kutentha kumakwera kwambiri. Pa 0,3 mm, kutentha pansi pa chivundikiro ndi 30% kuposa chilengedwe. Chinthu chachitatu ndikulowa kosakwanira pansi pa chitetezo cha zomera. Opanga ndi omwe amatsatira ukadaulo uwu amakakamizika kulangiza kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi fumigant. Kuti muwadziwitse, muyenera kukweza pogona, inde, osati kwakanthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa kudzipatula kukhala koyenera.
Chachinayi, pogona salola kuyeretsa, ndipo pakukula mbewu za mbatata, ndizofunikira, ngakhale m'magulu apamwamba. Chachisanu, kukwera kwakukulu kwa ntchitoyo. Mothandizidwa ndi ukadaulo, mutha kumasula ndikubwezeretsanso zinthuzo (chithunzi 20). Koma muyenera kutambasula pamanja, kugwira ndi kuwaza ndi dothi. Gulu la anthu 10 limanyamula mahekitala atatu pakusintha kulikonse. Popeza kuti ntchito za nthaka zimakhala zovuta, ubwino wa ufa umadalira khama la ogwira ntchito. Ngati dothi silinagwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira, makamaka m'malo, ndiye chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho yochokera ku mphepo yamphamvu, zinthuzo zimachotsedwa, ndipo zotsatira za pogona ziyenera kubwezeretsedwanso. Ndipo chomaliza - mtengo wokwera wa zinthu zama cell, kuchokera pa 3 mpaka 5 madola zikwi pa hekitala, ndi nthawi yotsatsa zaka 10.
Zida zophimba zosalukidwa - ubweya, spunbond, agrospan - ndizocheperako pakupanga mbewu za mbatata. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikuteteza ku chisanu ndikufulumizitsa kucha kwa mbewu zamasamba. Angathe kupereka chitetezo chokhwima ku nsabwe za m'masamba, chifukwa alibe maselo. Koma pokha posunga umphumphu, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzisunga. Zinthu zokhala ndi makulidwe a 17-40 microns zimang'ambika mosavuta ndi mphepo, matalala, nyama zakutchire, matayala agalimoto (chithunzi 21). Zoyipa zina ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe tidakambirana powonetsa zokutira zama cell. Popeza zinthu zotchingira zosalukidwa zimatha kutaya, mtengo wake pa nyengo ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa mauna - $ 600-700 / ha. Kutentha ndi permeability kwa zinthu zoteteza zomera ndi zoipa kwambiri. M'chilimwe, kutentha pansi pa nyumba yotereyi kumatha kugonjetsa mipiringidzo ya madigiri 40, pomwe palibe funso la momwe mbeu yambatata imakhalira, tuberization ndi kusonkhanitsa mbewu kumasiya. Pali lingaliro linalake pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotchingira zosalukidwa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula - atangopanga mikwingwirima ndikukhazikitsa dothi la herbicide, kuphimba, pokhapokha atachotsedwa kumayambiriro kwa stolon. mapangidwe. Choncho, zomera zidzatetezedwa modalirika ku matenda mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri, koma zidzatheka kupewa zotsatira zoipa za pogona pa tuberization, zokolola katundu ndi khalidwe la chitetezo. Ngakhale 90% ya alimi ambewu amawonabe kuti ntchito yaulimiyi ndi yopanda ntchito, chifukwa mbewuzo zimakhala zobisika kwa masiku 20-25 okha.
Mafuta amchere
Mafuta amchere adapangidwa koyamba kuti aletse kufalikira kwa kachilomboka m'zaka za m'ma 60 ndipo tsopano alimi a mbatata padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (Prasad R. et al., 2011). Mafuta a paraffinic mineral amatha kuletsa kufala kwa ma virus. Mitundu yambiri imadziwika pamsika (Sunoco 7E, Sunspray Ultrafine 85%, Sunspray 850 EC, Glacial Spray Fluid, Organic JMS Stylet Mafuta, Purespray / 13E), zonsezi zimavomerezedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito paulimi.
Mafuta a mchere asonyezedwa kuti amachepetsa mphamvu ya nsabwe za m'masamba kunyamula mavairasi osakhazikika m'njira zitatu: kusintha khalidwe lodyetsa; kukhala mwachindunji tizilombo kwenikweni ndi kusintha mogwirizana kwa kachilombo ndi nsabwe za m'masamba m'njira kuti kufala kwa kachilombo ndi mkhutu.
1. Mphamvu pa khalidwe la nsabwe za m'masamba. Kulowa kwa stylet muzomera kumachedwa pamene mbewuyo imapopera mafuta amchere. Ngati mbewu zimathiridwa ndi mafuta amchere, kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimayamba kudyetsa masekondi 30 oyamba pambewu zimachepetsedwa ndi 50%. Kuphatikiza apo, mafutawa amakhala othamangitsa nsabwe za m'masamba, koma amatha pafupifupi mphindi 30 mutatha kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
2. Direct insecticidal kanthu pa nsabwe za m'masamba. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuwonongedwa kwachindunji kwa nsabwe za m'masamba mothandizidwa ndi mafuta amchere. Monga mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo, mphamvu ya mafuta amchere zimatengera nthawi yayitali yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafuta akapopera masamba aphid obiriwira a pichesi asanawonekere, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa chimayambira pa 11,7 mpaka 20,8% (Martin et al., 2004). Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa masamba atagwidwa ndi nsabwe zobiriwira za pichesi zinapangitsa kuti 80% azifa (Martin et al. 2006). Mafutawa amagwira ntchito kwambiri ngati kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'masamba kumakhala kochepa.
3. Kuchepetsa kufala kwa kachilomboka. Zinapezeka kuti mafuta amchere amalepheretsa kusungidwa kwa kachilomboka mkamwa mwa nsabwe za m'masamba komanso pa stylet. Nthawi zambiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta PVY timatha kukhala pamtundu wa aphid wobiriwira wa pichesi kwa maola pafupifupi 17 mutadya chomera chomwe chili ndi kachilomboka. Komabe, mankhwala opangira mafuta a zomera amabweretsa nthawi yosungira ma virus kwa mphindi 2 zokha (Wrobel B., 2009), zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matendawa ndi 50-70% poyerekeza ndi zowongolera zosasamalidwa (Powell et al., 1998; Boiteau et al. , 2008).
Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi kumapangitsa mafuta amchere kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi kufalikira kwa ma virus. Pankhaniyi, zotsatira zazikulu zikhoza kutheka ndi wokhazikika processing m'munda wonse.
Pali zizindikiro zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito bwino mafuta. Choyamba, iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu theka loyamba la nyengo kukula, pamaso mapangidwe tubers. Mlingo wogwira mtima ndi lita imodzi patsiku, i.e. ngati chitetezo chikukonzekera masiku 5, ndiye kuti mlingo ndi 5 l / ha, ngati masiku 10, ndiye 10 l / ha. Koma ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu, ndizosatheka kusunga choletsa chotsatirachi - ndende yabwino kwambiri m'madzi ndi 1,0-1,5%. Pa mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa 2%, masamba amawotcha kwambiri amawonedwa, ofanana ndi zizindikiro za Alternaria (Zithunzi 22, 23).
Mafuta osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka ku Russia Federation ndi okwanira. Classic mafuta a parafini amaimiridwa ndi zopangidwa Kukonzekera 30 Plus (NPF Sober) ndi Olemix (Sumitomo), rapeseed oil esters - Mero (Bayer) ndi Rapsol (Elite Agrosystems) ndipo pali kukonzekera kumodzi kophatikizana ndi malathion ndi mafuta amchere - Prophylactin ( August). Palibe m'modzi mwa iwo amene ali ndi chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito ngati aficide pambewu ya mbatata. Ndipo kawirikawiri, sizimayikidwa ngati njira zodzitetezera, koma monga zowonjezera - zonyowetsa zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Koma mu udindo uwu palibe zoletsa ntchito.
Dongosolo la mitengo yamafuta amchere lero likuchokera ku 150 (Kukonzekera 30 Plus) mpaka 700 (Mero) rubles / lita. Amasakanizana bwino ndi mankhwala aliwonse oteteza zomera, koma pali zambiri zokhudza zotsatira zosafunika akasakaniza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Ranman Top, Shirlan, mkuwa ndi sulfure ndi feteleza wa micronutrient, wokhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Biscay. Kuonetsetsa kulamulira mosalekeza nsabwe za m'masamba, mafuta bwino ntchito yekha kapena osakaniza kukhudzana ndi tizilombo, mu intervals pakati pa ntchito fungicides ndi zokhudza zonse tizilombo.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Kuti mupange njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala othandizira kuthana ndi ma vectors a matenda obwera chifukwa cha ma virus, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa njira zonse ziwiri zopatsira ma virus ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Kachilombo ka masamba a mbatata amafalikira mosalekeza. Kaloŵa mu nsabwe za m'magazi, tizilombo timakhalabe ndi matenda moyo wake wonse. Kusamutsa kwamtunduwu kumafuna nthawi yayitali yodyetsa. Kufalitsa kogwira mtima kwa kachiromboka kumatenga mphindi 10 mpaka 20, ndipo nthawi yofananira imafunikira kuti kachilomboka kafalikire ku chomera chathanzi. Chifukwa chake, nsabwe za m'masamba ziyenera kukhalabe pachomera kwa nthawi yayitali. Mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya nsabwe za m'mbatata, nsabwe za pichesi Myzus persicae ndi nsabwe za m'mbatata Macrosiphum euphorbiae, ndizomwe zimanyamula kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa. Kuphatikiza apo, nsabwe zamtundu wa pichesi zimatha kufalikira kuwirikiza ka 10 kuyerekeza ndi nsabwe za m'mbatata. The kulimbikira akafuna kufala ndi yosavuta kulamulira. Mankhwala onse ophera tizilombo ndi othandiza pankhaniyi. Choncho, pamene VSLV mu mbewu mbatata mbisoweka.
Osalimbikira, ndiye kuti, mwamakina, mitundu ina yonse ya ma virus omwe amayambitsa masamba amasamba: A, X, M, S, Y. Ma virus awa amasamutsidwa kupita ku stylet (kudyetsa kamwa) wa nsabwe za m'masamba kuchokera ku mbewu za mbatata zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mbewu mwachangu, m'mphindi imodzi yokha. Nsabwe zikauluka kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi kupita ku china, zimazifufuza, kuzilawa, ndipo ngati sizikuvomerezeka, zimapitirizabe kuyenda. Chifukwa cha kusonkhanitsa kwakanthawi kochepa komanso nthawi yopatsirana matenda, nsabwe za m'masamba zosakhala m'matumbo zimathandizira kwambiri kufalikira kwa ma virus a mosaic. Pachifukwachi, mavairasi oterewa amatha kufalikira m'munda wonse mofulumira kwambiri kuposa FFLC. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo sikumatheka kuwongolera ma virus. Polimbana ndi jakisoni woyeserera, kupita mwangozi ku mbatata, mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi kugogoda ndi othandiza kwambiri. Mankhwala otchedwa selective food blockers (pymetrozine, flonicamide) amaumitsa msanga nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimayesa kudyetsa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, translaminar sizimathandiza kwambiri poletsa kufala kwa mitundu yosakhalitsa. Koma nthawi zonse amakhala gawo lovomerezeka lachitetezo cha alimi ambiri a mbatata, chifukwa amachepetsa kufalikira kwa ma virus, kubzala ndi kubzala, kufalikira kwa ma virus popondereza modalirika mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba.
Mndandanda wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amaloledwa kupondereza nsabwe za m'masamba ku Russian Federation ndi wolemera komanso wosiyanasiyana. Mphamvu ya knockdown imaperekedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin. Neocotinoid mankhwala amaimiridwa ndi mamolekyu yogwira acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam. Ndi zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito d) Zinthu ndi njira zina zochita: bifenthrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramat, chlorantraniliprol, dimethoate, flonikamide. The zovuta kupondereza zotsatira amaperekedwa ndi mankhwala osakaniza lambda-cyhalothrin + acetamiprid, spirotetramate + imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera kwa alimi aku Russia ndi amakono kwambiri komanso okhala ndi malire amalola kupereka chitetezo chokwanira. Mu EU yemweyo, ambiri a neonicotinoids anali oletsedwa chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa njuchi. Kodi ziwembu zabwino kwambiri ndi ziti? Mwachitsanzo, makampani a Syngenta ndi Bayer amapereka njira zawo zodzitetezera ku nsabwe za m'masamba, chifukwa ali ndi mankhwala angapo ophatikizira opha tizilombo. Koma muzochitika zonse muyenera kusankha mosamala, ndi bwino kuphatikiza mankhwala ochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana. Popanga dongosolo la chitetezo cha mankhwala, m'pofunika kusunga mfundo zodziwika bwino: musalole kugwiritsira ntchito motsatizana ndi mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ena omwe ali ndi njira yosiyana. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a pyrethroid ndi okwanira, monga mawonekedwe a masamba okhuthala komanso kuthamanga kwa vector kumawonjezeka, kusinthana ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito zomasulira ndi zinthu zophatikizidwa. Kwa pyrethroids, denga la kutentha kwabwino ndi 25оC. Nthawi yogwira ntchito ya pyrethroids - mpaka masiku 7, mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso ophatikizana - masiku 14.
Pali zambiri za kuyambika kwa kukana kwa nsabwe za pichesi ku Europe ku deltamethrin, acetamiprid, ndi esfenvalerat. Ku United States, palibe mfundo zotere zomwe zalembedwa. Osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (dv-va: deltamethrin, flonikamide, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, pymetrozin) nthawi yachilimwe ya njuchi m'derali, kukhalapo kwa namsongole m'minda ya mbatata, kapena ngati kukula kwa nsabwe za m'masamba kumaloledwa ndipo njuchi zapanga. , kukopa njuchi. Zina za d.-va zingayambitse kuledzera komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito, i.e. Pakhoza kukhalanso kuwonjezereka kodabwitsa kwa msinkhu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndikoyenera kuchita chithandizo pokhapokha ngati chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwafika. M'pofunika kuganizira zotsatira za nsabwe za m'masamba kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala mbewu. Chitetezo chiyenera kupitilizidwa mpaka masamba atauma kwathunthu. Kukula kwake mobwerezabwereza kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ma virus.
Pomaliza, ife kutsindika kamodzinso kuti mkulu ndi mosalekeza kuvulaza kwa tizilombo matenda chifukwa cha chilengedwe makhalidwe awo ndi kukhalapo kwa njira zosiyanasiyana kufalitsa. M'malo okhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda komanso kuthamanga kwa vector, zonse
Thandizo lomwe liripo silingalepheretse kuipitsidwa kwa mbewu za mbatata ndi ma virus osapitilira. Kuti mukhale ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha matenda a virus a mbatata mukupanga mbewu, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kochepa ka ma virus, kupeza mbewu za mbatata m'magawo omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda komanso kuthamanga kwa vector, kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zotchinga, kuyang'anira mosalekeza zomwe zikuchitika. m'chilimwe komanso mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba, gwiritsani ntchito pulogalamu yopondereza nsabwe za m'masamba zikafika pachimake chowopsa potengera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta amchere komanso kusankha bwino kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo.