Dongosolo lopanga mbewu za mbatata ku Russia lili ndi mbiri yayitali, mwachitsanzo, ndi mayiko aku Western Europe, komwe adapangidwa zaka makumi angapo m'mbuyomo. Kapangidwe kakapangidwe ka mbewu za mbatata zomwe zidachitika mu 60s zazaka zapitazi ku USSR zidayimiridwa ndi maulalo atatu akulu.
Ulalo woyamba unaphatikizapo minda yomwe idapanga anthu osankhika (elitekhozes), yachiwiri - minda yomwe imafalitsa anthu osankhika (semkhozes), yachitatu - minda yambewu yamafamu ophatikizana ndi minda yaboma yomwe idatulutsa mbatata zogulitsidwa.
Zoyamba zokhazikika komanso zowongolera pakupanga mbewu za mbatata zidapangidwa ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito m'ma 60s, kuphatikiza "Regulation on potato elite" ndi "Regulation on minda ya mbatata m'mafamu ophatikizana ndi mafamu aboma" ( 1966). Mu maulalo awiri oyambirira, mwachindunji pansi pa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a zaulimi, kulima mbatata zapamwamba kunkachitika motsatira "Regulations on Potato Elite". Pambuyo pake, "Malamulo a Nurseries Pulayimale Kukula Mbatata osankhika" inakhazikitsidwa, yopangidwa ndi Research Institute of Potato Farming ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi wa USSR (1971).
Mu ulalo wachitatu, molingana ndi "Malamulo okhudza minda ya mbatata m'mafamu ophatikizana ndi mafamu aboma", mbatata yobereketsa idafalitsidwa (kupanga mbewu pamunda) kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mbatata yogulitsa. Chiwembu cha mbewu chimawonedwa ngati cholumikizira chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mbewu pafamu, kukwaniritsa zosowa zamafamu a mbatata zamitundu yotulutsidwa kuti apange mbatata yogulitsidwa. Dera la mbeuyo linali pafupifupi 20-30% ya mbewu zonse za mbatata pafamuyo.
Mogwirizana ndi njira yobzala mbewu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 60, minda idagula mbatata ya mbewu - osankhika omwe amaperekedwa kuchokera kuminda yakusankhika, kapena mbatata yapamwamba kwambiri yobereketsa koyamba kapena yachiwiri kuchokera kuminda yambewu (mkuyu 1).
Pokonzekera ndikugwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi kukolola, kusunga ndi kugulitsa mbatata yamtundu wapamwamba komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata, gawo lalikulu linaperekedwa ku bungwe la Sortsemovoshch. Magawo amagulu a bungwe la Sortsemovoshch m'malo omwe adachita adagula ndikugulitsa osankhika, mbatata zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti akonzenso mitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso kugulidwa, kusungidwa ndikugulitsa ndalama zaku Republican ndi zakomweko za mbatata zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Akatswiri a bungwe la "Sortsemovoshch", pamodzi ndi oimira akuluakulu a zaulimi ndi ma laboratories oyendetsa mbeu, adatenga nawo mbali pakuwunika ndi kuvomereza mbewu ndi magulu osankhika omwe akukonzekera kugulitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, adachita kafukufuku wam'munda, kuvomereza ndi kuwunika kwa tuber kwa mbatata yambewu yamitundu yoyamba yobereketsa, yomwe idapangidwa kuti ikolole ndi kugulitsa kukonzanso kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kusintha kosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma ku USSR, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, kuchuluka kwa mbatata za mbewu zapamwamba zomwe zidakololedwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi bungwe la Sortsemovoshch zinali zoposa matani 300, kuphatikiza matani opitilira 100 mu RSFSR. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70, kupanga mbatata zapamwamba mu RSFSR kunali kosakwanira (matani 25-28 pachaka), ndipo khalidwe lake liyenera kukonzedwa bwino. Kukula kwakukulu kopanga mbewu za mbatata ku Russia kudayamba chapakati pa 70 ndi 80s. Inali nthawi imeneyi pamene kusintha kwakukulu kwa maziko a bungwe ndi methodological, njira zamakono ndi ziwembu za kupanga mbewu osankhika zinayamba, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kupanga anthu osankhika kunakwaniritsidwa (mkuyu 2).
Kapangidwe kakapangidwe ka mbewu za mbatata komwe kunakhazikitsidwa mu RSFSR chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 70, kutengera kuzama kwamafamu pakupanga mbewu zamagawo osiyanasiyana akubala, kumaphatikizapo magawo atatu:
- kulima anthu apamwamba kwambiri m'mafamu apadera opangira mbewu za mbatata;
- kusamutsidwa kwa anthu apamwamba kwambiri kupita ku minda yolima osankhika (elitekhozes) ndi kupeza anthu apamwamba mwa iwo mwa kubereka kawiri;
- kusamutsidwa kwa osankhika mwachindunji kumafamu ophatikizana ndi minda ya boma kuti abereke ndi kupanga mbatata zamalonda zosachepera III-V zobereketsa (mkuyu 3).
Maukonde okhazikika a minda yapadera yopanga mbatata yambewu adapangitsa kuti koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 80 kuchulukitse kuchuluka kwa malonda a anthu osankhika kufika matani 100-110, kotero kuti pa mahekitala 100 aliwonse obzala mbatata m'mafamu ndi boma. minda panali osachepera 5 matani a mbatata osankhika. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri pantchitoyi idaperekedwa ku All-Russian Production and Scientific Association for Potato Seed Growth "Rossemkartofel", yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1976 ngati gawo lokhazikika mkati mwa Unduna wa Zaulimi wa RSFSR.
Mgwirizanowu panthawiyo unaphatikizapo Research Institute of Potato Farming (NIIKH), NIIKH Breeding Center, Experimental Design Bureau, malo oyesera ndi minda yoyesera ya NIIKH, komanso mafamu oposa 50 apadera omwe ali m'madera 17 ndi 6 maiko odziyimira pawokha RSFSR. Pamaziko a minda 24 yapadera, ma laboratories a NIIKH opangira mbewu zoyambira mbatata adapangidwa. Bungwe la bungwe la "Rossekartofel" lidapangitsa kuti zitheke kupititsa patsogolo kachulukidwe kambewu m'magawo, madera ndi maiko odziyimira pawokha, pomwe pafupifupi 80% ya mbatata zonse zaku Russia zidakhazikika panthawiyo.
Kuphatikiza apo, bungwe la Rossemkartofel lidapereka kasamalidwe kogwirizana kopanga mbatata zapamwamba komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu RSFSR, ndikulumikizana mwachindunji pakupanga mbewu za mbatata ndi akuluakulu azaulimi ndi mabungwe ofufuza.
M'mafamu apadera a Rossemkartofel Association, maziko abwino adakhazikitsidwa kuti achuluke kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mbewu zoyambira zamitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yodalirika. Mu 1979, ma laboratories omwe amapanga mbewu zoyambira za NIIKH pamaziko amafamu apadera adapanga nazale zopangira mbewu zamitundu 44 za mbatata zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri popanga. Malinga ndi zidziwitso zovomerezeka za Unduna wa Zaulimi wa RSFSR, malo omwe amalimidwa mbatata yapamwamba kwambiri adakwera kuchokera ku 149 ha mu 1976 mpaka 495 ha mu 1979, ndi mbatata yapamwamba, motsatana, kuchokera ku 382 mpaka 1313 ha (Anisimov, 1981). Izi zidatheka chifukwa cha thandizo lapakati lochokera m'boma komanso gawo lomwe likufuna, malinga ndi Decree of the Council of Ministers of RSFSR (1976), yandalama zazikulu zomwe zidalunjikitsidwa pakupanga zida ndi luso la mbewu zapadera. minda yaikulu mbatata kukula zigawo ndi chilengedwe mwa iwo okonzeka bwino kwa nthawi imeneyo, zasayansi-wowonjezera kutentha mbewu kukula maofesi, komanso yomanga mbatata yosungirako mphamvu zofunika pazifukwa izi.
Pamodzi ndi chitukuko cha kamangidwe kakapangidwe ka mbewu za mbatata m'zaka za m'ma 70 ndi 80, vuto limodzi lomwe linali lofunika kwambiri linali kufunikira kokonzanso njira komanso kukhathamiritsa kwa njira zopangira mbewu za mbatata zosankhika. Mchitidwe wokhazikitsidwa wazaka zimenezo unali wokhudza kupanga mbewu za clonal. Nthawi zambiri, m'mafamu ambiri osankhika omwe amalima, mbewu zoyambilira zopanga mbewu zimasankhidwa m'malo osungira mbewu zazaka 1 kutengera kuwunika kwa zomera m'munda komanso kusanthula kwa labotale kwa zitsanzo zamasamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya serodiagnosis. Komabe, mbali ya ma clones m'chaka chosankhidwa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi matenda atsopano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zomera zomwe zangoyamba kumene, zikayesedwa m'munda, zimatha kupereka zotsatira zoipa kwa mavairasi ndipo, monga lamulo, sizikanatha kudziwika ndikutayidwa m'chaka cha matenda. Zotsatira zake, mbewu zomwe zimasankhidwa mu ma clones a chaka cha 1 ndi zotsatira zoyipa za ma virus, zikayesedwa mbadwa, chaka chamawa zidapezeka kuti zili ndi kachilomboka kwambiri kapena pang'ono, kutengera mitundu ndi mikhalidwe yazomera. nthawi ya chaka chatha. Zotsatira zopambana zidapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito cheke chowonjezera cha matenda azinthu zosankhidwa za clonal m'nyengo yachisanu ndi njira yolozera kutengera "kuyesa kwamaso" (zomera zomwe zimamera kuchokera ku maso a tuber (ma indices) m'malo owonjezera a labotale). Izi zinapangitsa kuti azindikire ndi kukana ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka zomera ndi ma clones ndi odalirika kwambiri asanawabzala m'munda.
Zotsatira za ntchito yomwe idachitika ku All-Union Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) idawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya serological molingana ndi dongosolo lodziwika bwino la mbewu za clonal m'madera aku North-West kunapangitsa kuti zitheke. pezani mbewu zopanda ma virus omwe amapezeka kwambiri (X, S, M). Yolembedwa ndi V.I. Sadovnikova (1965), kuyesa kwapadera kwadongosolo, komwe makumi masauzande a zomera adawunikidwa, kunapangitsa kuti athe kupeza mfundo yotsimikizirika kuti m'madera aku North-West, mbewu zomwe zimapezedwa molingana ndi ndondomeko yopangira mbewu za clonal zimatha. kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali mu mkhalidwe wopanda matenda tizilombo (mkuyu 4). Zinawonetsedwanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kusankha kolakwika kokha pochotsa mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kubzala sikunapereke zotsatira zake.
M'zaka zotsatila, kutengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wa NIIKH ndi zomwe zinachitikira, zinapezeka kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba zomwe zasankhidwa mu nazale ya ma clones a chaka cha 1, koma munthu wathanzi (wopanda matenda) monga zoyambira kukula wapamwamba-superelite tubers osankhidwa mwapadera kusankha nazale ndi kuvomerezedwa kuyezetsa aliyense wa iwo ndi serodiagnostics mu pambuyo kukolola dongosolo kulamulira. Pakukonzanso kwapachaka kwa nazale yosankhidwa, pa matani 100 aliwonse a mbatata zapamwamba kwambiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala pafupifupi ma tubers 4000, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchepetsa mtengo komanso kuchuluka kwa zowunikira zomwe zidachitika.Mpunga. Chithunzi 5. Kugawa ndi malire a kusankha ma clones poyesa chisa, kutengera momwe amabzalira (zosiyanasiyana Ramensky, 1979-1981)
Pachifukwa ichi, ma tubers akuluakulu olemera 100 g kapena kuposerapo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa nazale yosankhidwa. Kubzala kwa ma tubers otere kunkachitika ndi mzere wa 140 cm ndi mtunda pakati pa tubers mzere wa 70 cm.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wopangidwa pamaziko a malo oyendetsa ndege a Zavorovo a NIIKH adawonetsa kuti chiwembu chotere chobzala ma tubers osankhidwa mu nazale yosankhidwa chimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ma tubers mu mbewu pa tuber iliyonse yoyamba. Chifukwa chake, pakuyesa kumodzi mwazoyeserera zamachitidwe osiyanasiyana oyika ma nazale kusankha mitundu yatsopano ya Ramensky panthawiyo, zotsatirazi zidapezeka. Muzosintha zowongolera (kubzala molingana ndi dongosolo la 70x30 cm, ma tubers olemera 60-80 g), 45% ya tchire lokhala ndi ma tubers 10 pa chitsamba chilichonse adakololedwa, omwe nthawi zambiri amatayidwa pakusankhidwa. Pa 55% yotsala ya tchire, 47% inali ndi ma tubers 11-20 ndipo 8% yokha inali ndi ma tubers 21 mpaka 30 pa chitsamba chilichonse.
M'mitundu yoyesera (kubzala molingana ndi chiwembu 140x70 cm, ma tubers akulu olemera 100 g), 11% yokha ya tchire sinali yoyenera kusankhidwa (yokhala ndi ma tubers osakwana 10 pachitsamba chilichonse). Otsala 89% a tchire anali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha tubers, kuphatikizapo 47% mpaka 20 tubers pa chitsamba, 24% kuchokera 21 mpaka 30 ndi 18% kuchokera 31 mpaka 50 tubers pa chitsamba (mkuyu. 5).
Ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira kuti njira yobzala yotereyi idapanga mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri osati pakukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu, komanso kuti pakhale njira yabwino yowonera bwino chomera chilichonse panthawi yakukula kwa vegetative, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zonse zofunika zodzitetezera ndi zoteteza m'malo osankhidwa.
Popititsa patsogolo njira yopangira mbewu za mbatata m'mafamu apadera, njira zingapo zogwirira ntchito zidatengedwa kuti zithandizire kukulitsa mtundu wake wamitundu ikuluikulu yomwe idatulutsidwa panthawiyo ndikulonjeza. Kuti izi zitheke, NIIKH idapangidwa ndipo, monga gawo la kuyesa kwakukulu kopanga, idayesa bwino ukadaulo watsopano wanthawiyo kuti apeze ndikufulumizitsa kutulutsa zinthu zomwe zidachokera, zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi njira ya apical meristem, yomwe pang'onopang'ono idakhala maziko a kachilomboka. -dongosolo laulere la mbewu za mbatata (Trofimets, Boyko, Anisimov, etc., 1990). Tekinoloje yopangidwa idaphatikizapo zinthu zazikuluzikulu izi:
- Kukonzekera kwa ma tubers odzipatula apical meristems; kuyang'ana matenda awo oyambirira ndi enzyme immunoassay (ELISA); kumera mumdima pa kutentha kwa 35-37 ° C kwa mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri;
- kudzipatula kwa meristems ndi kukula kwa ma microns 100-200 mu bokosi la microbiological pansi pa microscope ya binocular yokhala ndi gridi yayikulu pakukula kwa nthawi 30-50 ndikuzibzala m'machubu oyesera pazakudya zokhala ndi mineral base malinga ndi Murashige-Skoog. ndi kinetin wambiri;
- kulima mbewu m'machubu oyesera m'chipinda chokhala ndi kutentha, chinyezi ndi kuunikira (kutentha 23 ° C, chinyezi cha mpweya 70%, kuwunikira 5-10 lux pa nthawi ya maola 12);
- kudula kwa zomera zomwe zapezedwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma internodes ndi kubzala kwa cuttings pa sing'anga yazakudya mu machubu oyesera; kugwiritsa ntchito mdulidwe umodzi m'munsi mwa chomera chilichonse kuti mudziwe kukhudzidwa ndi ma electron microscopy ndi enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
- mobwerezabwereza kawiri katatu cheke mizere matenda ndi mavairasi ndi ELISA mu ndondomeko Ankalumikiza;
- kubzala mbewu kuchokera ku machubu oyesera kupita ku greenhouses kuti mupeze mbewu za tubers;
- kutsimikizira kwa zomera zobiriwira ndi ELISA; kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofulumizitsa kufalitsa mu vitro kuti mupeze magulu akuluakulu azinthu zoyamba zopangira mbewu (mizu ya nsonga ndi mphukira za axillary za zomera, kubzala zodula ndi malo ochepa odyetserako - 6x6 cm , kudula kwa mphukira pambuyo pa kumera kwa nthawi yaitali kwa tubers, etc. .);
- kuyezetsa m'munda ndikufalitsa ma greenhouse meristem clones motalikirana ndi minda ina iliyonse ya mbatata.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopangidwa kudapangitsa kuti zitheke kupeza ma meristem clones masauzande angapo mkati mwa chaka chimodzi kuti alowe nawo pakupanga mbewu zoyambirira za mbatata.
Pochita bwino kwambiri ukadaulo wopezera gwero lazakudya za mbatata zopanda ma virus, NIIKH idayambitsa maphunziro apadera kuti apititse patsogolo njira zaukadaulo zakuberekanso mbewu zopanda ma virus poyesa ana awo ku pulayimale. kumunda nazale ndikuwabweretsa ku wapamwamba-osankhika komanso osankhika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito zinakhazikitsidwa kuti athe kuchepetsa nthawi yokulitsa anthu osankhika (makamaka mitundu yatsopano komanso yodalirika), kuwongolera bwino komanso kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira. Pofuna kuthetsa ntchito zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa mu 1972-1977, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulima kwa anthu osankhika inaphunziridwa ku Dipatimenti Yolima Mbewu ya NIIKH: ndi kuyesa kwa zaka ziwiri (chiwembu chachikhalidwe), ndi nazale ya chaka chimodzi, monga komanso njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera ndi kusankha kwa ma clone a chaka chimodzi ndikutulutsanso zinthu zophatikizika za clone pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya tuber unit.
Kutengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi V.N. Akatiev m'chigawo cha Moscow, pogwiritsa ntchito magwero opangidwa bwino ndi njira ya apical meristem, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ponseponse, chiwembu chopangira mbewu zapamwamba ndi mayeso a chaka chimodzi cha ma clones adalimbikitsidwa, kuphatikiza:
- Kuyesedwa kwa ma meristem clones.
- Kufalitsa koyambirira kwa ma clones ophatikizidwa.
- Kubalana.
- Kulima kwa super-superelite.
- Kulima anthu apamwamba kwambiri.
- Kulera Elite.
Kukula ndi kutsatana kwa ntchito zomwe zachitika pansi pa chiwembu chopanga mbewu zapamwamba zawonetsedwa pa chithunzi 6.
Pofuna kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwachulukidwe m'malo osungira ana, kuyesa kumunda kwa ma meristem clones ndi kufalitsa kusanachitike, zotsatira zabwino zidapezeka mukukula zinthu zathanzi (zopanda matenda) pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya tuber unit. Chofunikira cha njirayi chinali motere: musanabzale, ma tubers olemera kuchokera ku 60 g pamtundu uliwonse adadulidwa mu magawo angapo kotero kuti kulemera kwa gawo lililonse kunali pafupifupi 30 g, ndi diso limodzi kapena awiri. Magawo onse a tuber odulidwa omwe amapanga "tuber unit" adayikidwa mu thumba losiyana. Matumba onse okhala ndi tuber mayunitsi kuchokera ku clone imodzi adayikidwa mu chidebe chosiyana. Zovala zokonzedwa motere zinabzalidwa mzere umodzi. Pobzala, malire pakati pa ma clones adagawidwa, momwe ma tuberous mayunitsi adagawidwanso. Pachitsanzo chilichonse, machubu a tuberous omwe ali ndi mbali zambiri za mbewu adabzalidwa koyamba, kenako ndi nambala yaing'ono (mu dongosolo lotsika) ndipo amatha ndi ma tubers osadulidwa ang'onoang'ono a 25-50 g (mkuyu 7). Pochita, njira yosavuta inkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, pamene ma tubers adadulidwa masabata angapo asanabzalidwe, kusiya mlatho wogwirizanitsa pakati kapena pansi pa tuber. Pankhaniyi, mbali za tuber anakhalabe mbamuikha wina ndi mzake. Pomaliza, ma tubers adagawidwa m'magawo mwachindunji pakubzala.
Zotengera zowonjezera zamagawo a tuber sizinafunikire.
Munthawi yakukula, mbewu zimawunikidwa ndikuyesedwa ma virus mowoneka komanso serologically. Ngati chomera chimodzi chokhala ndi matenda chinapezeka mu tuber unit, chinatayidwa; gulu la zomera lochokera ku tuber imodzi. Deta yomwe idapezedwa idawonetsa kuti kubzala nazale yogwiritsa ntchito ma tuber units njira yamitundu yambiri kunapangitsa kuti kuchulukitse chinthu chimodzi ndi theka kawiri kawiri ndipo, motero, kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zomera zosankhidwa ndi ma clones ndikuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama. pa matani 100 a mbatata yapamwamba kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kwambiri zotsatira anapezedwa m'malo kwambiri ntchito kwambiri nazale wa clones wa chaka chachiwiri ndi nazale wa koyambirira kuswana wa ophatikizana clones.
Poyerekeza ndi njira ya tuber mayunitsi, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito kudula kubzala ma tubers, m'malo opangira mbewu zoyambira, mukamagwiritsa ntchito gwero la meristem, njira zina zowonjezerera kuchulutsa kwakhala zikufala kwambiri pochita, makamaka kukula mbande za mbatata. kuchokera kumera cuttings mu peat miphika ndi kenako kuwabzala m'munda, kubalana ndi layering, tsinde cuttings, etc. (Anisimov, Maksakova, 1975).
Kutengera kuyeserera kofananira kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yopangira mbewu zosankhika, zidawonetsedwa kuti mukamagwiritsa ntchito gwero lopezeka ndi njira ya chikhalidwe cha meristem kuphatikiza ndi clonal micropropagation, nthawi yopanga mbatata yosankhika imatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri kuti achulukitse kubereka ndi kupititsa patsogolo. M'mafamu oyendetsa oyendetsa ndege a NIIKH m'malo a dera la Moscow, malinga ndi mitundu yonse yophunzira ya ziwembu zoyesera, magulu a mbatata apamwamba kwambiri apamwamba adapezedwa. The super-superelite, yopezedwa molingana ndi chiwembu ndi mayeso a clone a chaka chimodzi, anali, malingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku 90 mpaka 99% ya zomera zathanzi, i.e. zinali pafupifupi zofanana ndi wapamwamba-wapamwamba-osankhika, anapezedwa molingana ndi chiwembu ndi zaka ziwiri mayeso clone. Mulingo wa zokolola za mbatata zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zidapezedwa molingana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zinalinso zofanana ndipo zinali za 300-350 c/ha.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga kachitidwe ka mbeu zopanda ma virus zakhala bungwe lopanga zinthu zoyambira zopanda kachilomboka m'mabuku ambiri kuti apereke minda yapadera yopanga mbewu zoyambira. Kuti izi zitheke, mkati mwa bungwe la Rossemkartofel, idakonzedwa kuti ipange anthu apamwamba kwambiri opanda ma virus omwe amakwana matani 7,5 amitundu 34 omwe anali ofunikira kwambiri panthawiyo. Malinga ndi mawerengedwe omwe aperekedwa mu Table 1, pofuna kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa super-superelite kuchokera ku meristem gwero la zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofalitsira mwachangu mu greenhouses za NIIKH, ma tubers 1,2 amabzalidwa pachaka pamalo a mahekitala 400, kukolola chilichonse. mbewu mu thumba lapadera. Zomwe zidachitikazo zidasamutsidwa ku malo oyesera a bungweli, komwe adabzalidwa m'malo osungiramo mbewu - pamalo okwana mahekitala 8 ndikutsatiridwa mosamalitsa miyambo yokhazikika yodzipatula yapakati pa 0,5 km kuchokera kubzala m'magulu otsika. za mbewu za mbatata. Munthawi yakukula, njira zonse zofunika za agrotechnical ndi phytosanitary zinkachitika mosamala m'minda yakutali.
The chifukwa ophatikizana choyerekeza zinthu mu kuchuluka kwa matani 160 anagawira 24 minda wapadera ndi ma laboratories kupanga mbewu pulayimale (pa mlingo wa 2 matani kupanga matani 100 aliyense wapamwamba-osankhika). Malo onse a nazale kuti abereke koyambirira m'mafamu apadera opangira mbewu zoyambirira anali mahekitala 40, pomwe matani 800 a mbewu adapezedwa. Chaka chotsatira, izi zidabzalidwa pamalo a 200 ha ku nazale yobereketsa ndipo matani 3000 a tubers adapezeka, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chamawa kubzala pamalo a 750 ha ndikupeza matani 7500 a super. -kagawo kakang'ono ka mbeu kapamwamba kwambiri (Table 1).
Table 1. Gulu pamaziko a NIIKH pamafamu apadera opangira mbewu zambatata (Trofimets, Anisimov, Litun, 1978)
Kutulutsa voliyumu | |||
Mitundu ya ntchito | Osewera | Malo otsetsereka, ha | |
Kulandira ma clones a meristem mu labotale wowonjezera kutentha zinthu | Laborator yopeza zinthu zoyambira zopanda ma virus ku NIIKH Laboratory kuti ichedwetse mwachangu ndikuyesa kumunda kwa zinthu zopanda ma virus pasukulupo. | 1,2 | 400 zikwi tubers |
Mayeso akumunda clonal zakuthupi ndi ntchito njira ya tuberous mayunitsi | Ma laboratories ofulumizitsa kubereka poyesa kumunda kwa zinthu zopanda ma virus ku OPH ya Institute. | 8 | 160 T |
choyambirira kuswana pamodzi clones kuchokera ntchito njira ya tuberous mayunitsi | Mafamu apadera opangira mbewu za PNO "Rossekartofel" | 40 | 800 T |
Kubalana zakuthupi | Chinthu chomwecho | 200 | 3000 T |
Kukula wapamwamba wapamwamba kwambiri | 750 | 7500 T |
Malinga ndi NIIKH, mukukula wapamwamba-wapamwamba-osankhika molingana ndi chiwembu chopangira zinthu zopanda ma virus, chifukwa cha kuwongolera bwino, zokolola mwa anthu osankhika komanso kubereka kwake zimakula pafupifupi mitundu yonse yoyesedwa ndi 20-25% .
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 90, mkati mwa kusintha komwe kukuchitika m'mafakitale a agro-industrial, minda ina yapadera yopangira mbewu zoyambira ndi minda yapamwamba yasiya kukhalapo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbatata yosankhika kwatsika kwambiri, zomwe zidasokoneza kwambiri. makamaka idasokoneza dongosolo lokhazikika lakusintha kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kukonzanso kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata chifukwa cha kusowa kwakukulu kwa mbewu zobereketsa kwambiri m'mafamu omwe amagulitsa mbatata. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, njira yopangira mbewu za mbatata ku Russia pang'onopang'ono idayamba kumangidwa motsatira mfundo zaubwenzi wamsika kutengera malamulo ndi malamulo omwe adapangidwa ndi nthawiyo pantchito yoweta ndi kupanga mbewu zaulimi (Malko). , Anisimov et al., 2003).
Panthawi imeneyi, chidwi chachikulu chinaperekedwa ku chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kukhathamiritsa zofunikira pakuwongolera malonda amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata kuti agwirizane komanso kufananiza ndi zovomerezeka zamakono zomwe zavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi (Anisimov, 1999; Anisimov, 2005; Simakov, Anisimov, 2006, 2007) )
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Law on Seed Production (1997) ku Russian Federation, njira yolumikizana yokhazikika ya mbatata idakhazikitsidwa, kuphatikiza magawo atatu a mbewu: mbatata za mini-tubers ndi super-super-elite seed (m'badwo wachiwiri wakumunda) wopangidwa. ndi woyambitsa zosiyanasiyana kapena munthu wololedwa ndi iye ndi cholinga kupanga osankhika mbewu mbatata.
Mbatata zosankhika: mbewu za mbatata (apamwamba osankhika, osankhika) zopezedwa motsatizana kachulukidwe ka mbewu zoyambirira za mbatata.
Mbatata zobereketsa: mbatata yambewu (1-2 zochulukira) zopezedwa kuchokera ku kachulukidwe kotsatizana kwa mbewu zapamwamba za mbatata.
Kuwunika kofananira kwa magawo omwe adatengedwa ku Russia ndi mayiko a EU kukuwonetsa kuti gulu la mbatata zoyambilira zitha kufananizidwa ndi gulu la mbatata zoyambira (PB). Chifukwa chake, gulu la mbatata yosankhika litha kukhala lofanana ndi gulu la mbatata zoyambira (makalasi SE ndi E) ndipo gulu la mbatata zobereketsa limafanana ndi gulu la mbatata zotsimikizika (makalasi A 1-2). Nthawi yomweyo, tikayerekeza magawo ofananirako malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mibadwo yam'munda ya mbatata ku Russian Federation ndi mayiko a EU, kusiyana kwakukulu kumawonekera bwino (Table 2).
Gulu 2. Kuyerekeza kwa mitundu yofananira ya mbatata yambewu ndi kuchuluka kwa mibadwo yam'munda ku Russian Federation ndi mayiko a EU.
Mbatata yambewu | Chiwerengero cha mibadwo | Mfundo |
Russian classification system | ||
Choyambirira (OS) | 2 | PP-1 ndi SSE |
Osankhika (ES) | 2 | SE ndi E |
Zoberekera (RS) Mibadwo Yonse | 2 6 | PC1-2 |
Kugawidwa m'mayiko a EU | ||
Prebaseline Baseline Wotsimikizika | 4 3 2 | PB – PB 4 S, SE, E A1 – A2 |
Mibadwo Yonse | 9 |
M'magulu amakono aku Russia akugawa mbewu za mbatata malinga ndi GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu za mbatata. Mafotokozedwe ndi Njira Zodziwira Ubwino” kuchuluka kwa mibadwo yakumunda zisapitirire magawo 6 oswana, kuphatikiza pagulu la OS - 2, ES - 2 ndi RS - 2 mibadwo. M'maiko a EU, malinga ndi malingaliro a European Seed Association (ESA), mibadwo 9 yakumunda imaloledwa, kuphatikiza m'gulu la mbewu za prebasic - 4, zoyambira - 3 ndi zovomerezeka - mibadwo iwiri yakumunda (Anisimov, 2 ; Simakov, Anisimov 2007).
Mwachiwonekere, dongosolo lamakono la magawo otsatizana a kaphatikizidwe ka mbatata yoyambirira, yosankhika komanso yobereketsa ikuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 8.
Ubwino waukulu wamapangidwe amakono opanga mbewu omwe akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi ndikuti magawo ake onse atatu a magawo otsatizana a kaphatikizidwe ka mbatata yoyambirira, yakusankhika komanso yobereketsa amalumikizidwa mosadukiza ndi maulalo achindunji. Izi zimatsegula mwayi watsopano wokhazikitsa njira zogwirira ntchito zogwirira ntchito pakati pa mabungwe onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito, kuphatikizapo mabungwe apadera a sayansi ndi mabungwe amalonda.
M'mikhalidwe yamakono, kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mbatata yayikulu sikungatheke popanda njira yokhazikitsidwa bwino yoperekera mabizinesi olima mbatata, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono (zaulimi) ndi amalonda omwe ali ndi mbewu zapamwamba zamakalasi osankhika komanso zobereka zambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zokolola komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mtundu wa mbatata yoyambirira komanso yosankhika kukukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera kokhazikika komanso kopindulitsa kwamakampani a mbatata.
Zomwe zikuchitika pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zomwe zilipo za mitundu ya mbatata zoweta zimafuna kuwonjezereka kwapangidwe kwa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zogwirira ntchito zosinthira zinthu ndiukadaulo popanga mbewu za mbatata ndikupanga magawo ofunikira posankha ndi malo opangira mbewu ndi imodzi mwantchito zofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata ku Russia. Nthawi yomweyo, kukhazikitsidwa bwino kwa mapulojekiti ophatikizika asayansi ndiukadaulo (KSTP) omwe adachitika mkati mwa gawo la "Kukula kwa kusankha ndi mbewu ya mbatata" ya Federal Scientific and Technical Program for Development of Agriculture for 2017- 2030 idzakhala yofunika kwambiri. Kukhazikitsa bwino zisankho zofunika kwambiri m'derali posachedwa kudzathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwamakampani, kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa mbatata, kupanga njira zamakono zolimbikitsira mitundu yabwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa omwe adayambitsa ku Russia kupita kumsika, kuchepetsa kudalira kunja ndi kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha chakudya ku Russia.