Maria Erokhova, wofufuza wamng'ono All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Maria Kuznetsova, Mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti ya Mbatata ndi Matenda a Zamasamba a All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Candidate of Biological Sciences
M'mikhalidwe yakukulirakulira kwaulimi ndi malonda apadziko lonse lapansi mkati mwa WTO, tsinde nematodes amtundu Ditylenchus (D. wowononga, D. dipsaci) amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa tizirombo towopsa kwambiri pa mbewu. M’maiko ambiri D. wowononga и D. dipsaci adalandira udindo wa tizirombo olamulidwa: ku Russian Federation ndi EU, ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda osakhazikika (RNQPs) pa mbatata yambewu [19, 18]. Mogwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kukhalapo kwa RNQP kumalola kuti milingo yosiyanasiyana ikhazikitse kulolerana (malire omwe saloledwa kupezeka kwa tizilombo tambiri tambiri ta mbatata). Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi zofunikira za muyezo wadziko lonse ku Scotland, kulekerera kwa zero kumayikidwa D. wowononga m'magulu onse a mbatata zoyambilira komanso zoyambira molingana ndi tizirombo tambiri tokhala patokha [11] chifukwa derali lili ndi gawo la High Grade Dera kulima ndikugulitsa mbatata zoyambira komanso zoyambira ndipo zimagwira ntchito. kutsata miyezo yokhwima kuposa momwe EU idanenera.
Kukula kwa kugawa kwa phytopathogenic nematodes amtundu Ditylenchus m'mayiko osiyanasiyana chitukuko cha mbatata kukula, ndithudi, amasiyana. M'mayiko ena, tsinde nematodes amapezeka ochepa, ena, mwina chifukwa monoculture, ntchito zakhudzana mbewu ndi kubzala zinthu, iwo ndi vuto lalikulu. Choncho, malinga ndi deta ya EPPO Global Database yomwe inapezedwa kuchokera ku mabuku a sayansi a olemba Soviet [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] ndi International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences ya Member States of the British Commonwealth ( CABI), m'masiku a USSR pagawo la Chitaganya cha Russia D. wowononga anali ndi udindo wa tizilombo tofala [18]. Ndipo mpaka pano, zinthu sizinasinthe [7]. Ku UK, malinga ndi NPPO, udindo D. wowononga - "pakali pano, mochuluka kwambiri (zochepa zochepa)" [5]. Zokhudza D. dipsaci, ndiye malinga ndi chidziwitso chochokera kuzinthu zomwezo, zimachitika ku Russia, koma pali zambiri za izo, ku UK, m'malo mwake, ndizofala [18].
Malinga ndi EPPO Global Database D. wowononga ndi polyphage yotakata: chomera chachikulu ndi mbatata (Solanum tuberosum)kuonjezera apo, tizilombo timawononga kwambiri adyo (Allium sativum), beetroot (beta vulgaris), mbewu ya karoti (Daucus chota subsp. sativus), tsitsi laling'ono la codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlia (Dahlia, gladiolus (gladiolus)Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, Dutch iris (Iris × holandica), pikoko tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), kalova (trifolium), tulipa (Tulipa [khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu]. Malinga ndi CABI, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa D. wowononga chokulirapo: anyezi (Allium cepa), mtedza wapansi panthaka (Arachis hypogaea), shuga beet (Beta vulgaris Pali. saccharifera), tiyi (camellia sinensis), tsabola wokoma (Capsicum pachaka), munda wa chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), mavwende wamba (Citrullis lanatus), Lalanje (Mitundu ya citrus), Vwende (nkhaka melo), nkhaka wamba (cucumis sativus), dzungu nutmeg (Cucurbita moschata), garden sitiroberi (Fragaria anasasoya, soya (Glycina max), common hop (Humurus lupulus), mbatata (Ipomoea batata), timbewu (timbewu), ginseng (Panax ginsengginseng pentaphyllum,Panax quinquefolius), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), biringanya (Solanum melongenatirigu wofewa (Triticum kukondwereramphesa zolimidwa (Vitis vinifera), chimanga (Inde) [khumi ndi zinayi]. Komanso, D. wowononga amawononga namsongole: yopyapyala woyera (Album ya Chenopodium), kuzungulira konse (Cyperus rotundu), dope wamba (Datura stramonium), udzu wa goose (Eleusine indica), sofa udzu (Elymus adayankha), utsi wamankhwala (fumaria officinalis), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), nthula (Sonchus arvensis), marigolds ang'onoang'ono (Tagetes miniti)dandelion officinalis (Taraxacum officinale), chisoso wamba (Xanthium strumarium[14]. Zikudziwika kuti mitundu yambiri ya zomera zomwe zimagwira ntchito zimatha kukulitsidwa ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera [18].
Malingana ndi EPPO Global Database, chiwerengero cha zomera zomwe zimakhalapoD. dipsaci ndi wamkulu kwambiri [18]. Pachifukwa ichi, kasinthasintha wa masamba sikungakhale kothandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nematode.
Kutengera morphological, biochemical, maselo ndi maphunziro ena D. dipsaci sl adagawidwa m'magulu angapo [6]: ofunika kwambiri pazachuma omwe ali D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (zotsirizirazi zimapezeka pa common bobs (Vicia wamba) m’maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya) [17]. Iwo ananena kuti pa nkhani ya kukhalapo kwa mitundu yeniyeni kwambiri D. dipsaci kusinthasintha kwa mbeu kwa zaka zitatu ndi mbewu zosamva kungathe kuchepetsa ziwerengero zake, malinga ngati njira zapanthawi yake zimatengedwa kuti athane ndi udzu womwe uli mbewu zina zolandirira alendo [10].
Bzalani nematodes amtundu Ditylenchus ndi zamoyo zoipa kwa zomera, opatsirana ndi mbewu tubers ndi mababu a mbewu zaulimi [14]. Gwero la matenda ndi dothi loipitsidwa, zotengera zamatabwa, ndi zoyikapo [14]. Kwa mtunda waufupi, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono titha kufalikira ndi madzi amthirira kapena madontho amvula otengedwa ndi mphepo kupita kuminda yoyandikana nayo [14].
Tsinde nematodes ndi endoparasites okhala mkati mwa zomera (mizu, tubers, rhizomes, mababu) [10, 14]. Amuna ndi akazi onse amawononga makoma a cell pakudya kwawo [10]. Malinga ndi asayansi British, chonde D. dipsaci akhoza kufika mazira 500 pa mkazi [10]. Tsinde la nematode limatha kupitilirabe makamaka ngati mphutsi zachinayi kwa zaka zingapo [10]. Akuluakulu ndi mazira amatha overwinter m'nthaka kapena zimakhala ndi namsongole [14]. M'chaka, mphutsi zimaswa mazira, zomwe nthawi yomweyo zimamera zomera zoyenera; tizirombo timalowa m'machubu a mbatata kudzera mu mphodza [14]. Amadziwika kuti nematode akhoza kudya mycelium ambiri bowa, kuphatikizapo Alternari a kusinthana и A. solani [khumi ndi zinayi]. Mphutsi zachinayi D. dipsaci (Mosiyana D. wowononga) kuti apulumuke m'mikhalidwe yoyipa amapanga masango pamwamba pa minofu ya chomera (yotchedwa "ubweya wa nematode") [10]. Nematodes amayambanso kugwira ntchito "ubweya" ukanyowa [10]. M'dothi lonyowa, amatha kupitilirabe kulibe zomera zokhala nawo kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka [10].
Zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Monga lamulo, ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti chomera chimakhudzidwa ndi nematode kuchokera kumadera akumlengalenga a mbatata (kupatulapo kuti mbewu zofooka zimapangidwa kuchokera ku ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri, omwe amatha kufa) [14]. Kuukira koyambirira kwa nematode kumatha kuzindikirika pochotsa khungu pa tuber, pomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuwona mawanga ang'onoang'ono oyera m'thupi lathanzi. Pambuyo pake, mawangawa amawonjezeka, amadetsedwa, ndipo minofu imakhala yotayirira [14]. Ngati ma tubers amasungidwa m'malo achinyezi, amawola ndipo matenda a nematode amafalikira ku ma tubers ena.
Pa ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri, madera opsinjika pang'ono amapangidwa, pomwe ming'alu imapanga, ndipo peel imakwinya, moyandikana kwambiri ndi zamkati [14]. Thupi limakhala louma, limasintha mtundu: kuchokera ku imvi kupita kumdima wakuda kapena wakuda. Kusintha kwamtundu kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (bowa, mabakiteriya ndi nematode zaufulu) [14].
Pamene anagonjetsedwa D. dipsaci ming'alu sipanga pa tubers, koma zowola zakuda zimafalikira m'thupi mkati. Zapamwamba ndizofupikitsidwa komanso zopunduka.
Nematode imawononganso mbewu zina.
Mu mbande zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zomera zazing'ono za anyezi, tsinde la tsinde limafufuma, masamba amapindika ndi kupindika [10]. Minofu yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi nematode imakhala ndi mawonekedwe otayirira [10]. Zomera zimawola pansi. Ofooka kuwonongeka kwa zomera ndi nematode akhoza kupita mosazindikira, koma mababu amenewa pang'onopang'ono kuvunda mu yosungirako.
Minofu ya mbande za beet zomwe zakhudzidwa zimatupa ndikukhala ngati spongy [10]. Zilonda zimatha kupanga, pamalo omwe amakulirakulira, minofuyo imapunduka kapena kufa, zomwe zimapangitsa kupindika kwapamwamba komanso kupanga masamba ang'onoang'ono. M'dzinja, ndulu zimawola chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kuwonongeka kwa nyemba nthawi zambiri kumawoneka ngati kusinthika kwa tsinde [10].
Mu oat zomera, m'munsi mwa tsinde ukutupa, masamba otumbululuka, azipiringa ndi kufupikitsa.
Ndinatsimikiza zimenezo D. wowononga Zimawononga kwambiri kutentha kwa 15-20 ° C ndi chinyezi chambiri kuposa 90% [14].
Zatsimikiziridwa kuti stolons ndi mizu ya zomera za mbatata zimakhudzidwa kwambiri pamene tsinde nematode yawonongeka. rhizoctonia solani [14] Komanso, malinga ndi deta yoyambirira kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe akupitilira, zidapezeka kuti kukhalapo kwa nematodes m'nthaka kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa mwendo wakuda wa mbatata, potero kumawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi matenda ashuga. matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalowa m'mbewuyo kudzera m'mabala obwera chifukwa cha nematodes [9].
Kuti muchepetse kuvulaza kwa tsinde nematodes, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zotetezera mbewu, kudalira makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zathanzi (zopanda tizirombo) ndi kubzala mbewu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wanthawi yayitali. .
Pofuna kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka, phytonematodes ndi namsongole, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala, kupera ndi kuphatikiza mbewu za biofumigating m'nthaka (sarepta mpiru).Brasica mweziradish wamba (raphanus sativus), arugula (Eruca sativa[1]. Isothiocyanates, yomwe imapangidwa pakuwonongeka kwa maselo a zomera izi, imalepheretsa kupuma kwa ma cell ndi ntchito zina, makamaka mu cyst nematodes. Amayambitsa kutulutsidwa kwa mphutsi m'mazira, ma cysts pakalibe chomera choyenera. Mphutsi, osapeza chomera choyenera, zimafa. Ukadaulo wokulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu za biofumigating wafotokozedwa m'mabuku a chilankhulo cha Chirasha [5, 1].
Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya mankhwala, m'mayiko ambiri a EU, chilolezo cha Vidat (i. Malinga ndi EU Database, tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala ma granules akuya masentimita 31.01.2023 pamlingo wa 20-10 kg/ha, kutengera mtundu wa dothi [4,4]. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waku Europe, kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa zotsalira za oxamyl mu mbatata ndi 5,0 mg/kg [20].
Asayansi achingerezi akuti agwiritse ntchito Nematorin 10 G (i. Akuti Nematorin 1 G imagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi nematodes ya mbatata ndi nematodes yaulere ya pp. Trichodorus и Paratrichodorus, omwe amanyamula kachilombo ka fodya [1]. Mu nkhokwe ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku EU, phosphiazat idalembetsedwa kale m'maiko ambiri a EU (kuyambira 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 mpaka 3/20/0,02) ngati nematicide motsutsana ndi cyst nematodes ndi ndulu nematodes [20]. Malinga ndi malingaliro a EU, mlingo wocheperako wa phosphiazat ndi XNUMX kg/ha mukabzala masika [XNUMX]. Malinga ndi data yaku Europe, kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa phosphiasate yotsalira mu mbatata ndi XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX]. Ku Russia, chinthu chogwira ichi sichinalembetsedwebe.
Ku United States, kulembedwa kwa mankhwala a Velum Prime kumanenedwa, omwe cholinga chake ndi kupondereza phytoparasitic nematodes, komanso matenda ambiri: dzimbiri loyera, alternaria, powdery mildew ndi verticillium. Fluopyram ndi gulu la FRAC 7 fungicide. Mu database ya EU, fluopyram amalembedwa ngati fungicide [20].
Malinga ndi database ya EU mankhwala monga nematicide pa nkhaka ndi kaloti kuyambira 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX mpaka XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. olembetsa bakiteriya kukonzekera Bacillus firmus I-1582 [20]. Pa nkhaka ndi kaloti Bacillus firmus I-1582 sichikhazikitsa zotsalira zotsalira ndi nthawi yodikira [20], zomwe zimatilola kuziwona ngati prophylactic yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima mbewu zamasamba m'malo otetezedwa komanso, mwina, popanga zinthu zachilengedwe komanso kupanga chakudya cha ana. Ku Russia, mankhwalawa sanalembetsebe.
Bowa amalembetsedwanso ku EU Purpureocillium licacinum mavuto 251 [20]. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumaloledwa kuyambira 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 mpaka XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. m'mayiko angapo a EU pa mbewu zingapo zotetezedwa komanso zotseguka [XNUMX]. Pa mbatata, tikulimbikitsidwa kulimbana Pratylenchus spp., ndi CCN (baluni spp.) [20]. Ukadaulo wobweretsa mankhwalawa m'nthaka ndizovuta, ndipo mphamvu ya bowa imatengera momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira [20].
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti palibe mitundu ya mbatata yomwe imagonjetsedwa ndi nematodes yamtundu Ditylenchus.
Kufotokozera mwachidule zomwe tatchulazi, tinganene kuti njira zazikulu zowongolera tsinde la nematode pa mbatata monga gawo la njira yophatikizira yoteteza ndi:
- ntchito wathanzi mbewu mbatata;
- kusankha kasinthasintha wautali wa kasinthasintha wa mbeu, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa matenda a m'munda ndi tsinde nematode. Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zikhalidwe zina zimatha kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nematodes yamtunduwu Ditylenchus, mwachitsanzo: clover wofiira ndi woyera, adyo ndi anyezi [13];
- kuwongolera namsongole ndi "zomera zodzipereka" za mbatata: mitundu yambiri ya namsongole imakhala ngati mbewu zina zochitira nematode;
- kupha tizilombo totengera, zida ndi malo ogulitsa mbatata okhala ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka. Mitundu ndi malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito othandizirawa amaperekedwa m'mabuku a chinenero cha Chirasha [2], komanso muyeso wa European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) mu Baibulo lomasuliridwa [3].
- kuthira madzi munthaka ndi mbewu za cruciferous (sarepta mpiru)Brasica juncea), arugula (Eruca sativa), radish wamba (Radish sativa[1].
- kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa calcium panthawi yobzala komanso panthawi ya tuber yambiri, chifukwa calcium yokwanira ya mbewu zaulimi imathandizira kuti pakhale khoma lolimba la cell, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nematode ilowe mu mmerawo, ndikuwonjezera kukana mbatata kuvulala ndi bakiteriya blackleg [4].
- kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi tsinde nematode (musanafese ndi kubzala mbewu, tikulimbikitsidwa kusanthula nthaka mu labotale). Munda woterewu sungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulima mbewu zomwe zimagwidwa ndi tsinde nematode. Kuti muchepetse kuipitsidwa kwake, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito nematicides - monga gawo la chitetezo chophatikizika, potsatira malamulo oyendetsera bwino mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komanso, m`pofunika bwino ndi yake kutaya zotsalira za nematicides ndi muli awo, kuteteza kuipitsidwa kwa ulimi wothirira ndi pamwamba madzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa nematicides kudzachepetsa kuwononga nthaka ndi madzi ma micro- ndi macrobiota.
Chithunzi ndi Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Zithunzi zovomerezeka ndi British Commonwealth International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences (CABI) ndipo zaikidwa mu CABI Compendium of Invasive Species (14)
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