Ludmila Dulskaya
Chilimwe chathachi chinakumbukiridwa chifukwa cha masoka a nyengo: madera ambiri apakati pa Russia ndi Urals anakumana ndi chilala. Ku Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Territories ndi Crimea, m'malo mwake, kunali mvula yambiri.
Chaka chino, nyengo yofesa pafupifupi m'dziko lonselo inayamba kutsalira m'mbuyo nthawi yomwe inali nthawi zonse. Ndi mavuto ati omwe tiyenera kuwopa mu nyengo yatsopano? Nanga angatani kuti mbewu zisamawonongeke? Kuti tipeze malangizo, tinatembenukira kwa Maria Kuznetsova, Mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti ya Mbatata ndi Matenda a Zamasamba, Wofufuza Wotsogolera wa All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology.
Kupsinjika kwa Abiotic ndi kuchepa kwa zakudya
“2021 chakhala chaka chapadera. Nyengo yotentha inali yotentha m'madera ambiri a Russia. Mochulukira otsika nthaka chinyezi ndi kusowa mvula pa mkulu yozungulira kutentha analenga zinthu zoipa kulima masamba mbewu. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chinyezi, zomera sizikanatha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka. Izi zinayambitsa matenda ambiri a mbatata, kuphatikizapo: glandular spotting (dzimbiri) wa tubers, mdima wa zamkati, kukula kwa tubers ndi mapangidwe otchedwa "cheburashkas".
Mbatata, yomwe idakumana ndi kupsinjika kwa abiotic chifukwa chosowa chinyezi ndi michere, pambuyo pake idayamba kutengeka kwambiri ndi matenda opatsirana amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komanso, matenda amene analipo mbewu tubers mu zobisika boma anayamba kuonekera kwambiri mwakhama. M'madera ambiri a m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, ku Urals ndi madera ena a Siberia, mawonetseredwe a bacteriosis, anthracnose, rhizoctoniosis ankawoneka kwambiri, zolakwika zosiyanasiyana za tubers zinadziwika. Kuperewera kwa chinyezi kumathandizanso kuti ma tubers awonongeke kwambiri ndi nkhanambo, mawonetseredwe a verticillium ndi Fusarium wilt ya zomera.
Pakusoŵa kwa mvula, mankhwala a herbicides sanagwire ntchito mokwanira. Alimi ambiri a mbatata adachulukitsa Mlingo wamankhwala ndikuchiritsa mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zidasokoneza mbewuzo ndikuyambitsa kuyaka kwamankhwala, komanso zimathandizira kuti ziwonetsedwe zoyambira za alternariosis ndi anthracnose.
Mu 2021, m'magawo ambiri a Russian Federation, pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata, kuwonetseredwa koyambirira kwa alternaria choipitsa ndipo pambuyo pake choipitsa mochedwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa ma tubers panthawi yokolola. Fusarium ndi bacteriosis, anthracnose ndi pithy zowola zimawonekera mwachangu pa tubers panthawi yosungira.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Territories ndi mbali yolakwika ntchito kuteteza mbatata ku tsamba mawanga zinachititsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa tubers ndi mochedwa choipitsa ndi bakiteriya zowola.
Kukonzekera kutera
Nanga tingatani kuti tichepetse mavuto munyengo ikubwerayi?
Onetsetsani kuti mwawona kasinthasintha wa mbewu (kubwereranso kumunda pasanathe zaka zitatu kapena zinayi). Gwiritsani ntchito ma tubers athanzi pobzala. Nkhani yokonzekera ma tubers obzala nyengo ino imaphatikizapo kutenthetsa kwawo movomerezeka. Ma tubers ayenera kuwunikanso, kutayidwa omwe amakhudzidwa ndi tsinde nematode, ndi zizindikiro za choipitsa mochedwa, bacteriosis, fusarium, phomosis, anthracnose. Ndikofunikira kuwunika momwe ma tubers amatha kumera, chifukwa kupsinjika kwa ma abiotic, kuphatikiza paziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana, kumatha kuwononga kumera.
Chitani zinthu zingapo: kumera, kubzala ma tubers, kutenthetsa nthaka. Vernalized tubers zobzalidwa m'nthaka yofunda zimamera mwachangu komanso sizingatengeke ndi matenda. Musanabzale kapena mukabzala, ma tubers ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya am'nthaka kuti apewe matenda monga rhizoctoniosis ("scab wakuda"), anthracnose, nkhanambo yasiliva.
Tikuwonanso kuti nyengo ya 2021, mwatsoka, inali yabwino pakudzikundikira kwa tizirombo. Chipale chofewa chinagwa pamene kunalibe chisanu choopsa, ndipo nthaka inalibe nthawi youndana. Choncho, tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tapulumuka mmenemo.
M'madera ambiri ku Russia, kupezeka kwa Colorado mbatata kachilomboka ndi nibbling cutworms kunachitika nyengo yatha. Chifukwa chake, mukabzala, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito insectofungicides - kuchepetsa kuvulaza kwa tizirombo ndi matenda.
Nanga bwanji mbewu zochokera kunja?
Nyengo ino, mbewu za mbatata zochokera kumayiko akunja zimatumizidwa motsatira dongosolo losavuta, ndipo vuto la mtundu wa mbewu ku Russia likhoza kukulirakulira. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ambiri, monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a blackleg, timagona. Ndizotheka kuitanitsa njere zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, ndipo tiyenera kukonzekera izi.
Zoyenera kuchita pa nthawi yakukula
Onetsetsani kuti mukuchita zochizira udzu. Chaka chatha, kutetezedwa kwa minda ku namsongole m'mafamu ambiri kudakonzedwa molakwika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mbewu za udzu zizichulukana ndipo zitha kukulitsa vuto la udzu wa minda. Monga mukudziwira, namsongole samangosintha microclimate m'minda ya mbatata, komanso amateteza matenda a bakiteriya ndi fungal etiology, choncho ayenera kumenyedwa mwamphamvu, osati m'minda, komanso m'madera oyandikana nawo.
Chofunikiranso kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe ndi mchere munthawi yake: pambewu ya mbatata, chiŵerengero cha N:P:K ndi 1:1-1,2:1,6-2; kwa chakudya - 1: 0,8-1: 1,5-1,8. Feteleza bwanji Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera dothi microflora, kuphatikizapo antagonist tizilombo.
Njira yabwino yothetsera feteleza ndi kudzera munthaka. Komabe, pouma kwambiri kapena kunyowa kwambiri, mavalidwe apamwamba a foliar ndiwowonjezera bwino - amakhala othandiza kwambiri pamasamba ang'onoang'ono, pomwe 75% ya zobzala zikukulabe.
M`pofunika kuchita foliar pamwamba kuvala, kuphatikizapo asafe. Simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni pakubzala, alimi ambiri a mbatata amagawaniza izi kukhala milingo iwiri kapena itatu. Yoyamba - musanabzale, mu kuchuluka kwa 60% ya chiwerengero (chomwe chingadziwike potengera zomwe zili mu nthaka ya nayitrogeni m'nthaka); yachiwiri - patatha sabata imodzi chiyambireni tuber mapangidwe, mu kuchuluka kwa 20%.
Voliyumu yonseyo ikulimbikitsidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pakadutsa milungu isanu ndi inayi mpaka khumi itatha kumera, popeza 90% ya nayitrogeni imatengedwa ndi mbewu panthawiyi.
Munthawi yakukula, kuchepa kwa nayitrogeni kumatha kuwongoleredwa ndikuwonjezera UAN kapena urea. Chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha kupsa kwa masamba, urea wokhala ndi nayitrogeni wopitilira 10-15 kg/ha sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito - iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamilingo ingapo. Mankhwalawa amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala a fungicide motsutsana ndi choipitsa mochedwa ndi Alternaria.
Ndikofunikiranso kudyetsa mbatata ndi feteleza wa monopotassium phosphate - kuletsa kukula kwa matenda pamasamba. Ndipo kuyambitsa kwa calcium nitrate kudzateteza ma tubers kuti asavulale komanso kudwala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda panthawi yokolola, kuyendetsa ndi kusunga.
Chitetezo cha matenda
Malinga ndi chidziwitso chathu, nyengo ino, si fungicides onse omwe adaperekedwa ku Russia mokwanira, zomwe zingabweretse mavuto pakukonza chitetezo cha mbatata ku choipitsa mochedwa komanso choipitsa choyambirira. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti pakukula kwamphamvu kwa matenda, njira yokhayo yamankhwala imatha kutsimikizira mbewu yokhazikika.
Olima mbatata amayenera kuwunikanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opha fungicides, kumveketsa bwino momwe angagwiritsire ntchito polimbana ndi choipitsa mochedwa komanso choipitsa msanga, ndikuchitapo kanthu malinga ndi nyengo. Pa tebulo "Kuchita bwino kwa zosakaniza zolimbana ndi choipitsa mochedwa komanso choipitsa choyambirira cha mbatata " zizindikiro zogwira mtima zimaperekedwa, zomwe ziyenera kudaliridwa posankha mankhwala. Ndiloleni ndikukumbutseni kuti kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mochedwa choipitsa kumakhala kothandiza ngati kukuchitika matendawa asanawoneke m'munda. Ndipo chithandizo cha alternariosis chikhoza kuyambika zizindikiro zoyamba za matendawa zitawonekera.
Table 1. Mphamvu ya yogwira zosakaniza motsutsana mochedwa choipitsa ndi oyambirira choipitsa wa mbatata
Yogwira pophika: mankhwala | Mochedwa | Alternariosis |
Kukonzekera zamkuwa | + | (+) |
Dithiocarbamates | + | + |
Chlorothalonil | + | + |
Fluazinam | + | (+) |
Dimethomorph + Mancozeb | + | + |
Dimethomorph + Initium | + | - |
Cymoxanil + famoxadone | + | + |
Cymoxanil + Mancozeb | + | + |
Cymoxanil + mkuwa | + | - |
Fenamidone + Mancozeb | + | + |
Mefenoxam + Mancozeb | + | + |
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb | + | + |
Oxadixyl+copper oxychloride | + | - |
Mandipropamide | + | - |
Mandipropamide + Difenoconazole | + | + |
Propamocarb-HCl + Fluopicolide | + | - |
Propamocarb-HCl + phenomidone | + | + |
diazofamide | + | - |
Difenoconazole | - | + |
Pyraclostrobin + boscalid | - | + |
fluapiram + pyrimethanil | - | + |
Famoxadone + oxathiapiproline | + | + |
- palibe zotsatira; + pali zotsatira
Kuti muteteze chitetezo cha mbatata ku choipitsa chakumapeto komanso choyipitsa koyambirira, nthawi zitatu zofunika pakukulitsa mbewu za mbatata ziyenera kusiyanitsa: kuyambira kumera mpaka kumayambiriro kwa kutseka kwa nsonga m'mizere (gawo 1), kuyambira koyambira kutseka. nsonga mpaka maluwa (gawo 2) komanso kuchokera ku maluwa kupita ku imfa yachilengedwe ya nsonga (gawo 3). Pa nthawi zomwe zafotokozedwa, muyenera kuchita zomwe zanenedwa.
Gawo 1. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndikoyenera pamene foci ya phytophthora imadziwika kapena pachiwopsezo chachikulu chakuwoneka koyambirira. Unyinji wa masamba panthawiyi umakula pang'onopang'ono, kotero fungicide iliyonse imatha kuyikidwa. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mobwerezabwereza malinga ndi chikhalidwe (chizoloŵezi) - pasanathe masiku 7-10 pamitundu yomwe ingathe kutenga, ndipo patatha masiku 11-14 - pazovuta.
Gawo 2. Panthawi imeneyi, kuchuluka kwa nsonga kumawirikiza kawiri masiku 4-5 aliwonse. Ma fungicides omwe amateteza kukula kwa masamba ndi zimayambira, malinga ndi dongosolo lachikhalidwe, sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pasanathe masiku 7-10 pamitundu yomwe ingatengeke, ndipo pakatha masiku 11-14 pazovuta. Ma fungicides olumikizana ndi omasulira amayenera kuyikidwa pamitundu yonse ya mbatata malinga ndi dongosolo lachikhalidwe masiku asanu aliwonse.
Gawo 3. Kukula kogwira kwa nsonga mu gawoli kuyimitsa. Zolinga zazikulu: kuteteza nsonga ndi ma tubers ku choipitsa mochedwa, ndi nsonga za Alternaria. Polimbana ndi choipitsa mochedwa, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito translaminar ndi kukhudzana ndi fungicides omwe amateteza tubers. Kukonza molingana ndi dongosolo lachikhalidwe - pasanathe masiku 7-10 aliwonse pamitundu yomwe ingatengeke komanso patatha masiku 11-14 - pazovuta.
Kumapeto kwa nyengo yakukula, pofuna kupewa kusamutsidwa kwa matenda a etiologies osiyanasiyana kuchokera pamwamba kupita ku ma tubers ndikuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa ma tubers mochedwa choipitsa, alternariosis, anthracnose ndi bacteriosis, chiwonongeko chisanachitike kukolola kuyenera kuchitika. kunja masabata awiri kapena atatu asanakolole.
Kubzala ma tubers athanzi, otetezedwa ndi tizilombo m'nthaka yofunda, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza woyenerera, kutsatira zofunikira zonse za agrotechnical mukukula mbatata, kuteteza mbewu ku udzu, tizirombo ndi matenda munthawi yakukula kwa zomera - ichi ndiye chinsinsi cha kukolola bwino kwa nyengo ya 2022.
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