Boris Anisimov, Federal Research Center of Mbatata dzina lake pambuyo A. G. Lokha
Chiyambi cha kulima mbatata ku Russia nthawi zambiri chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina la Peter I. Pali Baibulo lomwe Peter I, atadziwana ndi mbatata ku Holland (1697-1698) ndikuyamikira ubwino wake, adatumiza thumba la ma tubers a mbatata ku Count. Sheremetev ali ndi dongosolo lokhazikika lobzala mbewuyi ku Russia ... Amakhulupirira kuti mbiri yakukula mbatata ku Russia idayamba ndi thumba la mbatata. Komabe, palibe chidziwitso chokhudza tsogolo la nyumba yachifumuyi. Ngati zidachitikadi, inali njira imodzi yokha yolowera mbatata m'dziko lathu. Mulimonsemo, zimadziwika kuchokera kuzinthu zakale zomwe zili m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX. m'mizinda yambiri yaku Russia ndi midzi yakumidzi, alimi ndi wamaluwa alima kale mbatata.
Poyamba, mbatata ku Russia, monga kwina kulikonse, inkawoneka ngati chinthu chachilendo. Anali chakudya chosowa komanso chokoma pamipira yapanyumba yachifumu ndi maphwando. Ndipo, chodabwitsa momwe zingawonekere, mbatata idawazidwa shuga, osati mchere.
Pang'onopang'ono, anthu aku Russia adaphunzira zambiri za ubwino wa mbatata. Zaka zoposa 200 zapitazo, m'nkhani ina ya "Compositions and Translations, kuti apindule ndi zosangalatsa za ogwira ntchito", operekedwa kwa mbatata, adanenedwa kuti "maapulo a padziko lapansi" (monga nthawi yoyamba yomwe mbatata imatchedwa) ndi chakudya chokoma komanso chathanzi. Zinanenedwa kuti mbatata zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphika mkate, kuphika phala, kuphika pie ndi dumplings. Kale mu 1764-1776. mbatata ankalimidwa m’minda ya ku St. Petersburg, Novgorod, pafupi ndi Riga ndi m’madera ena.
Ntchito yofunikira pakufalikira kwa mbatata ku Russia idaseweredwa ndi Medical College, yomwe inali bungwe lachiwiri la sayansi ku Russia pambuyo pa Academy of Sciences. Pamene mu 60s wa XVIII atumwi. njala inabuka m’madera ena a dzikolo, a Medical College anatumiza lipoti lapadera ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Lipotili, makamaka, linanena kuti njira yabwino yothanirana ndi njala "... imakhala ndi maapulo adothi, omwe ku England amatchedwa potetes, ndipo m'malo ena, mapeyala adothi, tartuffles ndi mbatata.».
Nyumba ya Senate idapereka lamulo lapadera lokhudza mbatata: «Кza phindu lalikulu la maapulowa komanso kuti amafunikira ntchito yochepa kwambiri pa nthawi ya chisudzulo, ndipo malipirowa kwambiri osati kwa anthu okha chifukwa cha chakudya chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi, komanso kudyetsa ziweto zonse, ziyenera kulemekezedwa chifukwa cha masamba abwino kwambiri. kumanga nyumba ndi kusudzulana yesetsani zotheka».
Kuwonjezera pa lamuloli, Senate inaperekanso "malangizo" apadera, i.e. kalozera wa kulima mbatata. Mfundo yakuti mu 1765-1766 Senate inali yaikulu pa kugawa mbatata ku Russia ikuchitira umboni kuti mu 22-30. anakambirana nkhaniyi maulendo 40. Njira zothandiza zidachitidwa nthawi yomweyo: mbewu zidagulidwa ndikutumizidwa kumadera onse, kuphatikiza akutali. Izi zapereka zotsatira zoyenera. Posakhalitsa, mbatata idadziwika m'zigawo zambiri za Central Russia, Ukraine, ndi mayiko a Baltic. Zowona, panalinso chipwirikiti chachikulu chokhudzana ndi kukakamizidwa kwa mbewu za mbatata, pomwe malo abwino kwambiri adatengedwa kuchokera kwa alimi a mbatata, adalangidwa chifukwa cholephera kutsatira malangizo a aboma, ndipo adawapondereza. Mu XNUMX-XNUMXs wa XIX atumwi. poyankha machitidwe achiwawa a boma la Nicholas Woyamba, zomwe zimatchedwa "mbatata zachiwawa" zinawuka.
Ntchito za Free Economic Society, zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ku St. Petersburg mu 1765, zinali zofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata ku Russia. . Pakati pawo, udindo wapadera ndi woyamba Russian wasayansi-katswiriyu Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. Mu 1770, adasindikiza nkhani ya sayansi, "A Note on the Tarot." Inali imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba komanso zatsatanetsatane "pa kukhazikitsidwa, kubzala ndi kufalitsa mbatata", komanso "pa kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza izi." Anali Bolotov yemwe anali woyamba kutcha mbatata osati "maapulo a padziko lapansi" osati "mbatata", koma "tartatoes." Patapita nthawi, dzinali linasandulika kukhala mbatata.
Panali anthu enanso ambiri okonda chikhalidwe chatsopano ku Russia. Ubwino wapadera pakulima mbatata ndi wa munda wa Petersburg Efim Andreevich Grachev, mbadwa ya alimi a Yaroslavl. Kutolera kwake mbatata kunali mitundu yopitilira 100. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake mu acclimatization ndi kuswana kwa mitundu yatsopano, adalandira mendulo 60 paziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana ku Russia ndi kunja. Pachionetsero cha minda yamaluwa ku St. Petersburg, mitundu ya mbatata ya Grachev inadziwika kuti ndiyo yabwino koposa. Grachev adagwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ku America Early Rose, yomwe, ku Russia, idapeza mikhalidwe yatsopano ndikusandulika kukhala mitundu yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu - "kucha koyambirira". Pambuyo pake ntchito imeneyi inapitirizidwa ndi N. Ya. Nikitinsky. Analandira kuchokera kwa mwana wake wamkazi Grachev mitundu yonse yomwe inalipo panthawiyo ndipo anayamba kuwaswana mu malo a Kostino omwe adagula chifukwa cha izi m'chigawo cha Ryazan.
N. Ayi. Nikitinsky adalandiranso mitundu yambiri yochokera kumayiko ena, anali m'makalata okangalika ndi makasitomala, adawatumizira ma catalogs ndi zinthu zambewu popempha. Anathera nthawi yambiri pa ntchito yoyesera: kuwoloka, kusankha ndi kuswana ma hybrids abwino kwambiri kuti apange mitundu yatsopano. Kusonkhanitsa mbatata N.Ya. Nikitinsky adakula mpaka mitundu 400, kuphatikiza ma hybrids omwe amabzalidwa ndikuwoloka. Malo a Kostino panthawiyo anali gwero lokhalo lalikulu la mbatata mdziko muno. Mu 1912 N. Ya. Nikitinsky anamwalira, ntchito ya kuswana ndi kusunga mitundu inapitilizidwa ndi mkazi wake. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 1917, malo a Kostino adagwa, chifukwa sanalandire chithandizo cha boma.
Mu 1919, Bureau of Applied Botany ya Agricultural Scientific Committee idayamba ntchito yopanga zosonkhanitsira zoyambira ndikusonkhanitsa pafupipafupi zitsanzo (zanyumba ndi zakunja) zoweta mitundu ya mbatata yapakhomo. Mu 1920, pamene Korenev Experimental Station (kenako All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming) inakhazikitsidwa m'chigawo cha Moscow, woyambitsa wake ndi wotsogolera A. G. Lorkh adabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya N.Ya. Nikitinsky. Mu nthawi yomweyo T.V. Aseeva ndi A. G. Lorkh adakonza ndikuchita kafukufuku wambiri ndikusankha mitundu (yapakhomo ndi yakunja) pa mbewu zamba za mbatata m'chigawo cha Moscow. A.G. Lorkh adalembanso ndikuwonjezeranso mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso yatsopano yakunja. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, ogwira ntchito ku siteshoni ya Korenevskaya mu 1921 anayamba ntchito yoweta kuti apange mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata. Pofika m'chaka cha 1930, mitundu ya Lorkh ndi Korenevsky idawetedwa ndikugawidwa, yoyamba yomwe ikukulabe ku Russia.
Mu nthawi kuchokera 1925 mpaka 1958. zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali zoweta zinayambitsidwa panthawi ya maulendo a S.M. Bukasov, S.V. Yuzepchuk, N. I. Vavilov, P.M. Zhukovsky ndi ena ofufuza za zomera ku South America. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wa geographical, botanical and cytological, S.M. Bukasov adapanga njira yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yokhazikitsidwa mwasayansi yamitundu ya mbatata, yomwe idadziwika nthawi yomweyo ngati akatswiri azamisonkho abwino kwambiri ku New and Old Worlds. Ndiwo maziko onse amakono kachitidwe tuber kupanga mbatata.
Ntchito yomwe idachitika ku Research Institute of Plant Viwanda yotchedwa pambuyo pake N.I. Vavilov (VIR) pa kasungidwe, kuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata pakuweta kunathandizira pakukula kwa mapulogalamu obereketsa komanso kupanga mbewu zoyambira (zothandizira kuswana) zamitundu yoyambirira ya mbatata yomwe idapangidwa chifukwa cha mabungwe ofufuza zaulimi omwe ali m'malo osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe. ndi mmene malo alili.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata yomwe idapangidwa ku Russia chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 idasiya kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamsika, makamaka potengera mawonekedwe amalonda a mbatata omwe amalowa mu malonda. Chifukwa chake, m'gulu la opanga mbatata zazikulu, kuphatikiza mabungwe aulimi (AOs) ndi minda ya Peasant (farms) (PFHs), kuchepa kwa mitundu yabwino yazakudya ndi mitundu yoyenera kukonzedwa kudayamba kumveka kwambiri, komanso m'mafamu ang'onoang'ono. mwa anthu kunali koyenera kukulitsa kusankha, koyambirira, kucha koyambirira, choipitsa mochedwa ndi mitundu yolimbana ndi nematode.
M'mikhalidwe iyi, asayansi ndi obereketsa aku Russia m'kanthawi kochepa asintha kwambiri maziko aukadaulo ndiukadaulo wopanga mitundu ya mbatata yomwe ikufunika. Zoyeserera zazikuluzikulu zidali ndi cholinga chowerenga zamtundu wa cholowa ndi kulumikizana kwa mikhalidwe yayikulu yomwe imatsimikizira zomwe zanenedweratu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuwunika kuthekera kophatikizana kwamitundu ya makolo ndikuzindikiritsa kuphatikizika kwa kuwoloka kumadera ena a kuswana, kupanga mitundu yamitundu. zogwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, poganizira kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma, etc.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira zatsopano zothandizira kuswana kunaloledwa kwa nthawi ya 1991-2010. kupanga mitundu yoposa 70 yomwe yapambana mayeso a boma ndipo yaphatikizidwa mu State Register of Breeding Achievements yovomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito popanga.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe-zachilengedwe komanso zamayiko, kuthekera kwa mitundu yomwe ili mu State Register idapereka zokolola za 40-45 t / ha, zomwe zidachitika pansi pamikhalidwe yopangira ndi mulingo woyenera waukadaulo wa kulima mbatata.
Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakusankha mitundu yatsopano yomwe imakwaniritsa zofunikira zaulimi kudakwaniritsidwa pamalo obereketsa a All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economy chifukwa chochita bwino motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wa chibadwa komanso woweta. , Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi. IWO. Kuswana kwa Yashina kwa chitukuko chofananira cha anthu osakanizidwa omwe ali mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe komanso malo. Oweta mabungwe asayansi amderali atenga nawo gawo pantchitoyi kuyambira 1986. Onsewa anali ndi mwayi wolandira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoswana kuchokera kumalo osankhidwa a All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economy, osankhidwa kale pa siteji ya kuswana kusanasankhidwe chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa majini ofunika kwambiri ndi ma polygene omwe amachititsa ambiri. makhalidwe amtengo wapatali pazachuma - makamaka kukana matenda ndi tizirombo ndi heterozygosity, yomwe imatsimikizira zokolola zambiri mu mbatata.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu yogwiritsira ntchito anthu ofanana posankha m'malo osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe komanso malo kwapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mitundu yowetedwa yokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zosinthira kumadera akuluakulu a kulima mbatata. Dongosolo lophatikizana loyesa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosakanizidwa yalola onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo kuti asunge ndalama popanga mitundu yatsopano.
Mkati mwa dongosolo la njira yopititsira patsogolo kusankha kothandiza, asayansi a V. I. A. G. Lorkh motsogozedwa ndi Doctor of Agricultural Sciences E.A. Simakov, mayendedwe ofunikira kwambiri mpaka 2020 adadziwika:
Kupanga mitundu yamitundu yampikisano yomwe ikufunika pamsika wa ogula. Zofunikira zazikulu kwa iwo ndi: mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a ma tubers, kulawa kwakukulu, zamkati zosadetsa mu mawonekedwe aiwisi komanso owiritsa. Mlingo wa digestibility wamitundu yamagome ukhoza kusiyana kuchokera ku zosagayika (mtundu wa saladi) kupita ku mitundu yopunduka. Makhalidwe a tuber mawonekedwe, mtundu wa khungu ndi mtundu wa thupi wakhalanso wofunikira kwa ogula amakono.
Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe idaperekedwa, choyambirira, kuti iwonjezere ntchito yopanga mitundu yakucha koyambirira kuti ikolole koyambirira, kuphatikiza mitundu yoyambilira yokolola yomwe ingagulitsidwe patatha masiku 70-80 mutabzala ndi mitundu yoyambirira yokhala ndi nyengo yokulira mpaka 80-90 masiku.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano zomwe zapangidwa posankha mitundu ya mbatata ndikuwonjezera zomwe zili mu antioxidants mu tubers ndikupanga mitundu yokhala ndi anthocyanin (wowala) anthocyanin kapena mtundu wa carotenoid wamtundu wa tubers, wopatsa thanzi kwambiri. gwiritsani ntchito zakudya zamakono zolimbitsa thupi.
Kupanga mitundu yopangira zinthu za mbatata (tchipisi, ma fries achi French, mbatata yosenda). Mitundu iyi iyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyana, zomwe zomwe zili mu tubers zouma (20-25%) ndi kuchepetsa shuga (mulingo woyenera mpaka 0,2%), zomwe zimatsimikizira mtundu ndi mtundu wa chinthu chomaliza, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ma tubers omwe amapangidwira kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina ayenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe awo (tchipisi - kuzungulira, zowotcha - zotalika), kuya kwa maso, kukana kuvulala, mdima wa zamkati, kutuluka kwa gawo lazamalonda la kukula kwake.
Kulengedwa kwa mitundu yaukadaulo yokhala ndi wowuma wambiri. Malangizowa amaganiziranso za kuthekera kosintha mawonekedwe a wowuma (kukula kwa mbewu za wowuma, chiŵerengero cha amylose ndi amylopectin ndi zizindikiro zina). Chofunikira kwambiri pagulu la mitundu iyi ndikuphatikizanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhuthala (osachepera 18%) ndi kukana choipitsa mochedwa ndi nematode ya mbatata.
Kuchulukitsa kukana kwa mitundu ku matenda osiyanasiyana inakhalanso yofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe pa chitukuko cha kuswana mbatata zosiyanasiyana zolinga. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka m'mikhalidwe yamakono ya kuvulaza kosalekeza kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ndi zovuta, komanso kupanga mitundu yolimbana ndi fungicides. Kutengera izi, mapulogalamu oswana amalingalira kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukana mumitundu yopangidwa - chitetezo chokwanira, hypersensitivity, kulolerana, kukana kumunda kutengera matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito magwero a jini komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza zomera ndi zachilengedwe.
Chothandizira chachikulu pakupanga mapulogalamu oweta chinapangidwa ndi mabungwe asayansi amderali omwe akupanga kuswana mbatata m'malo osiyanasiyana anyengo ku Russia. Izi zinapangitsa kuti zitheke kuonetsetsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthawi yakucha ipangidwe, kuphatikiza zokolola zambiri ndi khalidwe la mankhwala ndi kukana kwambiri matenda wamba, tizirombo komanso kusinthasintha kosiyanasiyana kwa chilengedwe.
Pazaka khumi zapitazi (2010-2020), oyambitsa ku Russia apanga mitundu yopitilira 50 yodalirika pazolinga zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mitundu yamatebulo yopangira koyambirira komanso kusungirako nthawi yayitali, mitundu yazakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso kukonza zinthu za mbatata (zokazinga zaku France, tchipisi). , mbatata yowuma puree), komanso mitundu yaukadaulo yopanga wowuma.
Posachedwapa, mapulogalamu obereketsa mbatata adakonzedwa mozama ndi zofunikira zatsopano za msika wa ogula zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufunikira kopititsa patsogolo zakudya m'moyo waumunthu - kuchepetsa calorie ya chakudya, kuonjezera zomwe zili ndi mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi antioxidants. Poganizira zofunikira izi pakuweta mbatata, ntchito yayikulu ikuchitika kale ndi zinthu zoyambira kuti mupeze ma hybrids odalirika ndikupanga mitundu yomwe imasiyana ndi mawonekedwe a biochemical a tubers, kuphatikiza omwe ali owuma kwambiri komanso otsika, omwe ali ndi zochulukirapo. mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi ma antioxidants omwe amalimbitsa chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu. Zachidziwikire, pamlingo wokulirapo, kupita patsogolo kwa kuswana kukulitsa thanzi la ma tubers a mbatata kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha chibadwa cha mikhalidwe yosankhidwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zofufuzira zama genetic, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito DNA. zolembera, kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo watsopano wosankha mothandizidwa ndi zolembera (MAS), komanso njira zatsopano zotsogola zowongolera ma genome a mbatata kuti apeze ma genotypes omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yofunika kwambiri pazachuma pakafukufuku wotsatira woweta.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono zamakono zamakono ndi matekinoloje amtundu wa meristem-tissue kuti apeze ndi kufalitsa micropropagation ya in vitro yoyambirira ndikupanga pamaziko a thumba lopikisana la mbatata zoyambilira zamitundu yatsopano yodalirika.
Kuyang'ana momwe msika wambatata waku Russia ulili pano, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti malinga ndi zomwe World Organisation for Agriculture and Food (FAO) padziko lonse lapansi, kudya mbatata ndi zinthu za mbatata pa munthu aliyense ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 35 pachaka, pamene avareji ku dera lonse la ku Ulaya, chiwerengerochi ndi pa mlingo wa makilogalamu 85 pa munthu, ndi Russia - 90 makilogalamu pa munthu.
Ku Russian Federation, pafupifupi matani 13-14 miliyoni pachaka a mbatata zomwe zimadyedwa pazakudya. Pokonzekera kwambiri zinthu za mbatata (zokazinga za ku France, tchipisi, mbatata yosenda), pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni amadyedwa. Kufunika kwa mbatata zambewu m'magulu a mabungwe azaulimi (AHO), mabizinesi alimi (alimi) (PFH) ndi amalonda pawokha (IE) okhala ndi malo obzala mahekitala opitilira 300 ndi pafupifupi matani 1 miliyoni. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pambewu ndi ziweto m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu, ngakhale kuti chiwerengerochi chikhoza kukhala matani 5-6 miliyoni. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma, m'magulu onse a minda, kudya kwa mbatata kwa mbewu mu 2018 kunali matani 4,6 miliyoni, chakudya cha ziweto, matani 4,3 miliyoni. Avereji ya zotayika zapachaka pakusungidwa kwa mbatata zikuyerekeza matani 1,5 miliyoni.
Malinga ndi Federal Customs Service yaku Russia, mu 2019 kutumizidwa kunja kwa mbatata kunali matani 298,3.
Chifukwa chake, ku Russia, kuchuluka kwa mbatata zopangidwa m'nyumba kuyenera kukhala matani 22 miliyoni. Kutsika kwa mulingo uwu kungayambitse kuchepa kwa mbatata zogulitsidwa, ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezeka kwa gawo lazogulitsa kunja. Gawo lomwe likuyembekezeredwa kuchokera kunja kwa mbatata zodyedwa pafupifupi matani 300-350. Izi makamaka ndi mbatata "zachinyamata", zomwe kufunikira ndi kugulitsa m'maketani ogulitsa nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeka pakapita nthawi, pamene moyo wa alumali wazinthu zamtundu wa chaka chatha umatha mu May, ndipo osachepera 2 -x miyezi.
Zokolola zambiri za mbatata ku Russia m'magulu onse a mafamu mu 2019 anali matani 22,0 miliyoni, kuphatikiza matani 7,5 miliyoni m'mabungwe aulimi ndi minda ya anthu wamba. Kuwunikaku kudawonetsa kuti pazaka 15 zapitazi, gawo la mabanja pakupanga mbatata latsika kwambiri. Choncho, pa nthawi kuchokera 2013, panali kuchepa kwa 77,7% kwa 65,8%, pamene gawo la ulimi mabizinezi chinawonjezeka kuchokera 13,8 kuti 21,0%, wamba (mlimi) mabanja ndi amalonda payekha - kuchokera 8,6 kuti 13,3 , XNUMX%.
Ndizotheka kuti m'zaka zikubwerazi kuchepetsedwa kwina kwa gawo la mabanja pazambiri zonse za mbatata zitha kuyembekezeka ndipo kukopa kwawo pamsika wa mbatata kutsikanso. Kuwonjezeka kothekera kwakukula kwa mbatata zamalonda m'mabizinesi aulimi, minda ya anthu wamba ndi mabizinesi pawokha kutha kutheka mwa kukulitsa madera, makamaka, pakuchulukitsa zokolola.
M'kanthawi kochepa, zomwe zanenedweratu zokolola za mbatata m'mabizinesi aulimi pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono zitha kukhazikika pamlingo wa 26-28 t / ha. M'mafamu a anthu wamba, ndizotheka kuti zokolola zocheperako zitha kukhalabe mkati mwa 21-23 t / ha, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakumbuyo komanso luso laukadaulo poyerekeza ndi mabizinesi aulimi, komanso zina zambiri. Kuvuta kwa alimi kupeza zipangizo zobwereketsa, ngongole, ndalama zothandizira feteleza, mafuta ndi zina.
M'mabizinesi ambiri azaulimi okhala ndi zida zofunikira komanso luso komanso njira zogawa zokhazikika, kupanga mbatata kumakhala kokhazikika. Nthawi yomweyo, m'malingaliro athu, kuthekera kwakukulu pakuwonjezeka kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa mbatata kungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'gulu la mabanja alimi (alimi) ndi amalonda payekha. Kuti muwonjezere luso la kaphatikizidwe ka mbatata m'gulu la mafamu awa, kukulitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mafamu pakupanga ndi kufalitsa mbatata zamalonda ndi mbewu kungakhale kofunika kwambiri. Zomwe zinachitikira zoweta zapakhomo ndi zakunja zikuwonetsa kuti mkati mwa mayanjano apakati-mafamu, alimi, kukhala mamembala a cooperative ndikukwaniritsa chikalata chake, samataya ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma ndi zachuma, koma amadzimasula okha kumavuto pazogulitsa, kuitanitsa zinthu zofunika kuti zipangidwe kapena kupeza ntchito zina. ... Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera zinthu zonse zomwe zilipo ndi mphamvu za membala aliyense wa mgwirizano zimatsimikiziridwa kuti achepetse mtengo, kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa mankhwala omaliza ndi kupanga phindu.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mgwirizano wamafamu pakupanga ndi kufalitsa mbewu ndi mbatata kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zaka zambiri zakuchita bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko omwe ali ndi chitukuko chachikulu chamakampani a mbatata (France, Netherlands, USA). , ndi zina). Poganizira izi, mgwirizano wapakati pamafamu pamaziko a mgwirizano wodzipereka wamafamu akulima mbatata (ulimi), komanso mabizinesi olimba pazachuma, atha kukhala njira imodzi yothandiza komanso yodalirika pakukula kwa mbatata. mafakitale ku Russia.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kunenanso kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, chidziwitso chathu komanso malingaliro athu okhudza thanzi la mbatata monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazakudya za anthu chakula kwambiri, chomwe makamaka chifukwa cha zotsatira za - maphunziro ozama pankhani ya kapangidwe kake kazachilengedwe, komanso kuswana kwachitukuko pofuna kukulitsa thanzi la mbatata.
Chifukwa cha kulinganizika bwino kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zamoyo mu tubers (zakudya, mapuloteni, mafuta, mavitamini, antioxidants, mchere wamchere, ma organic acid, etc.) mankhwala ndi mkulu zakudya mtengo, ndi udindo wake mu zakudya wathanzi anthu amakono Mosakayikira kungowonjezera.