Malinga ndi Food Security Doctrine, chizindikiro (chizindikiritso) chopanga mbatata mu Russian Federation sichiyenera kugwa pansi pa 95% ya kuchuluka kwa zokwanira.
Poganizira kuchuluka komwe kukufunika ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbatata mdziko muno, kuphatikiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu (malinga ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi), kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lina la mbewuyo pokonza ndi kudyetsa ziweto, dziko la Russia liyenera kulandira osachepera 26 miliyoni pachaka kuti likhale ndi chitetezo chofunikira matani a mbatata.
Kutengera kuyerekezera kwathu ndi kuwerengera kwathu kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti tikwaniritse zofuna za mbatata mdziko muno, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti: chakudya pamlingo wa matani 14 miliyoni, pa mbewu - pafupifupi matani 4 miliyoni, pazakudya - matani 5 miliyoni , pokonza - matani 1 miliyoni (Gulu 1).
Munthu akhoza kuyembekezeranso kuchepa kwenikweni kosungirako kosungirako mpaka matani 1,5 miliyoni, zomwe zimathandizira pakukhazikitsidwa kwatsopano ndi kumangidwanso kwa mbatata zomwe zidalipo kale ndi machitidwe awo amakono kuti zisungidwe bwino.
Pamtundu wonse wa mbatata zomwe zidadyedwa, gawo loganiza zakogulitsa kunja lisadutse 1,5% (pafupifupi matani 400). Izi ndi mbatata zoyambirira "zazing'ono", zomwe zimakonda kuwonjezeka mu Epulo-Meyi (munyengo yopanda ntchito, pomwe masheya azokolola za chaka chatha atha, kutatsala miyezi iwiri kuti agulitse mbatata Za mbewu zatsopano pamsika. m'zaka zaposachedwa, mayiko monga Egypt, Israel, China, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, ndi ena ambiri amakhala akudzaza mwachangu. Kuchepetsa gawo logulitsa kunja kwa mbatata zoyambirira kumatheka kokha pamaziko a Kuwonjezeka kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa zopanga zake kumadera akumwera kwa dzikolo ndikupanga njira zamakono zam'madera ndi zigawo zingapo pazolinga izi, zomwe ndizofunikanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa katundu wogulitsa kunja ndi mbatata zambewu.
Ndizotheka kuti kuchuluka kwa mbatata zaku Russia zomwe zimatumiza kunja kumayiko ena kudzawonjezeka, makamaka m'maiko a European Union Union. Izi zikuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi njira zokulitsira kuchuluka kwamagalimoto osakanikirana ndi firiji ndikuchepetsa mtengo woperekera magalimoto apadera munthawi yopuma.
Malinga ndi Federal State Statistics Service, dera lomwe lili ndi mbatata m'minda yonse ya 2017 lidafika mahekitala 2205, kuphatikiza mgulu la mabungwe azaulimi (AHO) - mahekitala 171 zikwi, mabanja osauka (alimi) (PFH) ndi aliyense amalonda (IE) - mahekitala 129 komanso m'mabanja - mahekitala 1606 (Gulu 2).
Nthawi yomweyo, kutengera zotsatira zoyambirira za kalembera waulimi wa 2016, titha kuyankhula zakudziwika kosagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pazizindikiro za ziwerengero zaboma ndi zomwe zidachitikadi. Pazaka zopitilira 10, mabanja awona kuchepa kwakukulu kwa dera lomwe limapatsidwa mbatata zolima. Chifukwa chake, mu 2017, malo onse omwe anali pansi pa mbatata m'minda yabanja anali mahekitala 971,1 zikwi. Izi, zachidziwikire, zimafunikira kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo mtsogolomo, ndikupanga masinthidwe oyenerera ku malipoti.
Kukolola kwakukulu kwa mbatata m'minda yamitundu yonse mu 2017 malinga ndi ziwerengero zaboma, zidakwana matani 29,6 miliyoni, kuphatikiza matani 6,8 miliyoni m'mabungwe azolimo ndi minda ya anthu wamba. Kusanthula kwathu kudawonetsa kuti mzaka zopitilira zaka 10, gawo la mabanja pakupanga mbatata lachepa kuchoka pa 89% mpaka 76%, pomwe gawo lazamalonda lakwera kuchokera ku 7 mpaka 14%, mabanja osauka (alimi) komanso amalonda - kuchokera mpaka 4% (chithunzi 10,5).
Mwachiwonekere, m'zaka zotsatira, tikhoza kuyembekezera kuchepa kwina kwa gawo la mabanja mu kuchuluka kwa mbatata mpaka matani 16-18 miliyoni (mu 2016 anali matani 24,2 miliyoni, mu 2017 - 22,8 miliyoni matani). ndipo mphamvu zawo pamsika wogulitsa mbatata zipitilira kuchepa. Kuwonjezeka kwakapangidwe kakang'ono ka mbatata zamalonda m'mabizinesi azolimo, minda yosauka komanso amalonda ena mpaka matani miliyoni 7-8 atha kukwaniritsidwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zokolola ndipo mwina chifukwa chakukula kwa dera mpaka 305-310 mahekitala zikwi.
Zonenedweratu za zokolola za mbatata posachedwa m'makampani ogulitsa zaulimi pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amakono zitha kukhazikika pamlingo wa 25-26 t / ha (mu 2017 - 25,8 t / ha). M'minda yosauka, mwina, zokolola zidzakhalabe pakati pa 20-22 t / ha (mu 2017 zinali 20,6 t / ha), zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakubwerera m'mbuyo komanso ukadaulo wamafamu ambiri poyerekeza ndi mabizinesi azolimo, komanso mwayi wovuta kwambiri kwa alimi kubwereketsa zida, ngongole kubanki, ndalama zothandizira feteleza, mafuta ndi zina.
Titha kuyembekezera kuti mu 2018. Dera lathunthu lomwe lili pansi pa mbatata m'minda yamitundu yonse likhala pafupi ndi zisonyezo za chaka chatha ndipo likhala mahekitala osachepera 1,27 miliyoni, kuphatikiza mabungwe azolimo ndi minda yosauka pamlingo wa mahekitala 300 ndi mabanja - mahekitala 970. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa zisonyezozi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tipewe kuchepa kotheka kwa zokolola, zomwe zitha kuphatikizira kuchuluka kwa zomwe zatulutsidwa kunja kwa mbatata zogulitsidwa.
M'masiku ano, kupititsa patsogolo mbatata yayitali sikungatheke popanda dongosolo lokhazikika loti lizipereka mabungwe omwe amalima mbatata, anthu wamba (olima) minda ndi asungwana ena omwe ali ndi mbewu zapamwamba zamakalasi osankhika komanso kubalirana kwapamwamba. Motere, kukula kwachulukidwe kokulira ndikuwongolera mozama mtundu wa mbatata zam'mbewu zoyambira komanso zowoneka bwino ndi zina mwazofunikira kwambiri pakampani yamitengo ya mbatata yokhazikika komanso yotsika mtengo.
Malinga ndi zotsatira zowunika za Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", kuchuluka kwa mbatata zobzalidwa m'minda yamagulu onse mu 2017 kunali matani zikwi 3613 (mu 2016 - 3803,4 matani zikwi), kuphatikiza 743 obzalidwa m'mabungwe azolimo ndi minda ya anthu wamba. matani masauzande, m'mabanja - matani 2870. Zotsatira zowunika mtundu wa mbatata kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira (malinga ndi Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr") zikuwonetsedwa mu Gome 3.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti gawo lalikulu la mbatata za mbewu zomwe sizikwaniritsa zofunikira zamabzidwe zimabzalidwa chaka chilichonse m'mabungwe azaulimi ndi m'mabizinesi a anthu wamba (alimi).
Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata sikunayambebe kugwira ntchito mokwanira. Mu 2017, mitundu ya mbatata 428 idaperekedwa mu State Register of Breeding Achievements Akaloledwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito, omwe mitundu 221 (52%) idapangidwa ndi oweta zoweta. Nthawi yomweyo, gawo la mitundu yoyambira yakunyumba yokhayo yomwe idabzalidwa inali 17,3% yokha. Atsogoleri potengera kuchuluka kwa mbatata anali mitundu monga Gala (19,6%), Red Scarlett (13,8%), Nevsky (5,6%), Lady Claire (5,3%), Rosara (4,5%), Luck (4,1%), Zekura (2,3%), Veneta (2%). Mwa mitundu 10 yotsogola, isanu ndi itatu ndi yoyambira akunja ndipo iwiri yokha ndi ya kuswana ku Russia.
Zaka khumi zapitazo, malinga ndi zotsatira za kusanthula komweku, mitundu inayi yakunyumba idaphatikizidwa mwa atsogoleri asanu apamwamba: Nevsky, Udacha, Lugovskoy, Elizaveta ndi m'modzi yekha wakunja - Romano. Gawo lalikulu la oyambitsa akunja pamsika wa mbatata ladzala limakhazikika, zomwe zimawopseza kusamutsidwa kwa mitundu yaku Russia kuchokera pakupanga.
Mpaka pano, chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zotsika kwambiri za mbatata m'madera ambiri ndiko kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mbewu yokhala ndi phytopathogens opatsirana. Vutoli ndi lodziwika m'mabizinesi ambiri azaulimi, minda ya anthu wamba, makamaka mabanja, komwe kubzala mbatata kwa nthawi yayitali kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala, komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi matenda a bacteria, fungal, ndi virus.
Makhalidwe abwinobwino a mbatata monga chikhalidwe chofalikira zipatso zimathandizira kuchulukana mwachangu kwamatenda pakubereka mbewu. Vutoli likukulirakulira chifukwa choti alimi ambiri a mbatata samasamalira kudzipatula kwa mbewu, kusinthasintha kwa zokolola, ndipo nthawi zonse samachita zinthu zoteteza mokwanira komanso munthawi yake.
Kuwonongeka kwa momwe zinthu zikuwonekera mu mbatata za mbewu za ku Russia ndi zakunja ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chakuti tekinoloji yamakono yopanga mbewu zoyambira ndi zida zamaukadaulo zamabungwe ambiri oyambira mitundu yaku Russia sizingafanane ndi kuchuluka kwamasankhidwe amakono aku Western Europe ndi malo opangira mbewu ndi makampani. Pamenepa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zogwiridwira ntchito zamakono pakupanga zinthu ndiukadaulo wa kubzala ndi kupanga mbewu ya mbatata ndikupanga masankhidwe amakono ndi malo opangira mbewu kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pantchito yopanga mbatata ku Russia.
Nthawi yomweyo, kukhazikitsa ntchito zopanga ndalama zomwe cholinga chake ndikupanga ndi (kapena) kukonza zinthu zaulimi m'makampani a Federal Scientific and technical Program for Development of Agriculture a 2017-2025 ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Kuwongolera kwakukulu kumafunikiranso ndi momwe zinthu ziliri pakuthandizira kwasayansi pakugulitsa mbatata. Choyang'ana kwambiri chikuyenera kukhala kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwatsopano kwa matekinoloje osankhidwa ndi kupanga mbewu, kukulitsa mpikisano wa mitundu yosankhidwa ya nyumba ndikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo.
Izi, zimafunanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pamlingo wa sayansi ndi njira komanso kukwera kwa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zimachitika pamaziko a asayansi m'malo ofunikira kwambiri ofufuza, kuphatikizapo:
- Kupanga mitundu yatsopano yamalonda ya mbatata yomwe idakonzedweratu pamadongosolo azachuma pamadongosolo amasankhidwa ndi njira zamakono zopangira chikhomo komanso chosankha;
- Kupanga ndi kukulitsa kwa maziko a zilembo za DNA, kufunafuna ndi kukulitsa zolemba zatsopano za DNA zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mozama posankha chikhomo;
- Kukhazikitsa matekinoloje ophatikizira genome la mbatata kuti mupeze ma genotypes okhala ndi zikhalidwe zofunikira zachuma zotsalira pambuyo pake;
- kuteteza, kukonza, kukonza zophatikiza majini; Kukhazikitsa magulu ogwirira ntchito posankha mitundu yatsopano ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupangidwira pamaziko awa ogwiritsira ntchito malo ophatikizira oberekera;
- Kukhazikitsa njira zodziwira matenda a phytopathogen komanso kupanga njira zoyesera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wa PCR, kusanthula kwa immunosorbent ndi immunochromatographic kupenda ma virus ndi mabakiteriya omwe amapatsira mbatata;
- kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira njira zamakono komanso matumikidwe a meristem-minofu popanga ndi ma micropropagation a macropropagation a vitro; kulenga pamaziko awa a mpikisano wampikisano wa mbatata za mbewu zoyambirira zamitundu yatsopano yolonjeza;
- Kukhazikitsa matekinoloje ogwira ntchito polima, kukolola, kusunga ndi kuteteza mbatata ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kupsinjika kwa abiotic.
Kuthekera kokulirapo pakukula kwa mbatata kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mgulu la mabanja osauka (alimi) komanso amalonda ena. Kuonjezera kupanga kwa mbatata m'gawo lino, chitukuko cha mgwirizano wapakati pa famu pakupanga ndi kufalitsa chakudya ndi mbatata ndizofunikira kwambiri (kuti mumve zambiri, onani magazini ya "Potato System" No. 4, 2017).
Zambiri, kukulitsa mbatata kumakula ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake m'mafamu amitundu yonse kumadalira makamaka momwe kukhazikikitsira zinthu zofunika kuzikwaniritsidwa, kuphatikiza:
- kuwonjezeka kwa malo obzala mbatata m'magawo ogulitsa (maulimi ndi achichepere) mpaka 305-310 ha, pomwe ikupereka zokolola za 25-26 t / ha, idzaonetsetsa kuti khola lalitali limasulidwa mbatata m'magulu awa osachepera 7-8 matani miliyoni;
- Kuchulukitsidwa kwa mbatata pakati pa mabanja mpaka 17-18 t / ha, ngakhale kupitilirabe m'derali m'mafamu awa, kuonetsetsa kuti kukolola kwakukulu kwa matani 17-18 miliyoni kuti athetse zofunikira zenizeni, poganizira miyambo yokhazikitsidwa ndi mbatata zigawo za dziko;
- Kuchulukitsa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu, makamaka yopanga zoweta zapamwamba kwambiri ndikupanga zinthu zowonjezereka mwachangu ndikupanga mtundu wa mbatata zambewu, komanso kulimbikitsa ndi kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano yosankha masanja pamsika;
- kudziwa ndi kusamalitsa mosamalitsa kwamakono amakono aukadaulo ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi sayansi popanga mbatata zoyambira, osankhika ndi kubereka;
- kukulitsa msika wa mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zapamwamba, zida zoteteza chomera komanso kukhazikitsa matekinoloje atsopano azaulimi;
- Kukhazikitsa msika wogulitsa mbatata ndi kusangalatsa kwa kukhazikitsa kwa ntchito zabwino zopanga mabizinesi amakono opanga zida zamakono ndi kupanga mitundu yayikulu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu za mbatata (ma frie aku France, tchipisi, mbatata zosenda, etc.);
- Kukhazikitsa madongosolo a msika wa mbatata ndi zinthu za mbatata, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ammadera ndi osakanikirana ogulitsa zakudya ndi mbatata za mbewu ndi zinthu za mbatata;
- Kuchulukitsa chidwi kwa mabanki pakugulitsa ulimi, kuphatikiza pakupanga ndi kukonza mbatata.
Kukwaniritsa bwino zinthu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa komanso zisankho zofunikira kwambiri posachedwa zikuthandizira kukulitsa bizinesi, kuonetsetsa kuti mbatata ndizokhazikika, kuchepetsa kudalirika, kupangira zida zamakono zopititsira patsogolo mbatata ndi mbatata zamtundu wotsimikizika wopanga msika.