NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA NTCHITO YOKULIRA MBATA M'MADERA AMBIRI A RUSSIA MUNGAGWIRITSE NTCHITO YOTHIRIRA, ZOMWE AMALOLERA AKULIRA KULANDIRA CHOTOLOLA CHOTENGEDWA, CHOSAYENERA KUKHALA NDI VUTO LA CHILENGEDWE. KOMA KOMA, MFUMU ANGASANKHA ZOYENERA (ZOMWE ZIKUPEREKA KUBWERERA KWAKHALIDWE PA KUWEKA NTCHITO) NJIRA YOTHIRIRA WOKHA. LERO TIKAMBIRANA ZA UBWINO NDI KUIPA KWA MTHIRIRIRA WA DRIP.
Irina Berg
POPANDA ZOSANKHA
Masiku ano, m'dziko lathu, kuthirira kothirira mbewu ndi minda yosatha kumachitika m'dera la mahekitala pafupifupi 230. Malinga ndi Aleksey Novikov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Wachiwiri kwa Director for Research and Innovative Development wa All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture (Volgograd), polima mbatata, njira zothirira drip (DIS) zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito paukadaulo wolima mafakitale. monga pazigawo za nyumba. Njira yothirira imeneyi imapangitsa kuti m'nthaka mulowemo kuchuluka kwa chinyezi chomwe zomera ndi nthaka zimasunthika tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikusunga chinyezi chochuluka.
Wachiwiri kwa Director General wa Vesta LLC Viktor Solenkov Ndili wotsimikiza kuti nyengo yam'deralo, kulima masamba ndi mbatata popanda kuthirira ndi ntchito yopanda pake. M'chigawo cha Tambov, komwe kuli bizinesi, nyengo zokhala ndi mvula yokwanira zakhala zosowa posachedwa. Ndipo m'zaka zotere, pafupifupi onse opanga amatha kudzitamandira ndi zokolola zabwino, zomwe sizipereka mwayi uliwonse wampikisano. Famuyi, yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 2002, idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kuthirira kwa nkhaka, kenako ku anyezi. Ndipo pamene anayesedwa ulimi wothirira mbatata minda kamodzinso
kamodzi atatsimikiza za mphamvu zake zapamwamba ndipo adapangitsa kuti mchitidwewu ukhale wokhazikika.
Mutu wa ziwembu zapakhomo Alexander Cherny kuchokera ku Krasnodar Territory wakhala akuchita mbatata kwa zaka pafupifupi 15 ndipo pang'onopang'ono adakulitsa malo obzala mbewu mpaka mahekitala asanu ndi limodzi. The agrarian sanabwere nthawi yomweyo kukapanda kudontha ulimi wothirira, koma apo ayi vuto la kusowa chinyezi pachimake m'chilimwe silinathe. Anamvetsetsa kuti kupanga, komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri kugulitsa zinthu pamsika wogulitsa, kuyenera kukhala kothandiza momwe zingathere. Ndipo kuyika DIS kokha kudzalola kuti famuyo ilandire zokolola zambiri nthawi zonse.
M'chigawo cha Astrakhan, ndizosatheka kulima mbatata ndi masamba popanda kuthirira, ndipo alimi amakonda kuthirira. Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Mtsogoleri wa Laboratory of Agricultural Technologies of Vegetable Crops ya Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center ya Russian Academy of Sciences" Anastasia Bondarenko akufotokoza izi ndi kuchuluka kwa evaporation ya chinyezi. Monga m'madera ambiri a Lower Volga, kulibe mvula yokwanira yachilengedwe pano, ndipo kutentha kwa mpweya m'chilimwe kumakwera kufika 40-45 ° C.
Elena Gushchina wakhala akulima mbatata m'famu yake kuyambira 2021. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ulimi wothirira madzi kunaperekedwa ndi ndondomeko ya bizinesi, yomwe inachititsa kuti apambane ndalama za boma kuti apange chitukuko cha agro-startup. Malinga ndi mlimi, mawonekedwe a nyengo yotentha ndi youma ya Astrakhan salola kulima popanda kuthirira. Ndipo njira yosankhidwa, choyamba, imapangitsa kuti pakhale madera ang'onoang'ono, mkati mwa mahekitala 10-20.
POPEZA gwero
Alexei Novikov amakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe chachikulu chokonzekera ulimi wothirira kudontha ndi kukhalapo kwa magwero a madzi pafupi ndi minda. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potsegula (mitsinje, ngalande za ulimi wothirira) komanso malo otsekedwa (mapaipi akuluakulu ndi a pafamu). Wasayansiyo akuwonetsa kufunikira koonetsetsa kuti madzi ayeretsedwa kuchokera ku zonyansa zamakina ndi zotsalira za zomera zam'madzi. Nthawi zambiri vuto likhoza kuthetsedwa
Kukapanda kuleka zipangizo ulimi ulimi wothirira ndi zosefera zosiyanasiyana.
Mlimi Elena Gushchina Ili pamtunda wa makilomita 15 kuchokera kumtsinje wa Volga, m'chigawo cha steppe. Madzi amaperekedwa kuminda yakumaloko kuchokera ku ngalande zothirira zomwe zidamangidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe amadzi amtawuni. Alimi adakhazikitsa
mapampu awo ndi chinyontho chopatsa moyo kuchokera kuno, chomwe chimasiyana m'dera lonselo. Ndalama zolembetsera ntchito chaka chino ndi ma ruble 14 pa hekitala yothirira. Madzi ochokera ku ngalande zomwe zidapangidwa m'zaka zapitazi za ulimi wothirira mbewu za mpunga za Krasnodar ndikudyetsedwa ndi Mtsinje wa Kuban amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi Alexander Cherny. Mlimi wa mbatata pachaka amamaliza mgwirizano ndi bungwe la bajeti ya boma, lomwe lili ndi njira yothirira. Mtengo wa utumikiwu ndi wophiphiritsa kwambiri. Kuthirira hekitala imodzi ya minda kumawononga pafupifupi ma ruble 1,3 pazaulimi wonse
nyengo.
Komabe, si madera onse omwe angadzitamande chifukwa cha nkhokwe zazikulu komanso maukonde ambiri a ngalande zothirira, pakati pawo ndi dera la Tambov. Viktor Solenkov amazindikira kuti ndichifukwa chake famu yake sikuchulukitsa malo omwe amathirira. NDI
zaka zingapo zapitazi pa ulimi wothirira kudontha - osapitilira mahekitala 100-150 a mbewu zamasamba, kuphatikiza mbatata.
PHINDU "DROP"
Posankha ulimi wothirira kudontha, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kuwonjezera pa kugula kamodzi kwa zida zoyambira, muyenera kugula tepi yatsopano chaka chilichonse. Mtengo wake ndi osachepera 30% ya mtengo wonse wa DIS ndipo, malinga ndi kuyerekezera Viktor Solenkov, kufika ku 20-25 zikwi rubles pa hekitala. Masiku ano, chitoliro cha mita imodzi chimawononga ma ruble awiri, ndipo mtengo wake sunasinthe kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Kusanthula kwachuma kukuwonetsa kuti ndalama zotere ndizoyenera. Zokolola za mbatata ku Vesta LLC zachulukirachulukira kuyerekeza ndi zotsatira za nyengo yamvula. Bizinesiyo imalandira phindu lowonjezera osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mbatata zomwe zimapangidwa, komanso chifukwa chakuchulukira kwa msika komanso mtundu wa ma tubers.
Ambiri a agrarians, akuyambitsa njira iyi ya ulimi wothirira m'minda yawo, adapezerapo mwayi wothandizidwa ndi anzawo odziwa zambiri. mlangizi Elena Gushchina anakhala apongozi ake Vladimir Gushchinamene wakhala ali mu ulimi kwa zaka 20. Sanangopereka upangiri wothandiza, komanso adapatsa famu yachichepereyo makina osefera a SKO. Zinali zothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa mtengo wa fyuluta yatsopano ya mafakitale umayamba kuchokera ku ruble 150 zikwi ndipo ukhoza kuwonjezeka malinga ndi zopempha za wolima ulimi. Khamalo linapindula, ndipo chaka chatha zokolola za mbatata zinafika matani 60 pa hekitala. Mlimiyo akutsimikiza kuti apeza zotsatira zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa famu yake idakali pakati pa oyamba kumene.
chifukwa Alexander Cherny, yemwe nthawi ina ankagwira ntchito yothirira drip mu imodzi mwa minda yayikulu kwambiri m'derali, sizinali zovuta kukonza ulimi wothirira m'nyumba mwake. Pambuyo pake, mtundu wa ma tubers okulirapo udakula kwambiri ndipo zokolola zidakula: zamitundu ya Colomba, kuchokera ku matani 35 a mbatata zogulitsidwa pa hekitala imodzi kufika matani 52-55, ndi Colette, kuchokera matani 32 pa hekitala kufika matani 45-47. Choncho ndalama zonse zothirira zimaphimbidwa ndi kubwezera.
Alexei Novikov imatsimikizira kuti kubwezeredwa kwa mtengo wa alimi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe amalandila. Mu
All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture kwa nthawi yayitali idachita kafukufuku womwe umafuna kukulitsa
zinthu zaukadaulo wolima mbatata pa ulimi wothirira. Zadziwika kuti ndi njira yobzala m'mizere yowuma kwambiri kudera la Lower Volga pa dothi lopepuka la chestnut, ndizotheka kupeza matani 70 a tubers pa hekitala.
PHINDU ZOSAVUTA
Chifukwa chake, zabwino zazikulu za ulimi wothirira kudontha kwa alimi ndikupulumutsa madzi amthirira, kuchulukitsa zokolola komanso kukonza zinthu zaulimi. Monga akufotokozera Alexei Novikov, mitengo yokwera imatha kutheka chifukwa cha kuthirira kokwanira komanso kofanana, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wovuta pompopompo komanso kulima munthawi yake.
Kuthirira kwadontho kumapangitsa kuti mizere ikhale yowuma, kuchotseratu kufunika komasula ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wopha udzu, kupalira ndi kulima. Komanso, kufunika
kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides.
Malinga ndi Viktor SolenkovChofunika kwambiri cha njirayi poyerekeza ndi ulimi wothirira pamwamba ndi kuchepetsa kumwa madzi. Kuwonjezera ndalama zofunika kwambiri za mphamvu. Chifukwa cha komweko, kupezeka kwanthawi zonse
chinyezi kudera la mizu, komanso kusunga kupanikizika kochepa mu DIS, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kumakhala kochepa.
Alexander Cherny ananena kuti aliyense kuthirira ndi kukonkha, ndiko kuti, mlungu uliwonse, kunali koyenera kuchitira zomera mochedwa choipitsa. Koma tsopano, pamene masamba ndi dothi lapamwamba likhalebe louma, ndilokwanira kuyikapo
zida zodzitetezera masiku 12 aliwonse. Olima mbatata amawonanso kuchepa kwa udzu wa nthaka.
Pambuyo poyika DIS, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza osungunuka m'madzi ndi madzi amadzimadzi kumachepetsedwanso chifukwa cha kuperekedwa kwawo mwachindunji kudera la mizu. Anastasia Bondarenko amati mwa njira imeneyi, zomera zimayamwa michere m’thupi mofulumira ndiponso mogwira mtima kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuthira feteleza m’nthaka musanafese.
Kupereka feteleza kudzera mu ulimi wothirira, malinga ndi Elena Gushchina, kumatsimikizira alimi a Astrakhan.
kukolola bwino. Dothi la m'deralo ndi losauka kwambiri, ndipo popanda kudyetsa bwino, palibe chomwe chimamera pano.
Choyipa chachikulu cha njira iyi ya ulimi wothirira m'minda yayikulu ndikufunika kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa chaka chilichonse
kuchotsa SKO, zomwe zimawonjezera gawo la ntchito yamanja. Viktor Solenkov imatcha chinthu ichi chopinga chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito "madontho" pamadera akuluakulu.
Alexander Cherny samapeza ndondomeko ya khazikitsa njira yothirira kudontha nthawi yambiri. M'chipinda chake chakumbuyo
famu, kudontha chubu amaikidwa pa nthawi ya hilling mbatata. Koma mosavuta chosinthika basi kuthirira
imapulumutsa nthawi yambiri ndi khama. Nthawi iliyonse yabwino kwa iye, wolima amangotseka ndikutsegula matepi, ena onse
SCO imagwira ntchito zake popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu.
Musaiwale kuti drip tepi yosalimba imawonongeka mosavuta, ndipo umphumphu wake ukhoza kuopsezedwa ndi makina aulimi omwe amakhala m'minda. Tizilombo, makoswe komanso mbalame nthawi zina zimasiya mabowo ang'onoang'ono mu tepi kufunafuna madzi. Koma kuwonongeka kotereku kumakonzedwa mosavuta popanda kufunika kosintha chubu.
Polima mbatata m'madera omwe nyengo imakhala yotentha, kutentha kwa madzi operekedwa kwa iwo muzitsulo zakuda kumatha kuwononga ma tubers. Kuti madzi asatenthe kwambiri padzuwa, Alexei Novikov limalangiza
kuthirira m'mawa ndi madzulo.
Kuthirira kwadontho kumapangitsa kuti mizere ikhale yowuma, kuchotseratu kufunika komasula ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wopha udzu, kupalira ndi kulima. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito fungicides kumachepetsedwa.
KUYENERA KUYESA
Dera laulimi komwe kuthirira kwadontho ku Russia kukukulirakulirabe. Malinga ndi Alexey
Novikov, kokha ku Lower Volga dera, pafupifupi mahekitala 30-40 a nthaka ali pa ulimi wothirira. Zoonadi, kumanga DIS kumafuna ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa alimi. Chifukwa chake, choyamba, ndizomveka kulima zopindulitsa kwambiri
kubzala kosatha: minda ya zipatso, minda yamphesa, minda ya mabulosi. Komanso - mbatata, masamba ndi mbewu zopindulitsa kwambiri zamafakitale.
Anastasia Bondarenko amawona ziyembekezo zabwino za njira yothirira iyi, yomwe imathandizira kudyetsa mbewu komanso
ndi kuchitapo kanthu kuti awateteze.
Kupyolera mu ulimi wothirira kudontha, alimi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana polimbana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo towononga kwambiri
ndalama ndi nthawi.
Malinga ndi Alexander Cherny, ngati ndalama zilola ndipo pali mwayi woyika DIS, palibe chifukwa chokayikira,
ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu. Kuthirira kwa Drip ndikwabwino, ndipo wolima mbatata wa Krasnodar amanong'oneza bondo kuti sanayese kuyigwiritsa ntchito posachedwa.
Elena Gushchina amalangiza kuti musachite mantha ndi kuyesa chirichonse chatsopano, chifukwa mukhoza kupanga ntchito yanu yopindulitsa.
Kuthirira kwa Drip kunalola minda ya Astrakhan, yotchuka m'dziko lonselo chifukwa cha mavwende, kulowa msika ndi
tomato oyambirira apamwamba kwambiri. Mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa pa ulimi wothirira zikuwonetsa zokolola zofika matani 120-150 pa hekitala.
Chiwerengero cha okayikira chidakali chokwera, ndipo alimi ambiri samvetsetsa chifukwa chake akufunikira kukhazikitsa "dontho" ndikunyamula.
ndalama zowonjezera. Viktor Solenkov kuyesera kufotokozera anzake ochokera m'chigawo cha Tambov ndi madera ena kuti nkhaniyi
osati kukula kwa mbatata zokolola. Ngati ntchito ya chuma zimadalira nyengo, sasonyeza bata, ndi
ma tubers okulirapo sakhala apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo sipadzakhala njira zodalirika, zokhazikika zogulitsira zinthu. Monga momwe nyengo yapitayi inasonyezera, kukhalapo kwawo sikungokhalira kupambana, komanso kupulumuka kwa wolima mbatata wamakono.