Anthu ambiri a Colorado mbatata kachilomboka ali ndi luso lodabwitsa lolimbana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikizapo ambiri a carbamate, organophosphate, pyrethroid, spinosyn, ndi neonicotinoid insecticides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Kutha kwa kachilomboka kukulitsa kukana kwake sizodabwitsa chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidayenera kuzolowera kuchuluka kwa poizoni wa glycoalkaloids m'magulu ake a Solanaceae. Ndipotu, kachilomboka kamakhala kokonzekera kulimbana ndi poizoni wamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Kuonjezera apo, kachilomboka ka Colorado kamatulutsa ana ambiri, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wosinthika wosamva mankhwala. Mazira 50 pa chomera chilichonse akachulukitsidwa ndi mbewu 20 za mbatata pa ekala atha kupanga kafadala miliyoni imodzi mumbadwo umodzi wokha. Ndipo nthawi zambiri pali mibadwo iwiri kapena itatu ya kachilomboka pa nyengo.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo akagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku mbewu, tizilombo toononga (mwinamwake pang’ono chabe mwa 10 miliyoni) tingapulumuke chifukwa cha kusintha kwachisawawa. Ngati palibe china chilichonse chomwe chingawaphe, zosinthika zingapo zosamva zimaswana. Ndipo ambiri mwa ana awo adzalandira choloŵa chokana mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Malangizo owongolera kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata ndikupewa kukana tizilombo
Kasinthasintha wa mbewu za mbatata komanso kudzipatula kwa malo
Wamkulu kafadala overwinter m'nthaka chaka chatha mbatata minda ndi kutuluka m'chaka kudyetsa, mwamuna ndi kuikira mazira. Mphutsizi zimatuluka m’mazirawo, zimadya kwakanthawi, kenako n’kugwera pansi kuti zibereke ndikuyambanso kuzungulira. Kuyika mbatata ya chaka chino kutali ndi ya chaka chatha kumapangitsa kuti tizilomboti tivutike kupeza chakudya zikatuluka.
Nyamazi zimadya mbewu za nightshade ndi udzu basi ndipo sizimayenda mtunda wautali. Kuti njirayi igwire ntchito, gawaniza minda ndi osachepera 0,25 mailosi.
Utsi malangizo
Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo amawonongeka ngati njira yopopera ili ndi acidic kwambiri (monga spinosad, spinetoram). Zina zimayamba kuwonongeka ngati yankho lili la alkaline (mwachitsanzo phosmet). Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo okhala ndi adjuvants (mwachitsanzo, abamectin ndi thiamethoxam) sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Magawo a chitukuko ndi kukula kwake
Nthawi zambiri mudzapeza mankhwala othandiza kwambiri ophera tizilombo ngati mudikira kuti mphutsi ziwonekere. Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi mphutsi ting'onoting'ono zomwe zangobadwa kumene. Nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kuti azidyetsa masamba akamaswa 50%. Gwiritsani ntchito mlingo wonse (mulingo) wa mankhwala omwe alembedwa pa lebulo kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino.
Njira zopha tizirombo tosiyanasiyana
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amodzi (kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe ali ndi njira yofananira) kumatha kuyambitsa kukana kapena kukana kukana ku Colorado mbatata kachilomboka. Ndikofunikira kusinthanitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana ndikugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse. Ngati simukupha tizilombo tosamva ndi chimodzi, mutha kuwongolera ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo.
mankhwala a neonicotinoid
Alimi ambiri a mbatata amafotokoza njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi kachilomboka ku Colorado akamagwiritsa ntchito neonicotinoids (IRAC gulu 4) pobzala kapena kukwera. Amadziwika kuti amapereka masiku 80 mpaka 100 akuwongolera zotsalira. Koma kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwanthawi yayitali m'masamba kumatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zosankha zokana. Pali anthu ambiri osamva neonicotinoid ku East ndi Midwest.
Kuwonjezera diapause
Anthu ena a ku Colorado mbatata kachilomboka amapewa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwa kukhala pansi nthawi yayitali ndikuchedwetsa kukula kwawo. Njira yotsutsa iyi imatchedwa diapause yowonjezera. Ichi ndi chifukwa china choyang'anitsitsa kuchuluka kwa kafadala m'minda ya mbatata. Mutha kupopera tizilombo pokhapokha ngati pali tizilombo komanso osapopera malinga ndi kalendala.
Wolemba nkhaniyi ndi Carrie Huffman Wohleb, pulofesa wothandizira wa mbatata, masamba, ndi mbewu zambewu ku yunivesite ya Washington.