Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, SGC DokaGene
Chikhalidwe chokwera kwambiri ndichofunika kwambiri pakusungira mbatata bwino. Kampaniyo iyenera kukhala ndi ndandanda yantchito yofananira pafupipafupi kuti iwonetsetse ukhondo nthawi zonse posungira. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mupeze satifiketi yoyeserera m'sitolo. Kuwunikiridwa komwe kumachitika nthawi yomweyo kumathandizira kuzindikira mavuto ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zazikulu zokhudzana ndi ukhondo ndi mawonekedwe a zida ndi kusungidwira kwathunthu. Kuwunikiraku kumakhazikitsanso kupezeka kwa zolembedwa zakukhazikitsa mitundu yofunikira kwambiri yazantchito (tsamba. chimodzi).
Gulu 1. Njira zowunika momwe ukhondo umasungira mbatata
Chizindikiro | ||
1. | Sitoloyo imatsukidwa ndi kusamalidwa bwino. INDE / NO 5/0 Pali malamulo ofanana. | |
2. | Zosungiramo zimatsukidwa ndikuchotsedwera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda musanagwiritse ntchito. INDE / NO 5/0 Pali malamulo ofanana. | |
3. | Sitoloyo idadzipatula mokwanira kapena ikhala yokhayokha chifukwa cha kuipitsa kwakunja. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
4. | Dera lomwe lili pafupi ndi malo osungira limatsukidwa ndikusamalidwa bwino. INDE / NO 5/0 Pali lamulo lofanana lolemba. | |
5. | Pansi m'sitolo nthawi zonse imakhala youma. INDE / NO 5/0 | |
6. | Malo opanga zinthu amatetezedwa ku kulowa kwa zimbudzi kapena madzi pamtunda ndi zotchinga kapena ndi mtunda wokwanira. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
7. | Kupezeka kwa njira yokonzera / kutaya zinthu zosafunikira. INDE / NO 15/0 Pali malamulo omwe amafanana. | |
8. | Kupezeka kwa njira yothandizira / kutaya zinyalala ndi zosafunika. INDE / NO 15/0 Pali malamulo omwe amafanana. | |
9. | Zotengera zonyamula zimasungidwa molingana ndi malamulowo komanso zimatetezedwa ku kuipitsidwa (mbalame, makoswe, tizirombo, ndi zina). INDE / NO 10/0 Pali lamulo lofanana. | |
10. | Ma pallets, mabokosi, mabokosi, ndi zina zotero ndizoyera, zili bwino ndipo sizimalowetsa zakunja kuzogulitsazo. INDE / NO 5/0 Pali malamulo ofanana. | |
11. | Zogulitsa zomwe zimasungidwa panja pamalori, zitini, zotengera kapena pansi zimakutidwa ndikutetezedwa ku kuipitsidwa. INDE / NO 10/0 Pali lamulo lofananira lofananira. | |
12. | Zinthu zopanda chakudya monga utoto, mafuta, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi zina zambiri sizisungidwa pafupi ndi mankhwalawo. INDE / NO 10/0 Pali malamulo omwe amafanana. | |
13. | Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira ndizoyera komanso zimateteza kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala. INDE / NO 5/0 Pali lamulo lofanana lolemba. | |
14. | Njira zimatengedwa kupatula tizirombo (tizilombo, makoswe) m'sitolo YES / NO 10/0 Pali zolembedwa zomwe zimatsimikizira izi. | |
15. | Kupezeka kwa pulogalamu yoletsa tizilombo m'sitolo. INDE / NO 10/0 Pali zikalata zovomerezera. | |
16. | Makoma amkati, pansi ndi kudenga kuli bwino ndipo mulibe dothi komanso ming'alu. INDE / NO 5/0 | |
17. | Madzi akumwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poziziritsa / kusungunula zinthu. INDE / NO 10/0 Zolemba zopezeka zilipo. | |
18. | Kupezeka kwa malamulo osungidwa olembedwa kubizinesi. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
19. | Kusunga udindo wa akatswiri posunga. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
20. | Zipinda zosungira zimayang'aniridwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kutentha komanso chinyezi. INDE / NO 10/0. Pali malamulo olembedwa ofanana. | |
21. | Thermometers ndi psychrometers amafufuzidwa ngati ali olondola. INDE / NO 5/0 Zolemba zopezeka zilipo. | |
22. | Kutentha kumakhalapo, pamakoma, padenga. AYI / INDE, 15/0 | |
23. | Kutentha kwa mafiriji sikumakhudzana ndi malonda. Firiji imagwira ntchito bwino. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
24. | Zipangizo za refrigeration (condensers, mafani, ndi zina zambiri) zimasamalidwa komanso kutsukidwa nthawi zonse. INDE / NO 10/0 Kodi pali zolembedwa zotsimikizira izi? | |
25. | Kukonzekera kwa zinthuzo posungira kumachitika motsatira dongosolo ndikuwongolera kuwonongeka. INDE / NO 15/0 Pali malamulo omwe amafanana. | |
26. | Musanayambe kukweza, magalimoto ali bwino (oyera, ogwira ntchito, opanda fungo losasangalatsa). INDE / NO 10/0 Pali lamulo lofananira lofananira. | |
27. | Kampani yalemba malamulo kwa omwe amanyamula ndi magalimoto kuti azisunga kutentha kwakanthawi konyamula. Malamulowa akuwonetsa kutentha kwa zomwe zatumizidwa ndipo zimalemekezedwa. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
28. | Magalimoto amanyamulidwa kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa malonda. INDE / NO 5/0 | |
29. | Malo antchito (zipinda zosinthira, malo odyera ndi zosangalatsa, ndi zina zambiri) ndi oyera ndipo amakhala kutali ndi malo osungira, mayendedwe ndi malo olandirira alendo. INDE / NO 10/0 | |
30. | Zolemba zimasungidwa kuti zikuwonetse komwe kubwera mankhwala ndi komwe akutuluka, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wodziwa ndikutsata mtanda winawake. INDE / NO 10/0 Kodi pali zolemba zilizonse zomwe zimatsimikizira izi? | |
31. | Mfundo Zowunika Zonse | |
32. | Zolemba malire zotheka = 265 | |
33. | Chiwerengero cha Machesi (31:32) |
Mulingo waukhondo wosungira umayesedwa ngati wabwino ngati koyefishienti yogwirizana ndiyokwera kuposa 0,9, yabwino - pamwamba pa 0,8, yokhutiritsa - pamwamba pa 0,7.
Kuyeretsa pafupipafupi, kuyeretsa komanso kupewetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumatha kuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda ambiri a mbatata.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbatata timakhalabe tosungira kwa nthawi yayitali. Zipangizo zosungiramo katundu komanso chipinda chosungiramo zinthu zimakhala ngati malo osungira bowa wowopsa, mabakiteriya, tizilombo, ma nematode ndi mbewu za udzu. Amafalikira kuchokera ku tuber kupita ku tuber, kuchokera kumunda kupita kumunda pazida, posungira, ndipo zimayambitsa mavuto ngati sizingathetsedwe, kapena kuchepetsedwa. Chifukwa chake wokhometsa siliva amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa miyezi yosachepera isanu ndi inayi pakuthira thovu ndikuthira nthaka komanso pafupifupi miyezi itatu mu plywood ndi chitsulo. Woyambitsa wa bakiteriya wa mphete zowola amakhalabe mpaka zaka zitatu pamalo olimba mpaka zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pamatabwa. Matenda ena, monga bakiteriya mphete zowola (zoyambitsidwa ndi Clavibacter michigaense), atha kusokoneza ntchito ya alimi a mbatata, ngakhale mawonetseredwe a matendawa ndi ochepa. Njira yabwino yochepetsera kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kudzera mu pulogalamu yaukhondo yazida ndi malo osungira.
Tizirombo tambiri titha kuthetsedwa bwino ndikuchotsa nthaka ndi zinyalala zonse. Kulumikizana kwa dothi kumapezeka pamunda wonse ndi zida zakulimapo ndipo sizingokhala pamakina apadera olima mbatata. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yoyamba yopanga ulimi ndikuchotsa kwathunthu dothi pazida. Kuyeretsa kumatha kuchitika ndi madzi kapena zida za nthunzi. Dziwani kuti njira iliyonseyi imatha kuchotsa / kuwononga utoto.
Zida zakumunda ziyenera kutsukidwa dothi lomwe lidalipo kale kapena malo omwe sialimi kuti dothi loipitsidwa lisasunthire kumunda watsopano.
Kuchotsa dothi ndi fumbi lokhala ndi mamiliyoni ang'onoang'ono ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kumatha kuchitidwa ndi choyeretsa m'mafakitale.
Ma ducts amlengalenga ayenera kutsukidwa mofananamo. Kungowayika panja padzuwa sikokwanira. Tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda mu mbatata timatha kupulumuka pamalo osungira ndi zida m'malo ovuta - mwa mawonekedwe kapena makanema am'magulu ozunguliridwa ndi kutetezedwa ndi ntchentche zouma za bakiteriya, masamba owuma a masamba kapena zinthu zina. Mapangidwe oterowo amatchedwa ma biofilms ndipo ndi ovuta kusungunula ndikuchotsa. Kuwonetsedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi gawo labwino lomaliza poyeretsa zida kapena mipweya yamlengalenga atatsukidwa bwino ndikuchotsa mankhwala.
Disinfection imagwira ntchito pokhapokha pouma. Pamalo ponyowa, tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta zinthuzo timadzaza ndi madzi, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sangathe kulowa pamenepo chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwapamwamba. Komabe, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatsalira. Kuti muwachotse, m'pofunika kupuma masiku angapo pakati pa makina ochapira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo titha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi fumigation (nthawi zambiri njira zamadzimadzi). Kutentha kumathandiza kwambiri kuchiritsa zipinda zotsekedwa za kutalika ndi kasinthidwe kulikonse (zotsatirazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kukwaniritsa ndi sprayer, vacuum cleaner ndi kutsuka magalimoto). Koma kuti ntchitoyi ichitike bwino, kuyeretsa kwathunthu kuyeneranso kuchitidwa kaye.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo, analimbikitsa ntchito mbatata yosungirako (tebulo 2), kufinya mitundu yonse ya zinthu zovulaza. Amachotsa mabakiteriya ambiri, kuphatikiza omwe amayambitsa matenda opatsirana komanso kuvunda konyowa. Zosakaniza izi ndizothandiza kuthana ndi mavairasi ndi bowa, zomwe ndizofunikira ku matenda omwe amakula posungira, monga nkhanambo wa siliva ndi fusarium. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi olimba kwambiri, ali ndi pH yotsika mtengo, chifukwa chake, mukamagwira nawo ntchito, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zodzitetezera (magolovesi, nsapato, magalasi, masks, zovala zapadera).
Tebulo la 2. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'masitolo ogulitsa masamba
Dzina lazamalonda | Zogwira ntchito | Njira yogwiritsira ntchito / njira yofunsira | Masewera osiyanasiyana |
Eau de Javel amawononga zitsulo | Sodium hypochlorite | 10% (10l / 100l madzi), 2,5% (2,5l / 100l madzi) | Amachita bowa ndi mabakiteriya |
AB5 - yowonongeka mu mawonekedwe oyera komanso osakhala aukali pazitsulo zosungunuka, | Formaldehyde (60 g / l) ndi glutaraldehyde (80 g / l) | 1%, nthawi yolumikizana ndi mphindi 10; kuyeretsa mutatsuka, bwino ndi VMB (onani pansipa) | Kulimbana ndi mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi |
VMB (kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda) - zimawonongeka mwanjira yoyera, yosawononga pazitsulo ikasungunuka | Formaldehyde (24 g / l) ndi glutaraldehyde (32,5 g / l) + osagwira ntchito | 2-5% (= 20-50 ml pa lita imodzi ya madzi); kusiya kwa mphindi 15, ndiye muzimutsuka. Palibe chifukwa choyeretsa (bwino) malonda | |
Waterfall - dzimbiri kukana chitsulo | Hydrogen peroxide (210g / l) ndi peracetic acid (55g / l) | 0,2-2,5%, ndi nthawi yolumikizana ya mphindi 5 mpaka 15; popanda kutsuka, | Mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi, yisiti |
Desperox - yowononga komanso yopanga ma oxidizing, yosakhala yankhanza pachitsulo chosungunuka | Hydrogen peroxide (210g / l) ndi peroxyacetic acid (55g / l) | 0,2-2,5% yokhala ndi nthawi yolumikizana kuyambira mphindi 5 mpaka 15 ndikuyeretsa koyambirira; popanda kutuluka | Mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi, yisiti |
G-Extral forte | Glutaraldehyde, 100 g / l | 1-2% yokhala ndi nthawi yolumikizana osachepera mphindi 20 (+ akuwukha) | Mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi ndi spores |
Horthy-Desin - yosawononga chitsulo mu mawonekedwe osungunuka | Glutaraldehyde (20g / l) ndi dimethylenedidesileammonium mankhwala enaake (320g / l) | 0,25% ndi nthawi yolumikizana ya mphindi 15 | Mabakiteriya, bowa |
Virocide - yosachita zankhanza pakachulukidwe, kosakhala kwachitsulo pazitsulo | Mamolekyu 4 osiyana: 2 quaternary ammonia (248,6 g / l) + glutaraldehyde (107,25 g / l) + isopropanol (146,25 g / l) + pinoil (20 g / l) | 0,5% yokhala ndi nthawi yolumikizana ya mphindi 15; kutsuka pambuyo. | Mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi ndi spores. |
Hyprelva SL - yosachita nkhanza pazitsulo pambuyo pochepetsa | Glutaraldehyde ndi cocobenzyldimethylammonium mankhwala enaake. | Malo osungira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: mwa kupopera mbewu kapena kutentha kwa matenthedwe, 1%, nthawi yocheperako yolumikizana 30 min. popanda kutsuka. Kukonzekereratu! | Mabakiteriya, mavairasi, bowa ndi yisiti |
Menno TerForte - chimawononga chitsulo | Dimethylammonium mankhwala enaake (312g / l) | 1% | Kulimbana ndi mabakiteriya, bowa |
Ambionet imawononga komanso imawonjezera oxidizing. Kuyanjana ndi malo osanjikiza ndi ulusi wa polyamide sikuvomerezeka | Glutaraldehyde (175 g / L) + Didecyl-dimethyl Ammonium chloride (50 g / L) + N-alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl Ammonium chloride (40 g / L). | Utsi / Zilowerere: 0,25% motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya, 0,4% motsutsana ndi bowa, 1,5% motsutsana ndi ma virus. Muzimutsuka ndi madzi. Kutentha Chithandizo: Fumigation: 2,6L / 1000m3 /, nyumba yodzaza ndi zotengera 3 l / 1000m 3... Nthawi yothandizira: 1 ora | Mabakiteriya, bowa, mavairasi. |
Ammonium 38 Master - yopanda phokoso, pH yopanda ndale, yonyansa (maso, khungu, njira yopumira) | Cocobenzyldimethylammonium chloride (32g / 100ml) + ethoxylated mafuta amowa + 2-propanol | Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozizira kapena kupopera mbewu. Yankho la 0,5%, 5 l kwa nthawi yolumikizana ndi 10.000 m2: mphindi 20 | Bactericide, virucide, fungicide, sporicide. Chenjezo: mankhwalawa ndi owopsa posodza. |
Zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito movomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa ziweto, ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimamera m'mitengo yosungira zobiriwira ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Russian Federation. Othandiza kwambiri ndi Virocid ndi generic. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapezeka kwambiri amaphatikizanso sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, ammonium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, mkuwa wa quinolinolate, quaternary ammonium, hydrogen peroxide ndi / kapena peroxyacetic acid zosakaniza. Zinthu zothandizirazi zimaphatikizidwamo pakukonzekera mitundu ingapo ya opanga osiyanasiyana, kusiyana kwake kuli m'chigawo cha chinthu chachikulu, mitengo yogwiritsira ntchito komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pokonza ndiwo zamasamba.
Kusankha mankhwala ophera tizilombo posungira kuyenera kuchitidwa potengera kusanthula kwa zotsatirazi: gulu lowopsa la kukonzekera, zida zotetezera; zoletsa pamtundu wa malo omwe akuyenera kuthandizidwa (chifukwa cha porous kapena non-porous); kupezeka kwa zolemba "zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zanyumba ndi / kapena zida zopangira mbatata", "zongogwiritsa ntchito m'malo okha ndi zida za mbatata"; kupezeka kwofunikira kuti musambe mankhwalawo mutalandira chithandizo.
Tiyeni tikhale mwatsatanetsatane pankhani yamafuta ophera tizilombo. Pakhoma paliponse paliponse paliponse poti poti pakhale phulusa, paliponse poti paliponse paliponse paliponse paliponse paliponse paliponse paliponse. Malo osalowetsedwa amatanthauzidwa ngati osakhazikika, malo olimba monga chitsulo, galasi kapena konkriti. Calcium ndi sodium hypochlorites zimatha kuwononga zitsulo. Ma Hypochlorites ndi ma hydrogen peroxide amapangidwa mosavuta chifukwa cha zinthu zakuthupi motero sizothandiza mukamagwira nthaka kapena matabwa. Kuchotsa dothi ndi zinyalala ndikofunikira kuti tiwonjezere mphamvu ya zinthu izi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi chlorine, pH ya yankhoyo iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala 6,0 - 7,5 kuti mugwire bwino ntchito. Ndikofunikanso kupewa kusakaniza mankhwala a chlorine ndi madzi otentha kapena zakudya zina pokhapokha ataloledwa kutchulidwa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo onse ndipo sitolo imatsekedwa kwa milungu iwiri. Pambuyo panthawiyi, muyenera kutsegula zitseko, kupuma mpweya ndikuumitsa chipinda. Njirayi imagwiranso ntchito pazida zopumira. Kufunika kokwanira kokwanira kwa malo onse kumafunika, kuphatikiza chipinda chamagetsi, ngalande zam'mlengalenga, chipinda cholowera.
Kuteteza tizilombo kumapha bwino tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingakhale pazida ndi zosungira. Onani ngati muli ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti muwone ngati kutsuka ndi madzi oyera ndikofunikira mutalandira chithandizo. Mukasunga mbatata, mbewu ziyenera kutsukidwa makamaka mosamala. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri m'malo osungira omwe adagwiritsapo ntchito kukula inhibitor chlorprofam (CIPC). Mbeu zikagwera pazotsalira za CIPC, kumera kwakukulu ndikuchepetsa kukula kumachitika. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musunge mbatata pasanathe chaka chimodzi mutagwiritsa ntchito komaliza mu sitolo ya Chlorprofam.
Zosunga ndi zida zizikhala zoyera nthawi zonse posungira. Kuyeretsa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi madera ogwira ntchito kuyenera kuchitidwa. Zinyalala zopanga ziyenera kuchotsedwa m'malo osungira ndikuzitaya tsiku ndi tsiku. Pakusungira kwanthawi yayitali, kungakhale koyenera kupatsiranso zipinda zosungira zovuta kapena magulu azinthu. Izi zitha kuchitika ndi fumigation kutsatira zonse zomwe tafotokozazi. (chithunzi 1,2).
Chidule: Kusungabe ukhondo nthawi zonse m'sitolo ndikuchotsa tizilomboto zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumathandiza kufalitsa tizirombo ndi matenda ndipo potero kumathandizira kuteteza zinthu. Mndandanda wa mitundu yovomerezeka ya ntchito zowonetsetsa kuti ukhondo pantchito umaphatikizaponso zinthu 30, njira yochitira zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuwunikiridwa ndikuwunikidwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi kuwunika kwakunja. Mitundu ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amaloledwa m'malo osungira mbatata ndiyokwanira kuthana ndi tizirombo. Ndikofunika kukhala ndi zida zapadera (zotsukira zotsukira, zotsukira mafakitale, zopangira fog) ndikugawa nthawi yokwanira yosamalira ukhondo posungira. Ndikofunikanso kukumbukira ndikuwona zofunikira zambiri pakukwaniritsa kuyeretsa, kukolola ndi kupewetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'malo osungira mbatata.
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