Njira yothandiza kwambiri yophatikizira zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko cha dera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zomwe zilipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito ubwino wa gawolo, komanso kukwaniritsa mlingo wofunikira wa ufulu wa chakudya, ndi masango.
Nikolay Smirnov, Mphunzitsi wamkulu wa Dipatimenti ya "Maintenance, Organization of Transportation and Management in Transport", State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Nizhny Novgorod State Engineering ndi Economic University"
Kulima mbatata ndi imodzi mwa nthambi zazikulu kwambiri zaulimi ku Russia, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuperekera chakudya mdziko muno. Mkhalidwe wa subcomplex wolima mbatata komanso malo a mbatata pamsika wazakudya amavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati ziwonetsero zazikulu zachitetezo cha chakudya, chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwa mbatata pachuma chaboma lililonse sikungayerekezedwe.
ПNjira yopanga mbatata ndi mgwirizano wolumikizana waukadaulo, ukadaulo, bungwe ndi kasamalidwe. Ukadaulo wopanga umadziwika ndi chiŵerengero cha mtengo wazinthu zopangira zinthu pagawo lililonse lazopangidwa. Tekinoloje yomwe imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimachokera ku chiŵerengero choyenera ndi mlingo wa zinthu zopangira, maziko ena a luso ndi bungwe la kupanga.
M'nkhaniyi, tidzayesa kuzindikira ndi kukonza zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya mbatata yopanga (mkuyu. 1).
M'mikhalidwe yamakono, bizinesi iliyonse imakakamizika kuyang'ana ndikugwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe zomwe zilipo kuti ziwonjezere kugwirira ntchito bwino pazachuma. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndilo bungwe lolondola la ntchito yofufuza zosungirako zosungirako komanso kusanthula zinthu zomwe zilipo pakupanga, kutengera zochitika zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri.
Masiku ano, pakukula kwa mbatata, monganso m'mafakitale ena, pali mikhalidwe yachuma momwe bizinesi iliyonse imayenera kuyang'anira nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa phindu lazogulitsa zake kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika pamsika wogulitsa. Zochitika za maulamuliro otsogola padziko lonse lapansi zikuwonetsa kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yophatikizira zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko cha dera, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zomwe zilipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zabwino za gawolo, komanso kukwaniritsa gawo lofunikira chakudya kudziimira, ndi masango.
Ndi mtundu uwu wophatikizira mabungwe abizinesi, mpikisano wotchedwa "wamkati" umatuluka, zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera kosalekeza kwa zinthu zopangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito komaliza komanso zapakatikati. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, magulu amapangitsa kuti athe kuwonjezera ubwino wampikisano wa mabungwe omwe ali mamembala awo, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano, kuchepetsa mtengo wamalonda, kukhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa ubale pakati pa magawo opanga, sayansi, maphunziro, kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi mabungwe aboma. zomwe zimapereka ubale wosakhazikika pakati pa mamembala onse ammagulu ndi ogula mbatata. ...
Mapangidwe a machitidwe ogwirizanitsa bwino komanso ogwirizana m'dera linalake amadziwika kuyambira nthawi yopanga ntchito zamanja, pankhaniyi, kukhalapo kwa gulu monga chinthu chogwirizanitsa chuma chatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi. Pakalipano, ndizodziwika bwino kuti madera omwe magulu amagwirira ntchito amakhala ndi udindo wa atsogoleri ndipo amakhudza kwambiri mpikisano wazinthu zopangidwa.
Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wa ntchito zoperekedwa kumagulu, zinthu zotsatirazi zitha kudziwika zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri popanga mgwirizano wotere: malo, mulingo waukadaulo wopanga, kuchuluka kwa mamembala ammagulu (mabizinesi), kuchuluka kwa mpikisano mkati mwa mayanjano, kuzungulira kwa moyo wa gululi ndi cholinga chake chachikulu (ntchito), zatsopano komanso zochitika zapagulu. Ndi kuphatikiza koyenera, zinthuzi zimapereka mphamvu yolumikizirana, yomwe mwa kuchuluka kwake komanso yofananira imaposa kuphatikizika kosavuta kwa zotsatirapo kuchokera kuzinthu zodzipatula za chinthu chilichonse (chuma).
Powerenga zomwe zidachitika pakukula kwa masango pakukula kwa mbatata, ofufuza amalabadira mndandanda wazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa poganizira za nkhaniyi.
Bizinesi yokhudzana ndi kupanga ndi kugulitsa mbatata imaphatikizapo magawo angapo ofunikira, kuphatikiza: kupereka maziko a mbewu, kukula, kukonzekera kosungirako ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimatsimikizira mawonekedwe ovuta a gulu lomwe lingatheke. Omwe angathe kutenga nawo mbali mumagulu a mbatata a m'madera angakhale: minda yambewu; mabungwe ofufuza omwe amafufuza zovuta zakukula kwa mbatata; mabungwe a maphunziro a magawo osiyanasiyana ndi magawo a maphunziro; nthumwi za boma zoimiridwa ndi matsogoleli a zigawo ndi maboma a maboma; opanga mbatata okha, omwe amapereka kuchuluka kofunikira kwazinthu zamagulu osiyanasiyana ndikutha kuzisunga; mabizinesi opangira zinthu (zoyambira zakuya); oimira maunyolo ogulitsa; mabungwe oyendetsa, etc.
Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti oyambitsa kulengedwa kwa gululi ayenera kukhala, choyamba, mabungwe a boma, okonzeka kupereka chithandizo chofunikira kwa opanga. Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti gulu mu chikhalidwe chake choyambirira silingapangidwe mwadongosolo, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zitsanzo zambiri zapadziko lapansi. Magulu amapangidwa pokhapokha pakakhala zofunikira zomwe zimatsimikizira kuthekera kwachuma kukulitsa ubale wachuma pakati pa minda ya mbatata ndikukula kwazinthu zofananira ndi chidziwitso. Pachigawo chachigawo, mayanjano amtunduwu adzawoneka ngati awa (mkuyu 2).
Muchitsanzo chomwe akufuna, "chinthu" choyambirira ndi ulimi wa mbatata wapadera. Wothandizira - International Innovative Information and Consulting Center kuti awonetsetse kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitukuko cha madera akumidzi (kukhala ndi kuthekera kwasayansi ndi zinthu komanso luso lofunikira pakupanga ukadaulo waukadaulo pakukula kwa mbatata). Kuthekera kophunzitsa anthu odziwa bwino ntchito komanso chithandizo chasayansi ndi njira zothandizira kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zopangira mbatata zidaganiziridwanso. Njirayi yokha imayang'aniridwa ndi malo opangira zinthu zatsopano komanso zowunikira za agro-industrial complex m'chigawo cha Nizhny Novgorod.
Mtundu woterewu (gulu) umapangitsa kuti zitheke kupereka njira yosiyana yokwaniritsira kuthekera kwasayansi ndi kupanga kwaderali ndikuchepetsa kuchulukira kwa ntchito yopangira mbatata ndi zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa, ndikuwonjezera mlingo wa kupanga bwino.
Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa, tidzapanga tanthauzo la gulu la mbatata.
M'gululi, kuyanjana kwazinthu zamapangidwe kumayang'ana kusinthana kwa chidziwitso, zatsopano, ukadaulo wopanga ndi njira zogulitsira mbatata. Komanso, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito limodzi kwa zomangamanga, kutsatsa ndi kukwezedwa kwa malonda a malonda ndi maphunziro a ogwira ntchito oyenerera kwambiri pamtengo wofunikira kuti ntchito yokhazikika ya minda ikuphatikizidwa mu mgwirizano ikuchitika. Ntchito yayikulu ya gulu la polojekiti pakukula kwa mbatata ndikukulitsa luso labizinesi mwa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mabizinesi ndi boma.
Mpaka pano, kupangidwa kwa gulu loyamba la mbatata yaku Russia (komanso gulu loyamba lazachuma) lakonzedwa m'chigawo cha Yaroslavl.
Dera la Yaroslavl lili ndi mwayi wonse wopanga mayanjano otere: nyengo yabwino yolima mbewu ndi mbatata ya tebulo, malo otukuka bwino (poganizira zomanga malo ogawa), kukhalapo kwa njira zolimbikitsira zothandizira boma pazaulimi. opanga. Zikuganiziridwa kuti gululi liphatikiza minda 10 ya mbatata, malo ogulitsa, mabungwe asayansi ndi maphunziro.
Chiyanjano chamtunduwu chikupangidwanso m'dera la Nizhny Novgorod. Kapangidwe ka derali kumaphatikizapo minda yambiri ya mbatata yokhala ndi madera ofanana ndi njira yachitukuko, yomwe ndi: kukulitsa mabizinesi kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Dongosololi likuwonetsedwa mu schematically mkuyu. 3.
Chofunikira pakugwira ntchito bwino, malinga ndi oimira famu iliyonse, ndikuchepetsa mtunda kuchokera pamalo omwe akukula kupita kumalo osungirako ndi kukonza mbatata, komanso kupezeka kwaukadaulo wamakono wamakono kwa membala aliyense wagulu. .
Boma likuchitapo kanthu pothandizira ntchito zopanga magulu: chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole zimathandizidwa (gawo la ndalama zopangira ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zaulimi, zogula ndi kubwereketsa (kubwereketsa) kwa makina ndi zida, kuphatikiza chitukuko. matekinoloje osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kupulumutsa zinthu), komanso misonkho yamayendedwe ndi zina.
The ndalama zofunika (subsidies) kwa chitukuko cha masango nzeru ndi mafakitale allocated ndi Unduna wa Economic Development wa Chitaganya cha Russia ndi Unduna wa Makampani ndi Trade la Russia. Chifukwa cha thandizo la boma, gulu la mbatata litha kulandira pafupifupi ma ruble 200 miliyoni. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti madera angapo a Russian Federation akhazikitsa kale ntchito zokonzekera masango (m'mafakitale ena) ndipo awonetsa zotsatira zabwino za ntchito za mabungwewa.
Kupanga magulu olima mbatata kumadera am'madera ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa mwayi wamabizinesi apadera aulimi ndikukulitsa njira zamayanjano aboma ndi apadera. Kukonzekera ndi kukulitsa ubale pakati pa minda ya mbatata, maukonde amalonda, mabungwe ofufuza, mabungwe amaphunziro, ndi zina zambiri ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kukwaniritsa kuyanjana kotereku, poganizira zofunikira zonse ndi mawonekedwe a mbatata zomwe zikukula, chiŵerengero choyenera chazinthu zonse zopanga, zimatha kukulitsa luso la kupanga ndikukwaniritsa mulingo wofunikira wachuma chamabizinesi.