Kukwera kwakukulu kwamitengo ya feteleza zamchere kwathandizira kutchuka kwa anzawo a organic. Poyamba, tili ndi manyowa ang'ombe ndi nkhuku zokwanira. Pezani bwino! Koma osayang'ana ma algorithm apadera, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumawopseza ndi chindapusa chachikulu. Izi zitha kusintha kuyambira kumapeto kwa masika, ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito kwalamulo la federal nyama zogulitsa.
Zatsopano
Malinga ndi malamulo aku Russia, manyowa ndi zinyalala zimagawidwa ngati zinyalala zamakampani zamagulu owopsa a 3-5. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ngati feteleza kumaloledwa, koma pokhapokha pazifukwa zina. Ndikofunikira kupanga pasipoti yotayika, kuwonetsa gulu langozi mu chikalatacho, kuwunikira chilengedwe, ndikupeza chilolezo chapadera. Zochita zonse zokwera mtengozi zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wazinthu zofunikira ukhale wokwera kwambiri.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Mtsogoleri wa All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizer ndi Peat-nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Lukin Ndili ndi chidaliro kuti zosintha zomwe zikubwerazi zidzathetsa kusatsimikizika kwalamulo pankhani yosamalira manyowa ndi manyowa. Federal Law No. 14-FZ ya pa Julayi 2022, 248 "Pazogulitsa ndi Zoweta komanso zosintha pamalamulo ena a Russian Federation" iyamba kugwira ntchito pa Marichi 1. Malamulo ake amazindikira manyowa ndi manyowa ngati zotsalira za ziweto zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza chonde m'nthaka.
Monga akufotokozera SERGEY Lukin, Lamulo latsopano silimathetsa miyezo yomwe ilipo yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe, ukhondo ndi chilengedwe cha anthu ndi mankhwala a Chowona Zanyama. Komabe, tsopano ndizokwanira kuti mabungwe azamalamulo, amalonda pawokha komanso mabizinesi (olima) abweretse malingaliro awo ku bungwe lalikulu la federal lomwe limagwira ntchito zowongolera pazamankhwala azanyama ndi malamulo a nthaka. Pachidziwitso cholembedwa, ndikofunikira kudziwitsa za kagawidwe ka manyowa ndi zinyalala monga zopangira zoweta ziweto, kuwonetsa kuchuluka, tsiku lopangidwa, zomwe zakonzedwa kapena kutumizidwa kwa alimi ena.
Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugulitsa katundu wa zinyama kuyenera kuchitidwa motsatira ndondomeko zovomerezeka ndi wopanga. Amatanthauzira mawonekedwe akuluakulu, njira zopangira ndi kukonza, mikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito, njira zowongolera ndi zofunikira zachitetezo. Ndizosavomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zosaphika, zosakonzedwa.
Ponena za mabizinesi omwe amasamutsa kapena kugulitsa manyowa ndi manyowa kwa anthu okhala m'chilimwe komanso pazosowa zagawo laothandizira, ntchito zotere ndizotheka. Koma pokhapokha ngati mitundu iyi ya feteleza, molingana ndi Federal Law ya July 19, 1997 No. 109-FZ "Pa Kusamalira Motetezedwa kwa Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo ndi Agrochemicals", alandire kulembetsa kwa boma monga agrochemicals.
Sergey Lukin amakhulupirira kuti malamulo a dziko lathu adapangidwa kuti abweretse dongosolo la kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malamulo a boma amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthawi komanso mtengo wapamwamba wa njira zambiri zovomerezeka. Koma sizingatheke mwanjira ina, chifukwa tikukamba za chitetezo cha chilengedwe, thanzi ndi moyo wa anthu.
Kuyambira manyowa mpaka phosphogypsum
Malinga ndi genesis, kapangidwe ndi katundu, feteleza organic akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo: feteleza wa nyama ndi masamba chiyambi, organogenic mchere, mafakitale ndi tapala zinyalala, multicomponent feteleza kapena kompositi.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of Laboratory of Agrochemistry of Organic, Lime Fertilizer and Chemical Melioration, All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry yotchedwa D. N. Pryanishnikov Natalya Akanova imanena kuti, choyamba, manyowa a ng'ombe, manyowa a akavalo ndi nkhumba, zitosi za mbalame zimatha kuonedwa ngati feteleza.
Pazifukwa izi, zopangidwa ndi mafakitale zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ufa wa miyala ya laimu umapezeka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala, phosphogypsum ndi zotsalira zina za phosphate.
Manyowa achilengedwe amaphatikiza peat ndi otchedwa feteleza wobiriwira, kuphatikiza zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana za nyemba, zotsalira za mbewu monga chimanga ndi mbewu zina. Mitundu ina ya zinyalala zonyansa zomwe zachitidwa mwapadera zimakhalanso m'gulu lomwelo.
Malingana ndi Natalia AkanovaMitundu yonse ya feteleza ndi manyowa opangidwa pamaziko awo imakhala ndi phindu pa chonde cha nthaka, zokolola zake ndipo, pamapeto pake, pazabwino komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha zinthu zomwe zapezedwa. Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zaulimi wa organic, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popanga zaulimi wamafakitale komanso m'magawo ang'onoang'ono.
Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zamoyo, Mtsogoleri wa Laboratory of Agrochemistry, Institute of Soil Science ndi Agrochemistry, Nthambi ya ku Siberia ya Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Yakimenko Komanso zimasonyeza angapo zabwino zimatha organic fetereza. Amathandiza kusintha agrochemical ndi madzi-thupi katundu wa nthaka, kupereka zomera ndi zakudya. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina, dongosolo lazakudya la dothi la agrocenoses limakula bwino. Ndipo alimi amatha kuwonjezera zokolola zawo.
Koma, malinga ndi wasayansi, organics alinso ndi kuipa kosatsutsika. Zomwe zili zothandiza mu feteleza zotere ndizochepa, ndipo kuti mubwererenso, m'pofunika kuzigwiritsa ntchito pamlingo waukulu wokwanira: matani ndi matani makumi pa hekitala. Kuphatikiza apo, pali chiopsezo cholowetsa m'nthaka ndi manyowa mbewu zambiri zaudzu zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama pamodzi ndi chakudya. Ndipo nthawi zina pali chiopsezo chotenga matenda a helminths.
Vladimir Yakimenko amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mineral feteleza. Amafunika pamiyeso yaying'ono, ndi yabwino kuperekera kumunda ndikuyika m'nthaka, ndipo mphamvu zake zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu za organic zitha kuyambitsidwa ngati zotsalira za zomera. Mwachitsanzo, kubzala munda ndi zitsamba, kulima wakula zotsalira zazomera, ndipo tsopano feteleza ali kale mu nthaka.
Chikhalidwe chomvera
Kafukufuku akutsimikizira kuti feteleza wopangidwa ndi organic amakhudza kwambiri nthaka yofunika kwambiri pazaulimi. Amapangitsa kuti zitheke kubwereranso kuzinthu zachilengedwe zaulimi zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zokolola zatsopano.
Sergey Lukin amazindikira kuti chifukwa cha makina opangira minda ya mbatata, mineralization ya nthaka imachitika. Ndipo iyenera kulipidwa ndi kuyambitsa manyowa, manyowa, kompositi, zotsalira za zomera; kulima wobiriwira wobiriwira manyowa obiriwira ndi mbewu za nyemba.
Mu toni ya manyowa a ng'ombe, chiwerengero cha NPK (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu) ndi pafupifupi kilogalamu 13, manyowa a nkhumba opanda bedi - 8, ndowe za mbalame zogona - 40. Komanso, zoweta za ziweto zimakhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ndi calcium, magnesium. , ndi sulfure zofunika zomera , kufufuza zinthu.
Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, tani ya manyowa imapereka kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola za mbatata mu kuchuluka kwa ma kilogalamu 100-120 pa hekitala, ndikuganizira zotsatira zake, m'zaka zachiwiri ndi zitatu, mpaka ma kilogalamu 200-250. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndowe za mbalame, zokolola za tubers zimawonjezeka nthawi 2-2,5.
All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry yotchedwa D. N. Pryanishnikov ili ndi zotsatira za kuyesa kwakukulu kwa feteleza pa mbewu zamasamba m'madera osiyanasiyana a Russia. Monga tanenera Natalya Akanova, m'madera omwe feteleza wa organic ankagwiritsidwa ntchito, zokolola zambiri zinapezedwa.
Tikakamba za mbatata, imayankha bwino feteleza onse, kuphatikizapo organic. Chiŵerengero cha zakudya mwa iwo ndendende limafanana ndi kwachilengedwenso makhalidwe a chikhalidwe ichi. Kuyankha bwino kwa mbatata pakuyika manyowa kumawonedwa pamitundu yonse ya dothi. Kumene kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, mbewu sizikhudzidwa ndi nkhanambo, mbewuyo imakhala yabwino kwambiri ndipo imasungidwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, zotsatira zabwino zidalembedwa m'minda momwe feteleza wachilengedwe amathiridwa pamodzi ndi feteleza wa mchere. Ndi kampeni iyi yomwe imatsimikizira kuti mbewuzo zimakhala ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi.
Natalya Akanova amaumirira kufunika kwa "lamulo la anayi" lodziwika bwino lomwe limatsatira kuti njira, mawu, mlingo wa ntchito ndi mitundu ya feteleza ndizofunika kwambiri. Ngati ziwonedwa ndendende, zotsatira zabwino sizitenga nthawi yayitali.
Chuma chinalowererapo
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito feteleza organic wa mbatata m'dziko lathu watsika kwambiri. Mtsogoleri wa All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers ndi Peat-nthambi ya Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Lukin Ngati mu 1990, pa hekitala imodzi ya mbatata, mabungwe azaulimi adagwiritsa ntchito matani 34 a organic ndi 265 kilogalamu ya feteleza yogwira, ndiye mu 2021 - matani 2,3 ndi ma kilogalamu 472, motsatana. Ndiko kuti, gawo la zinthu za organic pakudya kwathunthu kwa michere ndi feteleza wa mbatata idatsika kuchokera pa 64 mpaka 6 peresenti.
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ziweto ndi zotsatira zake, linanena bungwe la manyowa. Ngakhale poganizira kuti malonda a ziweto akukula mwachangu, ziweto zam'mbuyo zidakali kutali kwambiri.
Ubwino wa feteleza wa organic wasinthanso. Tsopano, pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya manyowa ndi manyowa amapangidwa popanda zinyalala ndipo amaphatikizapo 5-14 peresenti yokha ya zinthu zouma. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'makampani akuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zothandiza zomwe zili m'gulu lake zikuchepa. Pansi pazimenezi, malinga ndi Sergei Lukin, organics amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa oyambirira mbatata: udzu wapachaka, dzinja lachisanu, mbewu za manyowa obiriwira.
Vladimir Yakimenko amakumbukira kuti ngakhale mu nthawi za Soviet, kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa ngati feteleza kunkaonedwa kuti n'kopindulitsa ngati kunali koyenera kuyendetsa makilomita oposa 5-10 kuchokera kumunda kupita kumunda. Apo ayi, ndalama zoyendera zimachepetsa phindu mpaka ziro. Masiku ano, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta a dizilo, kuyambitsa zinthu zakuthupi m'minda nthawi zambiri sikutheka mwachuma. Zotsatira zake, mutha kupeza zokolola zomwe zitha kukhala "golide" potengera mtengo.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaulimi imathandizira kuti pakhale phindu popanga organic zinthu., mosiyana ndi nthawi isanafike zaka za m'ma 1990, osati kwambiri.
Sergey Lukin amatanthauza zitsanzo zabwino za ntchito zaulimi m'madera Belgorod ndi Nizhny Novgorod. Pokhala ndi minda ya nkhuku ndi yolima mbewu, amagwiritsira ntchito bwino manyowa monga fetereza m’minda yawo. Ndipo m'chigawo cha Vladimir, kumene famu ya nkhuku ya m'deralo imasamutsa zinyalala kwa alimi ena kwaulere, alimi amawatengera makilomita 30-40 kupita kuminda yawo popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa bajeti.
Onani m'tsogolo
Kukhazikitsidwa kumene kwa Federal Law No. 248 kumatsimikizira kuti msika wa feteleza wa ku Russia upitilira kukula. Koma ogula awo akuluakulu amatha kukhala akulima, nyumba zapachilimwe komanso minda yamba.
Mtsogoleri wa Laboratory of Agrochemistry, Institute of Soil Science ndi Agrochemistry, Nthambi ya ku Siberia ya Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Yakimenko amakhulupirira kuti ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya feteleza wa organic yokonzedwa, zouma ndi kuikidwa m'matumba ang'onoang'ono ayamba kugulitsidwa mochuluka, kufunikira kwa anthu okhala m'chilimwe, wamaluwa ndi minda yapakhomo kudzakhala kokhazikika. Koma minda ikuluikulu yolima mahekitala masauzande ambiri, organic alibe tsogolo. Kuchokera kumalingaliro a agrochemistry, chifukwa cha chonde m'nthaka, feteleza wotere ndi wabwino. Koma pazachuma chamsika, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo sikukomera bizinesi yaulimi.
Iwo ali ndi maganizo osiyana Natalya Akanova и Sergey Lukinomwe akuyembekeza kuyambiranso mwachangu kwa State Comprehensive Program for Improving Soil Fertility ku Russia. Mwachigamulo cha aboma, sichinakulitsidwe pambuyo pa 2020, zomwe zimasokoneza bizinesi yonse yapakhomo.
Malinga ndi asayansi, popanda feteleza wachilengedwe, ndizosatheka kubwezeretsa chonde cha mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri m'dziko lonselo ndikutsimikizira zokolola zambiri kwazaka zikubwerazi. Ndipo chinsinsi cha ntchito yopambana m'derali chiyenera kukhala champhamvu kwambiri komanso chodalirika chaulimi - organomineral.
Irina Berg