Far East ndi dera lapadera, losiyana ndi lina lililonse. Komabe, ndi anthu ochepa amene akudziwa kuti m’madera ovuta kwambiri a nyengo ya kumaloko, ulimi ukukula mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipo pakati pa mndandanda waukulu wa mbewu zaulimi, mbatata zokonda kutentha zimakula bwino. Oimira gulu la asayansi ndi gawo laulimi ku Far Eastern Federal District adalankhula za momwe kulima mbatata ndi ntchito yawo.
Zokonda zosiyanasiyana
Ashot Nazaretyan wochokera ku Chigawo cha Amur, adapanga famu ya anthu wamba mu 2019 kuti azilima mbatata pazosowa zabizinesi yake yodyera. Anayamba ndi dera la mahekitala 7, koma, monga akunenera, adazolowera, ndipo mu 2022, mahekitala 80 anali atapatsidwa kale kulima. Anna Koroleva. Kuchokera kunyumba m'minda ya famu, mutha kuwona mitundu ya Aurora ndi Mwayi. Mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri idapezedwa ndi Aurora ndi Veneta, zokolola zake ndi matani 40 pa hekitala.
Famu yake ya anthu wamba ku Primorsky Krai Alexander Morozov idakhazikitsidwa mu 2010. M'nyengo yoyamba ndinabzala pafupifupi mahekitala atatu, koma pang'onopang'ono ndinawonjezera malo a mbatata mpaka mahekitala 3. Malinga ndi zomwe mlimi awona, mitundu yokhala ndi nyengo yokulira ya masiku 100-65 imachita bwino. Ali ndi nthawi yakukula pa chinyezi cha masika ndi "kuthawa" matenda obwera chifukwa cha chifunga cha m'nyanja. Pali mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu, koma atsogoleri ambiri amitundu yonse yaku Russia sapereka zotsatira zochititsa chidwi pano. Koma Bellarosa ndi zokolola za matani 75 pa hekitala, m'malo mwake, wakhala kupeza kosangalatsa kwa agrarian.
Mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti yolima mbatata ndi masamba, A.K. Chaika Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East Wotchedwa Dmitry Volkov adanena kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, Far East Federal District yakhala ikudalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe yasankha, yomwe idapangidwira nyengo yakomweko.
Ku Primorye, m'modzi mwa otchuka kwambiri anali Kazachok - mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagulu ochedwa kuchokera kwa obereketsa am'deralo. Amber, yomwe idapangidwa m'derali mu 2006, imalimidwanso m'malo akuluakulu. Ikufunidwabe chifukwa cha zokolola zake zambiri komanso kukana matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Mbatata za ku Magadan ndi Kamchatka zimagwiranso ntchito m'madera ambiri ofesedwa m'chigawo cha federal. Zosiyanasiyana zochokera kumadera ena a ku Russia zimaperekedwanso, kuphatikizapo Meteor ndi Gulliver oyambirira, olemba akatswiri ochokera ku A. G. Lorkh Federal State Budgetary Institution of Potatoes. Onse adziwonetsa bwino ndipo amakula m'minda yambiri. Mwa mitundu yakunja, Adretta ndi Sante ndiwo akutsogolera: mitundu idawonekera pamsika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, koma ikufunikabe.
Wofufuza Wotsogola, Laboratory of Biotechnology of Field Crops and Potato Breeding, Federal State Budgetary Institution "Kamchatka Research Institute of Agriculture" Vera Gainatulina Iye ananena kuti oyambirira ndi m'ma oyambirira mitundu makamaka opangidwa m'dera, chifukwa mochedwa mbatata chabe si zipse. Izi zikuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, Geyser ndi Vulkan omwe adasankha okha, mbewu zomwe zidakonzedwanso mu 2019, ndipo nyengo yatha anthu osankhika apamwamba adapezeka. Mafamu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amalima madera opitilira theka la mbatata ku Kamchatka, nthawi yomweyo adayamikira ubwino wa mitunduyi. Ndipo luso lazopanga zawo pamlingo wa mafakitale likupangidwa kale.
Mitundu yatsopano yoyambirira kwambiri ya Zhemchuzhina Kamchatka ikukonzekera kumasulidwa, yomwe ikuyesedwa masiku ano. Zokolola zake ndi pafupifupi matani 45 pa hekitala, zomwe ziyenera kukopa anthu omwe amalima mbatata mwachangu kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo.
Mvula yamkuntho ndi mphepo zamkuntho
Nyengo ku Far East Federal District amatchedwa monyanyira popanda kukokomeza.
Wotchedwa Dmitry Volkov anafotokoza kuti kum'mwera kwa Far Eastern Federal District, ku Primorsky Krai ndi kumwera kwa Khabarovsk, nyengo yamvula imakhalapo. Kasupe amabwera koyambirira kuno, ndipo kubzala mbatata kumayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi. Maderawa amadziwika ndi mvula yambiri yomwe imagwa mu July-August, ndi mvula yamkuntho kawirikawiri. Chilala ndi kutentha modabwitsa si zachilendo.
Vuto lalikulu la nyengo yam'deralo Alexander Morozov amawerengera mvula yomwe imatha kutsanulira mosalekeza kwa milungu ingapo. Kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi kwakhala kofala. Chifukwa chake, mu 2022, theka la mbewu za mbatata zidakokoloka pafamu ya alimi, ndipo zotayika zidafika pafupifupi matani 2.
У Ashot Nazaretyan chaka chimodzi m’mbuyomo, atasefukira m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Amur, mahekitala 60 a minda ya mbatata anasefukira. Zotsatira zake, chiwembu cha mahekitala pafupifupi 10 chokha chidachotsedwa.
Kumpoto kwa chigawochi, komwe kumaphatikizapo Kamchatka Territory, kumasiyanitsidwa ndi zovuta kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata. Kutera m'malo awa kumachitika kumapeto kwa kasupe-kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, ndipo kukolola kumayamba mu Ogasiti. Poganizira nyengo yaufupi yakukula komanso masiku ochepa adzuwa, tsiku lililonse lofunda limawerengera kukula kwa mbewu.
Ku Far East Federal District, monga tawonera Wotchedwa Dmitry VolkovZima zimabwera msanga. Frost yoyamba imalembedwa mu theka lachiwiri la Seputembala, kotero alimi amayenera kukolola mbewu yonse pasanafike pa Okutobala 1.
Maonekedwe a dothi la m'deralo amafuna kuti feteleza agwiritsidwe ntchito, apo ayi mbewu zimawonetsa zokolola zochepa. Izi ndizowona makamaka ku Kamchatka Territory, komwe kuli dothi lopepuka lamapiri komanso mtundu wamadzi otuluka. Ndipo m'dera la Amur, madera ndi miyala, choncho m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mizere iwiri kulima mbatata.
Kutali ndi pakati
Monga ku Russia konse, pali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito oyenerera paulimi wa Far East Federal District.
Malingana ndi Ashot Nazaretyanantchito atsopano ayenera kuphunzitsidwa okha. Pali akatswiri ochepa ovomerezeka, chifukwa omaliza maphunziro a mayunivesite a zaulimi ndi masukulu aukadaulo sakufuna kugwira ntchito m'makampani chifukwa cha malipiro ochepa komanso zovuta zogwirira ntchito.
Alexander Morozov amakopa ogwira ntchito ndi mapulogalamu a chikhalidwe cha anthu Kupatsa anthu nyumba, mlimi m'zaka 10 amapereka nyumba zabwino kwa katundu wa antchito. Atakwanitsa kuyika mizu panthawiyi, iwo, monga lamulo, amakhalabe pakampaniyo.
M'chigawo cha federal, pali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa malo ogulitsa mbatata ndi masamba, makamaka omwe amakwaniritsa zenizeni zamakono ndipo ali ndi makina opangira okha.
Monga tanenera Alexander Morozov, malo ambiri osungiramo katundu amene alimi amagwiritsira ntchito n’zachikale kwambiri ndipo akufunika kumangidwanso. Pafamu yake, adamanga malo ogulitsa masamba okhala ndi njira yowongolera nyengo ya matani 1,25. Komabe, sikokwaniranso pa zosowa za mlimi.
Pali malo osungiramo zinthu, opangidwira matani chikwi, ndi famu Ashot Nazaretyan. Koma ndi kuchuluka kwa kupanga komanso kufunikira komwe kulipo pamsika, kukhazikitsidwa kwazinthu zatsopano kudzafunikadi.
Malinga ndi Chikhulupiriro Gainatulina, vutoli limakhudzanso kwambiri chitukuko cha ulimi wa mbewu m'boma la feduro Zofunikira pakusungirako zinthu zobzala ndizokwera kwambiri, ndipo kuti zikwaniritse, malo osungira ayenera kukhala apamwamba kwambiri.
M'zigawo zakutali kwambiri ndi likulu la federal, malinga ndi Wotchedwa Dmitry Volkov, musasowe feteleza ndi zinthu zoteteza zomera.
Mitundu yambiri yoteteza zomera imaperekedwa ndi makampani omwe akuimira ogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Koma m'pofunika kuyitanitsa feteleza mchere kwa nyengo yotsatira pasadakhale, kale kugwa. Apo ayi, monga ananenera Ashot Nazaretyan, m’chaka simungawapeze pamlingo woyenera.
Vera Gainatulina adatsimikizira kuti ma PPP ndi feteleza amagulidwa poyamba. Chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yobweretsera, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi nthawi yopereka madongosolo kumapeto kwa chaka cha kalendala kuti zonse zizipezeka pofika masika.
Asanafike kudera la Far East Federal District, katundu wofunikira amayenda mazana, ngakhale masauzande a makilomita. Mtengo wawo umaphatikizaponso ndalama zoyendera, zomwe, malinga ndi kuyerekezera Alexandra Morozova, mpaka 15 peresenti ya mtengo wa "chemistry" ndi njira zopezera zakudya za zomera.
Kubetcherana kunyumba
Chifukwa cha kuthirira kwamadzi kwa dothi, zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri zimawonetsedwa ndi zida zamphamvu zokhala ndi luso lapamwamba lochokera kumakampani akunja. Koma, monga momwe zinakhalira, alimi ambiri a mbatata ku Far East Federal District amakonda anzawo apakhomo.
Ashot Nazaretyan Ndinaganiza zogula makina okolola odzaza mphamvu kuchokera ku imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Koma chifukwa cha ubwino wawo wonse, makina oterowo ali ndi zovuta zake. Nthawi yoperekera zida zosinthira kudzera ku Moscow imatha kufika miyezi 1,5-2. Choncho, alimi, ngati agula zipangizo za Kumadzulo, yesetsani kukhala ndi makina a Chirasha kapena Chibelarusi m'mapiko. Mwachitsanzo, famu ya wamalondayo ili ndi zokolola zitatu zapakhomo ndi ziwiri za ku Japan.
Zida za ku Japan zobzala ndi kukolola mbatata, zomwe zabwereka kwa alimi akumaloko, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku Kamchatka Research Institute of Agriculture. Vera Gainatulina imanena za makinawa kukhala odalirika komanso ogwira mtima. Koma zida zazing'ono zazing'onozi ndizoyenera kukonza madera ang'onoang'ono, ndipo m'mafamu akuluakulu zimatha kuyambitsa kuyeretsa kwanthawi yayitali.
ku KFH Alexandra Morozova amakonzekera nyengoyi pasadakhale ndikuyesera kugula zida zosinthira zomwe amafunikira pasadakhale. Zophatikiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano zikuchokera kwa opanga ku Europe, koma mathirakitala ndi achi Belarusi.
Malinga ndi Wotchedwa Dmitry Volkov, Zomwe zili ndi zida zamakono zamakampani zasintha posachedwa. Chifukwa cha thandizo la boma monga thandizo ndi thandizo, malo osungirako zida amasinthidwa ndikuwonjezeredwa osati ndi alimi ndi mabizinesi aulimi okha, komanso ndi mabungwe ofufuza.
Kunjira yatsopano
Far East sanalambalale mavuto a nyengo yamakono okhudzana ndi kugulitsa mbatata.
Monga tanena Ashot Nazarete, pali zinthu zokwana matani 900 zomwe zikusungidwa pafamuyo, ndipo kugulitsa sikunayambe panobe. Mtengo wa tubers udatsika mu kugwa, pakutha kwa zokolola, pomwe kutumizidwa kwa mbatata kuchokera kumadera ena kudayamba. Ngakhale kuti mitengo ndi yotsika, palibe ogula m’magolosale, ndipo mlimi amayenera kugulitsa.
Mu 2022, minda yayikulu ya Far East Federal District idasunga mbewu zawo, kuyembekezera kukwera kwamitengo yazinthu zawo. Koma ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa chaka chatsopano, msika udakali wosasintha.
Chifukwa cha malingaliro awo, wolima ku Russia nthawi zambiri amayembekeza kuti wogula zinthu zaulimi apezeka popanda kuyesetsa kwakukulu. Koma zikuwoneka kuti poyang'anizana ndi mpikisano woopsa, ndondomekoyi ikusiya kugwira ntchito.
Malingana ndi Alexandra Morozova, chaka chatha minda ya Primorye idalandira zokolola zabwino.Koma kulibe mitengo ya mbatata, kugulitsa kwakukulu ndi kotsika, kufunikira kwa ogula ndikotsika, kulibe mabizinesi okonza. Malo osungiramo katundu akumaloko ali ndi zinthu zambiri, ndipo palibe amene akudziwa kuzigulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, mbatata zotumizidwa kunja zikupitilizabe kulowa mumsika wa Far East.
Ashot Nazaretyan Ndikutsimikiza kuti ziyenera kuchitidwa mosiyana tsopano. Mu KFH yake, akukonzekera kutsegula dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda yomwe idzagwire ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira mosamala. Ndikofunikiranso kupanga zida zotsuka, kulongedza ndi kukonza mozama kuti apange zinthu zomwe zitha kuperekedwa ku gawo la HoReCa, masitolo ogulitsa maunyolo ndi ogula.
Kudikirira mbewu
Pofuna kuthetsa nkhani yopatsa alimi zinthu zobzala ku Far East Federal District, pali kusowa kwa dongosolo lokonzekera bwino la kupanga kwake. Mabungwe angapo ofufuza akugwira ntchito bwino pano, akugwira ntchito yosankha komanso kupanga mbewu zapakhomo ndi zakunja. Komabe, pali minda yowerengeka yomwe ikupitiliza kukula ndikutengera mbatata yapamwamba m'boma la federal.
Ndi Primorye yokhayo yomwe imadzipatsa mbewu zobereka kwambiri pafupifupi 100 peresenti, zomwe zimachitikanso chifukwa cha kuzizira kwaderali. Malinga ndi Wotchedwa Dmitry Volkov, Choyamba, ntchito imachitika ndi mitundu yathu, komanso pansi pa mapangano alayisensi ndi malo ena obereketsa.
Bungwe la Potato Breeding and Seed Center la Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies of Far East likugwirizana ndi wofalitsa mbewu wamkulu wamba, Putsilovskoye LLC. Bizinesiyo imafalitsa zinthu zoyambirira zomwe adalandira kuchokera kwa asayansi, ndipo kuchokera pano mbewuzo zimatumizidwa ku Khabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Kamchatka ndi zigawo zina zachigawo cha federal.
Koma opanga m'mphepete mwa nyanja amalima mitundu yocheperako. Omwe sakukhutira ndi mndandandawu ayenera kulemba zinthu zobzala kuchokera pakati pa Russia. Monga momwe Alexander Morozov amanenera, kubereka kumayenderana ndi zovuta zina. Kutumiza mbewu pasadakhale ndi kowopsa, popeza katunduyo amadutsa m'dera la Yakutia, komwe kumatentha kwambiri. Ndipo kukatentha kumeneko, ntchito yobzala ku Primorye yatha kale.
Ikunena za kusowa kwa kusankha Ashot Nazaretyan. Mlimiyo akukhulupirira kufunikira kopanga mabizinesi am'deralo omwe angakwaniritse zosowa za olima m'chigawo cha Amur komanso ku Far East Federal District. Nthawi zonse kuyitanitsa mbeu pamtunda wa makilomita masauzande kuchokera komwe yabzalidwa ndikosavuta komanso kokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Malingana ndi Vera GainatulinaKamchatka Territory ilinso ndi mwayi wodzipezera mbewu za mbatata. Koma mpaka pano, ambiri mwa iwo - makamaka mitundu yosankhidwa yakunja - amaperekedwa ku peninsula kuchokera ku Primorye, Siberia kapena mbali yaku Europe ya dzikolo. Ndipo izi zadzala ndi kuitanitsa tizirombo ndi matenda kuti si khalidwe la territorially akutali dera.
Ndi diso lamtsogolo
Kumene kuli dera la Far Eastern Federal District kumatsimikizira kukula kwa kukula kwa mbatata. Ndipo si nyengo yokha. Kupereka ndalama kwa sayansi, kusankha, kupanga mbewu kumadera akutali kumachitika ndi federal Center m'mavoliyumu osakwanira. Ku Far East sikuphatikizidwanso m'mapulogalamu ambiri aboma othandizira ulimi.
Komabe, zosintha zabwino ndizotheka kale mu 2023. Vera Gainatulina adati nkhani yophatikiza mabungwe angapo asayansi aku Far East mumpangidwe wa Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FRC All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources yotchedwa N.I. Vavilov" (VIR) yathetsedwa. Kulowa nawo limodzi mwamasukulu otsogola mdziko muno, choyamba, kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza malo anu a labotale kuti muzichita bwino kwambiri zasayansi.
Kugwira ntchito m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, olima mbewu safuna kupumula ndipo akupanga mapulani okhumba.
Ashot Nazaretyan akufuna kuonjezera dera pansi pa mbatata mu nyengo ikubwerayi kwa mahekitala 100-150, ndipo pazaka zingapo zotsatira - mpaka 500 mahekitala. Masiku ano, mlimi akukonzekera kugula mzere wapamwamba kwambiri woyika ma tubers kuti asungidwe ndikuchotsa kusungirako. Pakutha kwa nyengoyi ikhazikitsidwa ndipo famuyo itenganso njira ina yoyendetsera makina.
Alexander Morozov yolunjika pakuthana ndi zovuta pakugulitsa zinthu. Kuthekera kwa Far East Federal District pakukula kwa mbatata ndikwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okhala m'magawo ake sikufika ngakhale 8 miliyoni. Kufuna kochepa kumalepheretsa alimi kupita kuntchito pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Pofunafuna njira zogulitsira, wamalondayo amaika chidwi chake pa ogula akunja. Njira yabwino kwambiri, m'malingaliro ake, ingakhale kulowa m'misika yomwe ili pafupi ndi China, South Korea ndi Japan ndi mamiliyoni a anthu. Aliyense amene amakonza zoperekera mbatata zaku Russia zotsika mtengo komanso zokoma kumayiko awa apeza mwayi wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko.
Amawona zotsatira zabwino komanso Wotchedwa Dmitry Volkov, amene amakhulupirira kuti alimi am'deralo akhoza kuonjezera kupanga ndikuwonjezera zokolola za mbatata. Maziko amphamvu asayansi, ogwira ntchito oyenerera komanso sukulu yolimba yolima mbatata yasungidwa ku Far East kuyambira nthawi za Soviet. Ndipo obereketsa amakono amapanga bwino mitundu yatsopano yomwe imapikisana molimba mtima ndi yakunja. Ndipo ngakhale malo ogwirira ntchito alimi ndi ovuta, mutha kugwira ntchito pano ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino.
Irina Berg