A.I. Polinova, DR Zagirova, L.Yu. Kokaeva, I.I. Zamgululi Levantsevich, S.N. Elansky
M'zaka zaposachedwa, thanzi la mbatata ndi nkhokwe zawonongeka ku Belarus. Udindo wa mitundu ina ya zinthu zovulaza komanso kuchuluka kwake mu agrophytocenoses wasintha. Kuwonongeka kwa matenda ambiri osati matenda okhaokha (kuchepa kwa mochedwa, alternariosis, mitundu yonse ya nkhanambo, bacteriosis, fusarium zowuma) zawonjezeka, komanso zatsopano, zosaphunzira mokwanira, monga bala lamadzi (mkuyu 1). Matendawa, omwe amapezeka ku India, Central Asia ndi mayiko ena akumwera, adadziwika ku Gomel, Brest, Grodno ndi Minsk zigawo za Belarus. Monga ma oomycetes ena okhala nthaka, P. ultimum imawononga kwambiri pakakhala chinyontho chambiri - m'malo opanda madzi, nthawi yamvula yambiri (Taylor et al., 2008).
Ku Belarus, kufalikira kwa matendawa kudadziwika m'zaka ndi kutentha kowonjezeka kwa nyengo yokula: m'magulu ena a mbatata, 8-10% ya ma tubers adakhudzidwa. Kuvunda kwamadzi kwa tubers kumatha kuwononga kwambiri, komwe kumachitika chifukwa chosowa mitundu yolimbana, njira zodzitetezera komanso kukula kwa matendawa zikawonongeka ku tubers (Zhuromskaya, 2003; Ivanyuk et al., 2005). Matendawa amakhudza ma tubers okha. Ku Russia, mabala amadzi owola pakadali pano siofunika.
Pogwira ntchitoyi, tidasanthula mitundu ingapo ya ma causative othandizira mabala owola amadzimadzi omwe ali kutali ndi ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa a mitundu Vektar Belorussian, Skarb ndi mitundu yosankhidwa m'malo osungira a Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Potato and Horticulture (dera la Minsk). Zolinga za phunziroli zinali zodziwitsa mitundu ya mitundu yodzipatula, momwe imakhalira yolimba poyerekeza ndi ma tubers a mbatata, kuti iwone kukula kwa kutentha kosiyanasiyana kozungulira komanso kukana kwa metalaxyl.
Mycelium of the isolates idakulira pamadzi a nandolo (180 g wa nandolo wobiriwira wouma owiritsa kwa mphindi 10 mu 1 litre la madzi osungunuka, kenako amadzipangira okha kwa mphindi 30 pa 1 atm); DNA inali yokhayokha pamtundu uliwonse. Podzipatula kwa DNA, mycelium yachisanu idapangidwa mu nitrojeni wamadzi, ndikuthira mu buffer ya CTAB, kenako ndikumazidwa ndi chloroform. DNA idasungidwa m'madzi opangidwa ndi deionized pa -20 ° С. Kusanthula kwa magawo a nucleotide amitundu ya genome (zigawo za nyukiliya ribosomal 18S ndi 5,8S, komanso cholembera mkati spacer ITS1), cholimbikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zoyambira ITS1 ndi ITS2 (White, 1990), zidawonetsa kuti mitundu yophunziridwa ndi ya Pythium ultimum Trow mitundu. (mawu ofanana Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish).
Mitundu yonse yowerengera idakhudza magawo a tubala ta mbatata za Gala zoyikidwa m'zipinda zanyontho. Mdima mawanga anapangidwa pa iwo, kenako n'kukhala lonyowa kwambiri ozama zilonda (mkuyu. 2). Matendawa adachitika poyika P. ultimum mycelium pakati pa kagawo ka tuber.
Ma disc a tuber adadzilowetsa pa 22 ° C. Kukula kwakukulu kwa dera lomwe lakhudzidwa kunadziwika m'masiku awiri oyamba, pomwepo chilonda sichinasinthe.
Izi zidali zovomerezeka pamitundu yonse yophunzira.
Kukula kwamitunduyi kumayesedwa pa oat agar sing'anga pakatentha ka 5, 15, 24, ndi 34 ° C (mkuyu 3). Kukula kunawonedwa nthawi zonse; Kukula kwakukulu kunawonedwa pa 24 ° C (chikho cha 86 mm chidadzaza masiku awiri). Pa 2 ndi 15 ° C, kuchuluka kwakukula kunali kotsika kwambiri (chikho chidakwera m'masiku 34 ndi 4 motsatana).
Kutentha kwa 15, 24, ndi 34 ° C, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse yophunzirira sikunasiyane. Pakatentha ka 5 ° C, mavuto P1 adakula mwachangu kwambiri kuposa ena (20 mm patsiku 4), P4 - pang'ono pang'ono (10 mm patsiku 4), P2 ndi P3 pafupifupi sanakule.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti pa kutentha kwa 24 ° C kukula kumayamba atangobzala mbale, kutentha kwa 15 ndi 34 ° C kunachedwa kuchitika kwakukula kwa tsiku limodzi, ndi 1 ° C - masiku awiri.
Metalaxyl (ndi isomer mefenoxam) amadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala othandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera oomycetes panthaka. Metalaxil imatha kulowa mkati mwa ma tubers ndikupereka (ngakhale kutsika kwambiri) chitetezo chawo cha nthawi yayitali (Taylor et al., 2008; Bruin et al., 1982). Komabe, mphamvu ya metalaxyl imachepa kwambiri pambuyo poti mitundu yotsutsana ndi anthu ikupezeka. Mitundu yotsutsana kwambiri yapezeka m'malo angapo ku United States (Taylor et al., 2002). Palibe chidziwitso chokana kukanika kwa mitundu ya Belarusian P. ultimum ku metalaxyl, chifukwa chake adaganiza zoyesa kukana kwawo mankhwalawa pantchitoyi.
Kafukufuku wokhudzidwa ndi fungala metalaxyl adachitika pa oat agar sing'anga ndikuwonjezera fungicide m'malo osiyanasiyana (Pobedinskaya, Elansky, 2014).
Mitundu yomwe adawerengayi inali ndi zotsutsana ndi metalaxyl (Gulu 1). Chifukwa chake, pamagulu a fungicide a 1 mg / L, kukula kwa mtundu wa P4 kudayimilira kwathunthu, ndipo mitundu ina yonseyo idachepa kwambiri. Zovuta P1 ndi P2 zidakula pang'onopang'ono pamasamba okhala ndi metalaxyl 10 mg / L. Kuwerengera koyenera kwa EC50 (kuchuluka kwa fungicide kumachepetsa kukula kwa mavutowo kawiri konse poyerekeza ndi kuwongolera) pamavuto onse anali ochepera 2 mg / L. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yonse yofufuzidwa imatha kutenga metalaxyl; zawonetsedwa kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri poletsa kukula kwa P. ultimum.
Malinga ndi Bruin et al. (1982) pambuyo pothira mbeu nthawi yazomera ndi metalaxyl pamlingo wa 0,5 kg / ha, fungicide mu tubers inali 0,055 μg / g mu periderm, 0,022 μg / g mu cortical layer, ndi 0,034 μg / g mkatikati mwa tuber. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wathu, metalaxyl iyi siyokwanira kuthana ndi matendawa, koma ingachedwetse kukula kwake.
Pakukula pa oat sing'anga, mitundu yonse idapanga ma oospores mu monoculture (mkuyu 4), womwe umakhala wa P. ultimum. Kuphatikizika kwapawiri kwamavuto sikunawonetse zisonyezo zowoneka zosagwirizana pazomera - makapu adakutidwa mofananira ndi mycelium.
Zomwe zapezedwa zikuwonetsa kuti P. ultimum ndi phytopathogen yomwe imatha kukula mwachangu munthawi yotentha, kuphatikiza kutentha kwa 5 ° C. Ndizowopsa kumatenda a mbatata ndipo amapanga ma oospores omwe amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Chifukwa chake, mtunduwo ndi phytopathogen wowopsa womwe ungasokoneze ulimi ndipo ukusowa maphunziro owonjezera.
Kafukufukuyu adachitika mothandizidwa ndi Russian Science Foundation (projekiti N 14-50-00029).
Tebulo 1. Kutengeka kwa P. mtheradi wamafuta ku metalaxyl
Kupsyinjika | Ndende ya Metalaxyl, mg / l | ||
0 (kulamulira) | 1 | 10 | |
P1 | 63 | 6 | 0 |
P2 | 65 | 5 | 0 |
P3 | 59 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
P1 | 105 | 10 | 3 |
P2 | 110 | 10 | 3 |
P3 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Pafupifupi. Zambiri zowerengera za 3 zimaperekedwa.
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa munyuzipepala yoteteza "mbatata" (No. 1, 2017)