Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Doka Genetic Technologies LLC
Kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse mavuto omwe amayamba chifukwa chachulukitsa matenda m'nthaka, koma osachotsa kwathunthu ngakhale atakwanitsa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndikubwerera mbatata kumunda wina. Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa obiriwira kumathandiza kwambiri paulimi. Ma biofumigation katundu nthawi yomweyo amalimbikitsa mphamvu yonse yotsalira.
Kuphatikizidwa kwake kochepa kuzungulira kwazifupi mbewu ndi njira yachuma yolimitsira bwino mbatata zabwino.
Kupanga kwa mbatata kumalumikizidwa ndi kulima kwakukulu, kudutsa kwama makina olemera m'minda komanso nthawi yayitali yopanda nthaka. Zotsatira zake ndikupopera mbewu za nthaka, kuphulika kopitilira muyeso, kuwononga chilengedwe, kufulumizitsa mineralization ya zinthu zakuthupi. Nthawi yomweyo, tisaiwale kuti zotsalira zazomera zotsalira mbatata ndizochepa, zomwe zimatulutsa mbatata zitatha. M'nthaka, pa zotsalira zazomera, matenda ambiri ndi tizirombo ta mbatata zimapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwonjezeka kwa kufalikira kwa minda yolimbana ndi namsongole. Mbewu zina zakuzungulira zimagawana tizirombo ndi mbatata. Mwachidule, zitha kudziwika kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa kasinthasintha wazomera m'minda yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kulima mbatata kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa nthaka pakupanga mbewu, ndipo posinthasintha kwakanthawi, mtengo wa feteleza, madzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhoza kukhala apamwamba, ndipo zokolola - zotsika.
Maphala amchaka chokha (tirigu, rye, barele, oats, triticale, chimanga, ryegrass) omwe alibe zovuta zaphytopathogenic ndi mbatata.
Osauka komanso ogwiriridwa amatha kugwa ndi rhizoctonia ndi nkhungu yoyera. Mitundu yambiri yolimidwa komanso yovuta ya mbewu imadwala verticillosis. Ma Nematode ndi tizilombo tili ndi njira zina zosungiramo ndipo zimasunga kuchuluka kwa anthu zaka zomwe mbatata sizinakulidwe. Pa msipu, mbewu zosatha za clover ndi mbewu monga chimanga
udzu umapanga malo abwino pofalitsa ma waya, ndipo njira imeneyi yosinthira mbewu iyenera kupewedwa ngati kuwonongeka kwa mbatata kudanenedwa. Izi ndi zitsanzo zapadera, ndipo kavuto kawirikawiri phytopathological imakhala ndi njira zosiyana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasinthika pogwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wa mbeu (Gome 1).
Palibe yankho la ponseponse, koma kudziwa kwachilengedwe ndi kusiyana kwa pathogen iliyonse kumatithandiza kupeza njira zomveka zothetsera vuto linalake chifukwa cha mbatata zambiri momwe amapangidwira magawo obzala.
Njira zoyendetsera kasinthidwe ka mbeu, omwe adasankhidwa kale amapereka zokolola, kusintha kwa agrophysical, mankhwala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kukonza komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chonde m'nthaka, kukhathamiritsa kwa madzi, kuchepetsa mtengo wolimbana ndi namsongole, tizirombo ndi Matenda, kuchepa kwa kufunika kwa feteleza amchere, poyambirira - nayitrogeni, kugawa yunifolomu kwa katundu wambiri munthawi yogwira ntchito kumunda, kuthekera kofala kwa ntchito yolima pang'ono, kukhazikika kwachuma pakupanga mbewu.
Kusintha koteroko kumakhala kosavuta kupeza posinthanitsa ndi mbeu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, osati njere zokha, komanso chakudya. Zovuta zachuma sizilola kuti mabizinesi ambiri asinthe nthawi yambiri ndi ndalama kuti alime kwa nthawi yayitali mbewu zamitundu ina komanso mbewu.
Poganizira izi, tikambirana za kuthekera kwa kuzungulira kwa mbeu (yopitilira zaka ziwiri popititsa mbatata kumunda) kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zatchulidwa poyambira kutsata mavuto a mbatata.
Sitikunena kuchulukitsa chonde m'nthaka tikamakula mbatata. Zotsatira zakusaka zaka zambiri zasayansi zikutsimikizira mosatsimikiza kuti: zotsalira zambiri za zitsamba ndi nthawi yayitali yazomera sizikwanira kupitiliza zokhalitsa, ngakhale mbatata itangokhala gawo limodzi m'minda isanu ndi itatu ya mbewu. Palibe choti munganene zazifupi. Koma kuyesa komweku kunatsimikizira kuti kulima kwamphamvu kwa udzu osatha pachaka kumapereka chiwonjezeko chabwino cha zinthu zachilengedwe m'nthaka kuyerekezera ndi zomwe sizinachite zambiri kwa zaka zambiri (Lukin, 2009, Nikonchik P.I., 2012). Kuti mupeze humus yopanda chinyengo, osachepera 10 t / ha ya feteleza organic iyenera kuyikidwa chaka chilichonse kapena muyezo wofanana nthawi ndi nthawi. Ngati bizinesiyo ilibe zinthu organic, ndiye kuti kulima feteleza wobiriwira kumathandizanso, i.e. Mitundu yonse yazomera yopangidwira mbewu zapadera izi.
Choyamba feteleza ndi gwero lofunika la zinthu zachilengedwe komanso michere, "manyowa okulidwa pamtunda wabwino", omwe siwotsika mtengo pofikira feteleza. Nyemba za Green nyemba zimabwezeranso zosungidwa zachilengedwe m'nthaka, ndikusintha mchere wa nayitrogeni dothi ndi feteleza kukhala mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chilengedwe. Feteleza Wobiriwira kumakulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nayitrogeni, kumalepheretsa kudziunjikira kwake m'nthaka. Feteleza Wobiriwira kumachulukitsa zochita za m'nthaka, kukulitsa malo okhala m'nthaka komanso kumachepetsa nthaka ya phytopathogenic. Kuchulukitsa kumachepetsa udzu wa mbewu ndi nthaka komanso kumathandizira kuchepetsa kupha tizirombo toyambitsa matenda pa agrocenoses. Feteleza wobiriwira kumawonjezera phindu la feteleza ndi udzu ndi zina feteleza wachilengedwe.
Mwakutero, mbewu zilizonse zimatha kukhala ndi fungo. Mndandanda wazomera zobzalidwa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazomera zazikulu komanso zapakatikati pazojambula zotsogola komanso makampani opanga mbewu zimaphatikizapo zinthu zopitilira 30, kuyambira nthawi yanthawi yozizira bwino mpaka kumapeto ndi mankhwala ena monga Abyssinian guisotia.
Gome 2. Zomera zachilengedwe za manyowa obiriwira (Rusakova I.V., 2017)
Pali zoyesayesa zotsimikizira kulima kwa namsongole (simukuyenera kubzala kalikonse, ingodikirani miyezi ingapo kuchokera kasupe ndipo ndi zomwezo - namsongole wabwino ali wokonzeka). Mwachidziwikire, biomass ya zomera zokhala ndi nyemba ndizofunika kwambiri; unyinji wa mbewu zambewu ndi cruciferous ndizotsika mosadalirika kwa iwo. Tebulo ili likuwonetsa bwino za manyowa obiriwira amtundu (Gulu 2).
Kuyesa kwachilengedwe kwazomera zomwe zimaberekidwa munthawi yomweyo ndi mbatata zimatsimikiza osati kuchuluka kokha komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kuthekera kwa zotsalira zazomera kupereka phytosanitary, i.e. Wellness zochita. Tikuyankhula za kuthekera kwapezeka kwaposachedwa kwazinthu zachilengedwe zamitundu yina zoletsa kuphatikizira, kupondereza matenda opatsirana a matenda, namsongole ndi tizirombo. Mawu oti "biofumigation" adagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera zakusintha kwa mbeu ndi mbewu zophatikizika komanso feteleza wobiriwira wazomera wopachika pamizirayi yonyamulidwa ndi nthaka (Matthiessen ndi Kirkegaard, 2006). Mawuwa akutanthauza kuthekera kwa kukwaniritsa zotsatira za fumigation wa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu, osati umagwirira. Mafakisoni opangira mankhwala ku Russia amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pakuwulula maofesi, njere, matabwa, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo ku maiko aku Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, kufukiza kwa mankhwala kwa dothi kumachitika mokulira, momwe miyambo ya 400-500 kg / ha ya "zotchuka" zotere, mwachitsanzo, metam-sodium ndi chloropicrin, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo.
Mpaka pano, sayansi yapadziko lonse yasunga zambiri pazambiri zamitundu yambiri yazotsatira pambuyo pa kukula ndi mtundu wa mbewu ya mbatata.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Poland, kuponderezedwa kwa mitundu yambiri ya nematode mothandizidwa ndi unyinji wobiriwira kapena zowonjezera kuchokera ku marigolds, komanso wikis yozizira idawululidwa. Koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri popanga mbewu zochuluka zimadziwika. Wotsogola, mpiru, radish muli michere yogwira biology yotchedwa glucosinolates. M'nthaka, glucosinolates mizu, zimayambira ndi masamba a feteleza obiriwira zimagwera mu isothiocyanates, yomwe imapha kapena kupondereza matenda ena, nematode ndi maudzu. Kwa zaka 12 zapitazi, asayansi ochokera ku US Department of Agriculture adachita maphunziro opitilira 70 kuti aphunzire momwe masinthidwe osiyanasiyana amasinthira matenda opatsirana ndi dothi la mbatata. Ngakhale zotsatila zake zimasiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka komanso pamunda wina, mbewu zomwe zimakhomera pamtunda nthawi zambiri zimachepetsa matenda a mbatata (monga rhizoctonia, nkhanambo ndi verticillosis) komanso zotulutsa bwino za mbatata. Phytoncide yabwino kwambiri imakhala ndi radish yamafuta, ndiye mpiru wa Sarepta, kenako mpiru yoyera ndi kugwiriridwa, i.e. Mphamvu ya mbewu ndiyosiyana. Ku Germany, mitundu yapadera yosagwirizana ndi radish yamafuta yapangidwa kuti ipondere nematode aulere komanso ndulu.
Mitundu yogwira ntchito yama biochemical imakhala ndi yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis Desr.) Ndipo yoyera (Melilotus albus Desr.) - pachikhalidwe chake imakhala yazomera zokhazokha, koma zosiyanasiyana pachaka zimapezekanso, zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri. Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mchere zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'nthaka ndi clover wokoma zimakhala ndi amino acid, mankhwala a phosphorous, potaziyamu, sulfure, calcium ndi zinthu zina zamagulu. Mothandizidwa ndi mizu ya zotsekemera zotsekemera, zovuta kusungunula mankhwala zimasungunuka m'nthaka, zimasandulika kukhala mitundu ya michere yomwe imaphatikizira mbewu. Kukhazikika kwa melilot mu kasinthasintha wa mbeu kumachepetsa kufalikira kwa nthaka ndi ma nematode ndi ma wireworm. Choyambitsa kufa kwa tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi dicoumarin, chinthu chakupha chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku coumarin pakuwonongeka kwa mizu ndi zotsalira za zokoma za clover. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wachikasu ndi yoyera yotsekemera pafupifupi siyimasiyana mu coumarin yomwe imamera. Sorghum-Sudanese hybrid ndi Sudanese udzu ndizothandiza polimbana ndi rootworm nematode. Mbewuzo zimatulutsa durrin m'nthaka, yomwe imawola kukhala hydrogen cyanide. Lupine wapachaka (alkaloid ndi fodder) ndiye mbeu yayikulu yobiriwira ya dothi la sod-podzolic.
Manyowa obiriwira amtundu wa lupine amatulutsa ma alkaloid m'nthaka - zotengera za quinolizidine zomwe zimakhala ndi bacteriostatic, antiviral ndi herbicidal zotsatira. Nthawi yomweyo, ma alkaloid amatha kukulitsa mphamvu yakumera ndi kumera kwa mbewu, zokolola za mbewu zosiyanasiyana zaulimi polimbikitsa njira zamagetsi muzomera, kuchepetsa kudzikundikira kwa nitrate, komanso zimatsutsana ndi mutagenic. Ma alkaloid, monga tanena kale, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zoteteza ku matenda am'mimba. Zasonyezedwa kuti akhoza kuwononga mofulumira chilengedwe. Malinga ndi Gross R. Wink M., ndi 0,1-2,0-20% ya spartein yomwe imatsalira m'nthaka masiku XNUMX kuchokera pomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchito ya antibacterial ndi antifungal yotulutsa alkaloid ya Lupinus angustifolius motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya otsatirawa idaphunziridwa: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonos aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis ndi Staphylococcus aureus, komanso motsutsana ndi bowa monga Candida albicans ndi C. krusei. Kuchokera kwa alkaloid kunawonetsa zochitika zazikulu motsutsana ndi Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus ndi Pseudomonos aeruginosa.
Zaka zambiri zoyeserera zopangidwa ku USA ndi Canada motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wamkulu pa biofumigation ya mbatata - Pulofesa Larkin - zatsimikizira kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito opachika pakusinthana kwa mbewu ngati choyambirira ndi feteleza wobiriwira wolimbana ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha nthaka. Nthawi zambiri, biofumigation kudzera pakupanga ma metabolites omwe ali ndi poizoni ndiye njira yokhazikitsira, koma zomwe zimayanjanitsidwa ndi madera azigawo zanthaka zimathandizanso. Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti ogwiriridwa amakula ngati mbewu yogulitsa, ndipo sizamoyo zonse zomwe zidalowa m'nthaka. Izi zidatsimikizira kuti phindu la ogwiriridwa silinali logwirizana ndi zotsatira za biofumigation zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi masamba obiriwira, koma zidangokhala zotsatira za kukulitsa mitundu ina yazomera. Manyowa obiriwira a mpiru wobedwa ndi woyera adachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa rhizoctonia kuposa mbewu za mpiru zokhala ndi milingo yayikulu kwambiri ya glucosinolate, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zopangira ma biofumigation sizomwe zimathandizira. Mwambiri, gawo la feteleza wobiriwira ndilotsika kuposa mtengo wosinthasintha mbewu. Njira zochulukirapo zosiyanasiyana zimayambitsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'nthaka. Kasinthasintha ka mbeu ndiye gwero lalikulu la mapangidwe azinthu zonse zachilengedwe. Mbewu iliyonse yoyenda mozungulira imathandizira pakupanga mawonekedwe apadera a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndipo ingakhudze kapangidwe ndi kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka magulu azigawo. Kuwonjezera kwa manyowa obiriwira sikuti kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kupulumuka, koma kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mabotolo a balere ndi cruciferous nthawi zonse anali ndi kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya ndi magwiridwe antchito a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kuposa kusintha kwina konse, pomwe mbatata zopitilira (osasinthasintha) zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zazing'onozing'ono. Kuphatikiza kwa rye wapakati wachisanu wokhala ndi rapese kumabweretsa kutsika kwa 25-41% nkhanambo wakuda ndi nkhanambo wamba pokhudzana ndi kusinthasintha kwa mbewu za mbatata komanso 2137% poyerekeza ndi kusintha kwa mbewu kwa barele / clover. Izi ndizogwirizana ndi lingaliro loti kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso kusiyanasiyana kumathandizira kupewetsa matenda.
Komabe, zomwe zimachitika patsogolo kwambiri sizikhala zabwino. Zinapezeka kuti clover yofiira imalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa rhizoctonia. Phacelia, mwachitsanzo, imapondereza matumbo a ndulu, koma ndi mbewu yodziwika bwino ya nematode kuchokera ku mtundu wa Trichodorous, womwe umakhala ndi kachilomboka. Ndipo kachilombo kameneka kamayambitsa matenda obisika m'matumba. Mpiru zimatha kuyambitsa khungu. Ndipo kasinthidwe kabizinesi kalikonse kamakhala ndi malire ake kapena kawiri kawiri komwe muyenera kudziwa. Ndizoyenera kupereka kuwunika kokwanira kwa ofufuza achijeremani okhudzana ndi mphamvu ya mbewu zobzalidwa pamitundu yomwe ikuchitika ya nematode ndi kusokonezeka kwa thupi (Gome 3).
Timakhala ndi zokolola zochulukitsa, mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulima komanso kwapakatikati pa gawo la Russian Federation.
1. Udzu waku Sudan ndi manyuchi, nthaka kale, biofumigator. Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid (SSH) ndi mtundu waudzu ndi udzu wa Sudan (Sudanggrass). Mitundu yonse iwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pawokha ngati manyowa obiriwira, koma wosakanizidwa ali ndi mwayi wolimbana ndi chilala ndi chisanu. Manyuchi amabweretsa zinthu zochuluka kwambiri m'nthaka nthawi yobzala. Zaka zazitali, zokula msanga, zotentha kwambiri zimatsamwitsa namsongole, zimaletsa ma nematode, ndikulowa m'nthaka. SSG ndiye manyowa abwino kwambiri atatha kukolola mbewu ndi nyemba, chifukwa zimadya nayitrogeni wambiri. Ili ndi mizu yaukali, yomwe ndi malo othamangitsira nthaka, kutchetcha kumalimbitsa ndikukhazikitsa muzu wa udzu waku Sudan kasanu ndi kawiri. Tsinde ndi 5 cm wokutira mpaka 8 mita kutalika.
Mizu ya SSG imatulutsa chinthu chapadera cha allelopathic - sorgoleone. M'malo mwake, ndi herbicide yomwe imayamba kutulutsidwa tsiku lachisanu litamera. Zinthu za manyuchi zimakhudza kwambiri zingwe, udzu, barnyard, green bristle, shirina, ragweed. Zimakhudzanso kwambiri mbewu zolimidwa, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kukhalabe ndi nthawi yolima udzu waku Sudan ndi kubzala mbewu. Kufesa manyuchi aku Sudan m'malo mwa zokolola ndi njira yabwino yosokoneza moyo wamatenda ambiri, ma nematode ndi tizirombo tina. Chifukwa chakukula kwambiri kwa mizu ndi mizu yapansi panthaka, manyuchi aku Sudan amabwezeretsa chonde m'nthaka yothira komanso yopapatiza mchaka chimodzi. Ndiwo manyowa abwino kwambiri obayira dothi, dothi lonyowa lomwe zida zolemetsa zakhala zikugwira ntchito. Msuzi wobiriwira utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizira m'malo ena, forage ndi silage. Kudula kamodzi pa nyengo ndi kotheka. Biomass imavunda kwa nthawi yayitali, ndizosatheka kuchoka osalima. Kupondereza ma nematode kumatheka pokhapokha kulima mwatsopano wobiriwira womwe sunafike pachitetezo. Manyuchi ali ndi tizirombo tawo, mitundu ina ya haibridi siyabwino kudya ziweto, chifukwa zimakhala ndi hydrocyanic acid.
2. Manyowa obiriwira Crucifer kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za manyowa obiriwira: amakula mwachangu, amakhala ndi michere yazambiri komanso lalikulu la mizu yaying'ono, kupondereza namsongole, bowa, wireworms ndi nematode, nkhanambo. Zomera zina zopachika, mwachitsanzo, daikon, zimakhala ndi muzu womwe umatha kudutsa kulima wokhawo bwino kwambiri kuposa ma siderates ena.
Mpiru ndi wabwino kukonza nayitrogeni wotsala pambuyo pokolola chifukwa umakhala wobiriwira msanga. Kuponderezedwa ndi kuwongoleredwa kwa namsongole ndi manyowa obiriwira obiriwira chifukwa cha kukula msanga komanso "kutsekedwa kwa dome", ndiye kuti kukwirira kwakukulu kwa nthaka. Siudindo wocheperako womwe umaseweredwa ndi zotsatira za allelopathic zowononga zotsalira zolimidwa m kugwa. Msuzi wa mpiru ndi mafuta umasokoneza kukula kwa chikwama cha abusa, mari, udzu wa bristle, prutnik, barnyard grass, squid, ndi zina. Mbewu zitha kufesedwa ku nyemba, i.e. zikamera kale, sikoyenera kufesa mu chisakanizocho - mbewu za cruciferous zimapatsa mbewu zina ndikuletsa kukula kwawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu - 10-30 kg / ha. Kubzala manyowa obiriwira otentha kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse yakukula, koma nthawi yabwino kwambiri ndiyoyambira-maluwa, panthawiyi chomeracho chimafika pachimake.
Biomass yomwe idayamba kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira imayamba kumasula nayitrogeni kumayambiriro kwamasika, i.e. mu nthawi yake yoti ikamatera.
Mitundu ya kabichi imafunikira nitrogen ndi sulfure yowonjezereka; ndi chithandizo chawo, mafuta-fungicides ofunikira ndi glucosinolate amapangidwa. Zopangira feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pansi pa manyowa obiriwira, chifukwa zimabweranso ndi mawonekedwe a chelate. Amadziunjikira phosphorous bwino, ndikupangitsa kuti azitha kupezeka mosavuta mothandizidwa ndi mizu. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa kaboni ndi kuwola, mbewu zopakidwa zimakhala ndi malo apakati pakati pa chimanga ndi nyemba.
Vuto lalikulu la feteleza wobiriwira wa kabichi ndiwowonongeka komanso kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa mbande ndi utitiri wa cruciferous. Kuphatikiza apo, mukamagwiritsa ntchito mbewu zopachikidwa, mbewu siziyenera kuloledwa kupsa, chifukwa izi zimapanga namsongole wambiri wosafunikira pamasinthidwe onse azomera. Ndiponso nkoyenera kutsindika kuti mitundu ndi mitundu ya mbewu zopachikidwa zimakhala ndi kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe komanso kwamatekinoloje ndipo sizofanana mikhalidwe ya biofumigation. Poyamba - mafuta obala radish (nematodoresistant mitundu), wachiwiri - wachikasu kapena Sarepta mpiru. Tsoka ilo, sayansi ya zaulimi sinayese kuyesa kuwunika kwa mitundu ya cruciferous yamitundu yosankhidwa, ndipo mitundu yapadera yaku Germany sichipezeka mwalamulo, chifukwa sanaphatikizidwe m'kaundula wa Russia.
3. Clover wokoma - zaka ziwiri, nthawi zambiri, chomera cha pachaka chotalika mpaka 2-2,5 m pachikhalidwe chokhala ndi phesi losasweka, imodzi mwazomera zamtengo wapatali zofunikira.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mandimu, ndi pulasitiki kwambiri ndipo imapanga unyinji waukulu wobiriwira. Nthawi yakulima, imapeza 100 mpaka 300 kg ya nayitrogeni pa hekitala iliyonse.
Malinga ndi kuwonongeka kwa zotsalira za organic, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kaboni ndi nayitrogeni (pafupifupi 20), zotsekemera zotsekemera sizilingana pakati pa nyemba. Udindo wake ndiwofunikira pakukhazikitsa kayendedwe kabwino ka zinthu zachilengedwe, kuyambitsa njira zachilengedwe m'nthaka, pokhathamiritsa zinthu za agrophysical, makamaka panthaka yolemera kwambiri yolemera. Ngati, mukamalima 60 t / ha ya manyowa, kuloleza kwa nthaka kumawonjezeka 1,5, ndiye mukamalima matani 20 obiriwira obiriwira a clover - kawiri. Ngalande, aeration, kapangidwe kake, zinthu zamagetsi zimakonzedwa bwino ndipo mawonekedwe ake am'munsi nthawi zambiri amalimidwa. Melilot ili ndi mizu yolimba yozama kwambiri, chifukwa chake mankhwala osavuta kufikira a phosphorous, calcium, potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina amasamutsidwa pang'ono kupita kumtunda. Izi sizimangowonjezera chakudya chopezeka mosavuta, komanso zimathandizira kuti nthaka isavutike chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa mabowo olowetsa nthaka.
Manyowa obiriwira a melilot amakulitsa chakudya, maboma am'madzi-mpweya komanso amateteza nthaka ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zazing'onozing'ono za saprophytic microflora. Unyinji wa mbewa yotsekemera, wokhala ndi coumarin, womwe umasanduka decumarin panthawi yovunda, umachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma wireworms, nematode ndi corneidae. Kuphatikiza apo, sweet clover ndi "msampha" wa nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimakhala ndi ma virus a mbatata. Chifukwa chake, manyowa obiriwira ochokera ku melilot wachikaso ndi ofunika kwambiri m'minda yomwe imagwira ntchito yopanga mbatata. Mwachitsanzo, LLC Agrofirma Slava Potato amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi: yellow sweet clover - tirigu wachisanu - mbatata - tirigu wamasika ndi kufesa kopitilira muyeso wa clover wokoma. Nthawi yomweyo, poyambitsa chilala, clover yokoma imatha kuchepetsa nkhokwe m'nthaka. 4. Lupine - wachikasu, woyera, wabuluu (wopapatiza) ndi mitundu ina yapachaka. Lupine wabuluu wotsalira - imodzi mwa manyowa obiriwira obiriwira a dothi lamchenga ndi lamchenga, imapereka 30-40 t / ha ya masamba obiriwira kuphatikiza matani 10-15 a mizu, mpaka 50-65 t / ha ya zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe sizotsika kuposa mitundu yayikulu potengera feteleza manyowa. Kuphatikiza pa nayitrogeni, masamba obiriwira komanso mizu yambiri ali ndi phosphorous, potaziyamu, calcium, ma microelements ndi chiŵerengero chotere chomwe chimafunikira pakukula bwino ndikukula kwa mbewu zazikulu. Ndipo chomwe ndichofunika kwambiri - michere iyi imapangidwa ndi zinthu zolimidwa m'nthaka.
Chifukwa chake, samatsukidwa panthaka, monga zimakhalira ndi feteleza wa mchere.
M'madera omwe lupine imakula bwino, iyenera kukhala ngati mbewu yofunika kwambiri. Kapenanso, misa yobiriwira imatha kukololedwa kuti idye, ndipo zotsalira za mbeu zidzakhala feteleza wofunika. Zotsatira zabwino zimapezekanso zikafesedwa kumapeto kwa Meyi pambuyo pa rye kutchetchera chakudya chobiriwira. Pakugwa, imapeza misa yayikulu, ndipo imadulidwa pamtunda wotalika (15-20 cm) kuti ifike, ndipo chiputu chimalimidwa pansi pa mbatata. Zotsatira zake, zokolola za mbatata zimawonjezeka ndi 3-5 t / ha. Monga momwe kafukufuku wa Novozybkovsk Experimental Station asonyezera, mbatata zimagwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni kuchokera ku zotsalira za mizu ya lupine kuposa rye wachisanu ndi chimanga cha masika. Kwa fumigation, mitundu yoyenera kwambiri ya lupine yopapatiza, dzina lake limakhala ndi mawu oti "siderat, manyowa obiriwira". Izi zikutanthauza kuchuluka zili alkaloids. Lupine, limodzi ndi udzu wosatha, clover, nyemba zamaluwa, ndi gulu la opanga humus. Monga chitsanzo chogwiritsa ntchito lupine, timapereka kasinthasintha wazomera wa SPK "Dmitrievy Gory" waku dera la Vladimir: 1 - lupine; 2 - mbewu zachisanu za tirigu; 3 - mbatata; 4 - lupine; 5 - mbatata.
Pamodzi ndi zabwino zake, ma lupin a pachaka amakhalanso ndi zovuta zake. Amadziunjikira nayitrogeni wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ena osatha, sangathe kukonza dothi, popeza mizu yake ndiyochepa kwambiri. Choipa chotsatira cha miyendo yapachaka ndizokulira kwawo pang'onopang'ono kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula ndi chidwi cha kuipitsidwa kwa namsongole. Kuphatikiza apo, poyerekeza ndi siderates ena, mbewu za mandimu ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri pa hekitala iliyonse.
Mwambiri, gawo la phytosanitary la feteleza wobiriwira ndikuwonjezera zochita zachilengedwe za dothi komanso kukula kwa saprophytic nthaka microflora, kupondereza kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizirombo tambiri. Mukalima manyowa obiriwira, mtunduwo umakhala bwino ndipo zokolola za mbatata zimachuluka, kutayika kosungirako kumatsika, ndipo kukoma kwa malonda kumakhala bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito siderates kophatikiza ndizothandiza kwambiri. Ku Germany, m'zaka zaposachedwa, zosakaniza zamitundu yambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Zachuma zamadera ambiri opanga mbatata ku Russian Federation ndizabwino kwambiri pakukula mbewu ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati siderates.
Pambuyo pokolola nyengo yachisanu ndi koyambirira kwa masika, minda imakhalabe yopanda anthu kwa masiku opitilira 70, ndipo pambuyo pa mbewu za pachaka za chakudya chobiriwira - mpaka masiku 80-90. Pazifukwa zabwino, kutentha kokwanira panthawiyi ndi 800-1000 ° C, kapena 30-40% yazachuma cha nyengo yonse yofunda ya chaka. Siderata itha kubzalidwa kwa nyengo yonse ndikupeza zokolola ziwiri, mwachitsanzo, rye wachisanu + radish yamafuta, udzu waku Sudan, mpiru, buckwheat, lupine. Zomwezo zidzaperekedwa pakulima balere wa tirigu ndi manyowa obiriwira.
Chidule: Kukula kwa mbewu ndikofunikira pakuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa chodwala matenda opezeka munthaka, koma osachotsa kwathunthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa obiriwira kumathandizanso paulimi (kuwonjezera zinthu zachilengedwe, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuwongolera maudzu, kukonza nthaka, kuonjezera chonde, kuchulukitsa zipatso). Ma biofumigation katundu nthawi yomweyo amalimbikitsa mphamvu yonse yotsalira. Kusintha kwadothi mothandizidwa ndi feteleza wobiriwira wa mbewu zopachika, lupine, udzu waku Sudan ndi clover kwatsimikiziridwa.
Kuphatikizidwa kwadongosolo laling'ono posinthira mbewu ndi njira yachuma yophunzitsira bwino mbatata zabwino. Chikhalidwe chilichonse chamunthu wobiriwira chimakhala ndi zake zachilengedwe, zabwino ndi zovuta, koma nthawi zonse mumatha kupeza mayankho omveka. Kusankha kopitilira muyeso koyenera kumachitika chifukwa cha bizinesi ina iliyonse: dothi, nyengo, phytopathology, economics, ndi akatswiri. Kupanga zikhalidwe za manyowa obiriwira kuyenera kuchitika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mwaukadaulo, apo ayi zotsatira zake sizikhala zokwanira kapena zoipa.