Pofika kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, kubzala mbatata kunali kutamalizidwa kale m'madera ambiri a Russia. Pali nthawi yoti mufufuze: ndi mbewu ziti zomwe mafamu apakhomo amadalira komanso momwe izi zingakhudzire zokolola zomwe zikubwera.
Timabzala chiyani?
Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russian Federation, mabungwe azaulimi ndi mafamu pachaka amalima mbatata m'dera la mahekitala pafupifupi 300. Chifukwa chake, mbewu zosachepera 900 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala m'mafakitale. Nanga bwanji za ubwino wa mbewu imeneyi? Kutengera ndi chidziwitso chovomerezeka, pali zochepa.
Monga momwe mkulu wa Potato Union Alexei Krasilnikov amanenera, gawo la mkango (pafupifupi 95%) la chivomerezo cha maere a mbewu lero likuchitidwa ndi Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" (pafupifupi 5% - "Rosselkhoznadzor"). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malinga ndi ziwerengero za Russian Agricultural Center, zambiri za makontrakitala omwe bungweli linapanga ndi opanga mbewu ndi mapangano ovomerezeka kumunda. Pofunsidwa ndi olima mbewu, akatswiri a Russian Agricultural Center amayesa kubzala mbewu kuti adziwe kuyera kwake, udzu, matenda komanso kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo.
Ndiko kuti, mbewu zomwe zingathe kukolola zimawunikidwa asanakolole. Dipatimentiyi imalandira zofunsira zochepa kwambiri zotsimikizira za mbatata zambewu (malinga ndi 2017, ziphaso zofananira zidaperekedwa kwa mbewu mpaka matani 100). Zindikirani kuti kukhalapo kwa satifiketi yofananira pagulu la mbewu sikutsimikizira kuti wogula apeza zokolola zambiri. Malinga ndi Aleksey Krasilnikov, ku Russia, ziphaso zofananira nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa osati za otsogola kwambiri, koma mbatata zachiwiri komanso zachitatu, zomwe sizingakhudze kuchuluka kwa zokolola zambiri. Poyerekeza, m'maiko aku Europe, mbatata za kubereka kwachitatu ndizoletsedwa kulima.
Nthawi zambiri, monga mkulu wa Potato Union of the Russian Federation akugogomezera, gawo la mbewu zovomerezeka masiku ano silikupitilira 10-15% yambatata yonse yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga malonda kubzala.
MITUNDU YA ATSOGOLERI PA GUMI LAPANSI: Akunja & Apakhomo
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za Potato Union of the Russian Federation, 70-80% ya mbewu zotsimikizika ndi mbatata zamitundu khumi yotsogola. Pafupifupi chiŵerengero chomwecho chimasungidwa m'magawo a minda yogulitsa malonda. Pakalipano, pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya kusankha kwa Russia pa khumi: Nevsky ndi Udacha. Ndipo onsewa amadziwika bwino ndi alimi a mbatata kwa zaka zosachepera 20.
Nchifukwa chiyani alimi amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yochepa chonchi ndipo nthawi zambiri amasankha zomwe apindula kuchokera kunja?
Poyamba, alimi a mbatata ali ndi chisankho. Ku Russia "State Register of Breeding Achievements Lololedwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito" ili ndi mitundu 435, ambiri mwa iwo ndi apakhomo. Malinga ndi mkulu wa malo obereketsa a All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Potato Farming. Lorkha Evgeniy Simakov, palibe cholakwika ndi kupezeka kwa mitundu yakunja pamsika wathu.
Anthu aku Russia akuyenera kutengerapo mwayi pazochita zabwino kwambiri zoweta padziko lapansi. Koma mitundu yapakhomo imayenera kukhala yodziwika bwino m'minda yaku Russia kuti iwonjezere chuma cha dzikolo komanso chakudya. Komanso, monga wasayansi akukhulupirira, mitundu yamakono yaku Russia molingana ndi magawo oyambira (zokolola, kusinthika ndi mawonekedwe a ogula a tubers) sizotsika kwa mitundu yotchuka yakunja.
Zowona, sialimi onse omwe ali okonzeka kuvomereza izi ngati axiom.
Ena aiwo ali otsimikiza kuti mitundu yaku Russia pakadali pano, ngati imatha kuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino, ndiye pokhapokha pamikhalidwe yabwino ya ziwembu zoyesera.
Anthu ambiri amasankha zomwe akwaniritsa kuswana kwakunja chifukwa adazolowera zaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndipo ali ndi chidaliro chopambana (zosiyanasiyana zimapereka zokolola zotsimikizika, mbatata zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, zimagulidwa mwachidwi ndi maunyolo ogulitsa). Kwa gawo lalikulu la minda, chithandizo cha agronomic ndi chofunikira kwambiri, chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa makasitomala awo ndi oimira makampani ambewu akunja. "Akatswiri amabwera, kuwongolera kubzala, kulima," akutero Pavel Starchenko, mkulu wa Meridian LLC (dera la Chelyabinsk).
- M'malingaliro anga, izi zikuwonetsa kuti woperekayo ali wotsimikiza za mbiri ya kampani yake ndipo akutsata zotsatira zake. Sadzalola "kuwononga chizindikiro".
Mafamu angapo amakana kuyesa mitundu yaku Russia chifukwa chosowa ukadaulo wolima. Katswiri wamkulu wa agronomist wa famu ya Kurgan "Potato" Mikhail Gorbunov akunena kuti kampani yake ikukonzekera kuyamba kugwira ntchito ndi mitundu yapakhomo, koma idzakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji pamzere wa famuyo, sichinapangidwe kulosera. Kwa bizinesi yamalonda, zotsatira zake ndizotsimikizika: zowonetsa zokolola, kugulitsa.
Koma ngati famuyo ichita bwino kukulitsa mbatata zaku Russia m'njira yoti ziwonetsere kuthekera konse kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana sizikudziwika: palibe chidziwitso chaukadaulo waulimi. Mwachitsanzo, mukuyenera kupanga njira yotetezera zomera, osadziwa momwe imakanira ku zotsatira za mankhwala ophera udzu. Pachifukwa ichi, zimakhala zosavuta kugwira ntchito ndi zinthu zakunja: wopanga nthawi zonse amasonyeza chidziwitso ichi pofotokozera zosiyanasiyana, potero amachotsa zoopsa zosafunikira.
Palinso zifukwa zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa kutchuka kwa mitundu yapakhomo mdziko muno. Chofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndi kusowa kwa malonda ndi kusowa kwa mbewu.
Evgeny Simakov akuti kuyambira 2000, msika wa mbatata waku Russia wasintha katatu mitundu ya mbewu zoberekedwa kunja, pomwe zapakhomo sizinasinthe. Pofuna kulimbikitsa kupambana kwa Russia, m'pofunika kupanga ndalama zambiri za anthu apamwamba, zomwe sizingakonzedwe kokha ndi zoyesayesa za mabungwe asayansi.
Masiku ano, asayansi eni ake akuyesera kusintha momwe zinthu zilili potengera kuchuluka kwa mitundu yapakhomo ndi yakunja pamsika. Chifukwa chake, chaka chino pachiwonetsero cha "Potato" ku Cheboksary, woimira Lorkh All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming adapempha olima achidwi kuti atenge mbewu zamitundu yatsopano yapakhomo kuti akayese.
Ochita chidwi anapezeka m'madera angapo a ku Russia, kuphatikizapo mayiko a Chuvashia ndi Bashkiria; Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kaluga, Tyumen, Astrakhan, Belgorod; Krasnoyarsk Territory, etc. Mwina, nyengo yotsatira, mndandandawu udzakula kwambiri, ndipo vutoli lidzachoka pansi.
KUKWERETSA MBATATO BELARUSIAN
Mu 2017, matani 5 a mbatata adatumizidwa ku Russia kuchokera ku Republic of Belarus - zochepa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi Netherlands. Chidwi cha opanga ku Russia pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ku Belarusi ndizomveka: pambuyo pa nyengo ziwiri zobala zipatso, koma osati zachuma, si aliyense amene angakwanitse kugula mbewu kuchokera kumayiko akutali.
Kodi ndi zina ziti zomwe zimapindulitsa pa kuswana kwa Chibelarusi?
Kutengera zomwe akukula, Alexander Kuznetsov, wamkulu wa chomera cha mbatata cha Ustyuzhensky, amakhulupirira kuti mitundu ya ku Belarusi imalimbana ndi ma virus (kuphatikiza kachilombo ka Y) ndipo mocheperako, poyerekeza ndi mitundu yakunja, imachepetsa zokolola pobzala mbewu zachitatu. ndi kubereka kwachinayi.
Alexander Kuznetsov amanena kuti mitundu ina ya Chibelarusi (Breeze, Manifest, Lel, Palace, etc.) yadziwonetsera bwino pa nthaka ya Russia ndipo ikufunidwa ndi ogula ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a dziko. Zikuoneka kuti padzakhala mitundu yambiri yotere posachedwapa, kulonjeza kuti zatsopano zimawonekera chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale, musanawafotokozere m'dziko lonselo, mitundu iliyonse iyenera kuyesedwa kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu m'mikhalidwe yaku Russia. Panthawi imeneyi, amatha kuwonetsa zinthu zomwe sizimalengezedwa ndi obereketsa.
Koma vuto lalikulu lomwe limalepheretsa mitundu iyi kuti isamere mizu ku Russia ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zabwino zobereketsa. Olima ambiri amagula mbewu osati m'mabungwe ofufuza, koma m'mafamu apadera, ndipo zotsatira zake sizimakwaniritsa zoyembekeza. Choncho, mbiri ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yawonongeka kwambiri.
Komabe, vuto ili siliri la mbewu za Chibelarusi zokha.
MARKET MU Grey
Kodi alimi a mbatata aku Russia amapeza kuti mbewu zawo?
Zambiri zazikulu zaulimi ndi minda yambiri yapakatikati akhala makasitomala amakampani ambewu akunja ndi maofesi awo oyimira ku Russia kwa zaka zambiri. Gawo laling'ono la mbewu zobereketsa kwambiri zimaperekedwa kumsika ndi mabungwe apadera asayansi.
Malinga ndi VNIIKH iwo. Lorkha, pakadali pano mabungwe 12 asayansi akupitiliza kupanga mbatata yoyambirira ku Russia. Kuchuluka kwa mbewu zoyambilira za gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (makamaka mitundu yapakhomo) yopangidwa ndi iwo imasiyana pakati pa matani 3-3,5 pachaka.
Kupanga mbewu kumagulitsidwanso ndi minda yambewu, kuphatikiza mabizinesi 156 (kuyambira Januware 1, 2018) omwe adadutsa njira yodziyimira pawokha ya Russian Agricultural Center yopanga mbewu za mbatata ndikuphatikizidwa mu Register.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, si onse omwe amapanga mbatata, osachepera certified. Malinga ndi Potato Union, yomwe idasanthula zambiri za satifiketi yotsatiridwa ndi Rosselkhoztsentr kuyambira 2014 mpaka 2017, minda 60 ya mbewu kuchokera ku Register sinalandire satifiketi imodzi ya mbatata nthawi yonseyi. Nthawi yomweyo, minda 27 yomwe sinaphatikizidwe mu Register yatulutsa ziphaso za 495 pazaka zomwezo.
Akatswiri azamakampani akhala akunena kwa zaka zingapo kuti msika wa mbatata ku Russia umakhalabe "imvi": mbewu zambiri zimagulitsidwa popanda zikalata, ndipo mbewu zotere zikufunika. Mbewu zopanda ziphaso zimagulidwa mosavuta, mwachitsanzo, ndi omwe amapanga mbatata zoyamba kugulitsidwa kuchokera kumadera akumwera.
Ngakhale mabizinesi aulimi, omwe akukumana ndi ntchito yopeza mbewu yabwino kwambiri ndikuisunga kwa nthawi yayitali, amasamalira nkhani yogula mbewu mosamala kwambiri.
“Tinkagula mwakhungu, tsopano aphunzitsidwa ndi zowawa, - akufotokoza mkulu wa LLC "Meridian" Pavel Starchenko. - Timasankha zinthu zovomerezeka, timaphunzira zambiri za batch patsamba la Rosselkhoznadzor, kuphatikiza timatumiza akatswiri athu kwa ogulitsa kuti apezeke pazambiri. Mukayika ndalama zanu popanga, ruble iliyonse imawerengedwa. "
Koma kwa ogula ena, kupezeka kwa satifiketi sikumakhala chifukwa chokwanira chogulira.
Chief Agronomist wa CJSC "Potato" Mikhail Gorbunov amanena kuti posankha wogulitsa mbewu za mbatata ku famu, choyamba amalabadira kuyandikira kwa wogulitsa mbewu kwa woyambitsa. Koma kupeza mbewu m'mafamu ambewu omwe amadziwika pang'ono pamsika, omwe atsegula ma labotale awo a meristem, amachitidwa mosamala kwambiri. Malinga ndi zomwe adawona, ku Russia kulibe akatswiri ambiri mumakampaniwa, chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zinthu zomwe zidapezeka chifukwa cha kubalana kwa microclonal, ngakhale sizimanyamula kuchuluka kwa ma virus, zimataya zina mwazinthu zamtunduwu. zosiyanasiyana.
MAONEdwe Ovuta
Zoyenera kuchita kuti msika wa mbatata ku Russia ukhale wowonekera komanso wotukuka?
Ambiri mwa alimi ambewu omwe adafunsidwa ndi akonzi akamalemba nkhaniyi amawona njira yotulutsiramo kukhwimitsa malamulo opangira ndikuwunika mtundu wa mbewu.
Mawu ovuta amanenedwa motsutsana ndi muyezo watsopano wa GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu za mbatata. Mikhalidwe yaukadaulo ndi njira zodziwira zabwino ", zomwe zidayamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 1, 2018.
Mmenemo, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, zikhalidwe zovomerezeka zikadali zowonjezereka ponena za matenda a zomera ndi mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya.
GOST yatsopano ya mbatata yambewu imapatsa wolima mbewu mwayi wolakwika. Tikukhala wovuta kwambiri pamtundu wa mbewu zaku Russia. Izi ndi zoipa kwa ogula, akatswiri amati.
Ambiri akuvomereza kukhazikitsidwa kwa certification yovomerezeka ya mbewu.
"Ndikukomera kuti certification ya mbewu ikhale yovomerezeka, osati mwakufuna kwake, - akuti mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Ustyuzhensky Potato SSSK Alexander Kuznetsov. - Kukonzanso mbewu ndikosangalatsa kwa famuyo, ndipo tiyenera kuchepetsa kuopsa kogula pochotsa olima osakhulupirika pamsika. "
Malingaliro awa amathandizidwa ndi mutu wa malo obereketsa a All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming wotchedwa Lorkh, Evgeny Simakov. M'malingaliro ake, chiphaso chovomerezeka cha mbewu ya mbatata, kumbali ina, chidzakulitsa gawo la mbewu zapamwamba pamsika wa mbatata, kumbali ina, ziwonetsetsa kugawa kwazinthu zothandizira pakugula kwake ndi katundu. opanga.
Ngati akuluakulu a boma angagwirizane ndi mfundozi n'zovuta kufotokoza. Koma ndizodziwikiratu kuti msika wa mbatata wambatata ukufunika kusintha, ndipo adzawona makamaka ngati opanga mbatata aku Russia azitha kulima chinthu chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira zamabizinesi zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira pakukula kwazinthu komanso kuchuluka kwa zokolola.