Nyengo yachisanu yachisanu idapulumutsa gawo lalikulu la mbewu zachisanu zomwe zidavutika ndi nyengo youma m'dzinja. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mu kasupe kudzakhala kofanana ndi zigawo zambiri za Russia. Akatswiri ochokera ku kampani ya August, yaikulu kwambiri ku Russia yopanga zinthu zoteteza zomera, dziwani kuti mu 2021 pali zofunikira pa kasupe wakutali, pamene kusungunuka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa chipale chofewa ndi nthaka yozizira kumatha kufooketsa mbande. Mbewu zomwe zili ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa michere sizingadziteteze ku ma phytopathogens ambiri. Kwa mbewu zapayekha, chifukwa cha matenda awo komanso nyengo, ndizotheka kutaya mpaka 20% ya zokolola, ngati simunatengepo nthawi yodyetsa ndi kuteteza mbewu.
Kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, Roshydrometeorological Center idawongolera zolosera za mbewu zachisanu: ngati kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira gawo la mbewu zoyipa komanso zosamera lidawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa madera onse pansi pa mbewu zachisanu, tsopano ndi zosakwana khumi. : Kugwa kwamvula kwasintha kwambiri zinthu.
Dmitry Belov, yemwe ndi mkulu wa dipatimenti yokonza zinthu pakampani ya August, anati: “Kusinthasintha kwa nyengo kumene tikuona padziko lonse n’kodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo kukukhudza dziko lonse lapansi. - M'nyengo yozizira iyi, titha kuwona kugwa kwa chipale chofewa m'dziko lonselo, kuchokera kumwera kupita ku Siberia, osatchulanso kutentha kozizira kumbali ina ya dziko lapansi - mwachitsanzo, ku Texas. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi yophukira yatha inali yovuta kwambiri kwa alimi akumwera ndi chigawo chapakati cha Russia. Chifukwa cha chilala, adakumana ndi funso: dikirani chinyezi ndikubzala pambuyo pake, kapena kubzala kale, koma kukulitsa kufesa. Chachiwiri, zomera zimapatsidwa chinyezi, koma zimakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wolima ndipo, monga lamulo, zimatha kupanga tsinde limodzi lokha. Tsopano, pambuyo snowfalls, tikuona kuti kwambiri kufesa m'madera kumene nthawi zambiri kanthu overwinter yozizira mbewu sizinali zomveka, mochedwa kufesa anali ndi mwayi kukhala ndipo, motero, tikhoza kale kulankhula za lingakhale yachibadwa yokolola. Komabe, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuneneratu zomwe zidzachitike panthawi ya kampeni yobzala yophukira ”.
Monga akatswiri a "August" amanenera, sizongokhudza mvula. Mphepo ndi chisanu nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito - chipale chofewa chochokera m'minda mumikhalidwe yotere chimatha kuwomba m'maenje ndi mitsinje. Komabe, m’nyengo yozizira imeneyi nyengo inali kumbali ya alimi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Stavropol Territory, kumene chigawo chapakati cha chigawocho chinakutidwa ndi chisanu, kenako chakum’maŵa chouma kwambiri, m’nyengo yabata, kutentha kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka, kutsetsereka kwa ayezi, ndipo mphepo yamphamvu inasiya kuopseza. kuminda. Chipale chofewa chotsalira pa iwo, chikasungunuka, chidzatha kukhutitsa nthaka. Kutentha kwapakati ku Central Federal District (mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwa thermometer mpaka -37 ° C m'chigawo cha Tula) sikunawononge tirigu wachisanu: kutalika kwa chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa panthawiyi kunali kufika mamita apa ndikuteteza mbewu. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito ku Central Black Earth Region, Northwestern Federal District, Siberia ndi madera ambiri a Russia. Republic of Tatarstan, Altai Territory ndi madera ena okhala ndi nyengo yotentha ya kontinenti idapulumuka nyengo yozizira - popanda zovuta zazikulu komanso mvula yabwinobwino. Izi zikupanga kale zofunikira zopezera zokolola zambewu (mpaka 30 centner pa hekitala). Koma kuchuluka kwa zokolola kudzadalira mvula yachilimwe, popeza chinyezi chimakhala chosowa kuno. Monga momwe 2020 yasonyezera, alimi omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi njira zotetezera chinyezi, monga kusintha kulima pang'ono, kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zophimba, ndi kusunga zotsalira za mbewu, adzakhala ndi mwayi.
Komabe, chifukwa cha chilala cha autumn, agrarians omwe anafesa kugwiriridwa kwa nyengo yozizira adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto losatsimikizika: ngati tirigu wachisanu m'mikhalidwe yotere amatha kudikirira kapena kupita pansi pa chisanu mu gawo la "otsetsereka", overwinter ndikukula, ndiye kugwiriridwa nthawi zambiri. amafa mumikhalidwe yotere. Gawo la "otayika" madera pansi pa kufesa kugwiriridwa kwa dzinja ku Southern Federal District kungakhale pafupifupi 50%, ndipo funso la reseeding liyenera kuganiziridwa osati ndi alimi a m'madera akumwera, komanso minda ina m'minda yamaluwa. Zigawo za North-West ndi Central Federal. Kawirikawiri, akatswiri a kampani "August" amaneneratu kuti kukula kwa rapeseed ku Russia kudzapitirira kukula, koma osati mofulumira monga zaka 5 zapitazi: m'madera angapo, alimi angakonde kubzala mpendadzuwa kapena fulakesi yamafuta m'malo mwake. , zomwe zinawonetsa phindu lalikulu pambuyo pa zokolola 2020 chaka.
Kasupe uyu akhoza kukhala wautali m'madera ambiri. Ngati nthaka ikuwotha pang'onopang'ono, nthawi yofesa idzasuntha kapena idzagwa m'nyengo yozizira, zomwe zingakhudzenso zokolola. Chaka chatha, alimi mbatata anakumana ndi vuto, ndipo izi zikhoza kubwerezedwa. Mukabzalidwa m'nthaka yozizira, matenda a bakiteriya ndi mafangasi, omwe amakhudza gawo lalikulu la mbewu, amakula mwachangu, ndipo pansi pazimenezi, chithandizo cha fungicide cha ma tubers okha ndi kubzala mizere ndichofunika kwambiri.
Potengera kugwa kwa chipale chofewa, alimi amathanso kukumana ndi vuto ngati kunyowetsa mbewu m'nyengo yozizira. Chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa sichimachoka tsiku limodzi, ndi chisanu chausiku, kupangika kwa ayezi kumatheka, ndipo ngati panthawiyi mbande zikukula kale, kudyetsa ndi kupuma, ndiye kuti njira yogwiritsira ntchito zakudya zamasamba. lokha limapita mofulumira kwambiri, pamene kutentha otsika kumwa kwawo kudzera muzu dongosolo ndi zochepa kwambiri. Pa mbewu zomwe zafooka m'nyengo yozizira, nkhungu za matalala, nkhungu za typhulosis, ndi sclerosis zimayamba kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa. Chinyezi chachikulu chimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a powdery mildew ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowola muzu pa dzinja ndi mbewu zamasika. M'dera la Krasnodar Territory, minda yambiri yayamba kale kudyetsa mbewu zachisanu kuti zisafooke.
Mbewu za balere m'nyengo ya kasupe wakutali zimawopsezedwa ndi matenda monga mawanga a bulauni ndi malo otsetsereka, ndipo pofuna kupewa matenda, chithandizo choyamba cha fungicidal cha mbande chiyenera kuchitidwa mwamsanga - kale kuposa. mwachitsanzo, tiligu.
"Mu 2020, madera ena ku Russia adalandira zokolola zambiri kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuphatikizapo kuchulukitsa maekala," akutero Dmitry Belov. - M'dzinja, tidawonanso momwe madera akuchulukira nyengo yozizira. Zokolola pa hekitala ikukulanso, ndikuganizira kuthekera kwa mitundu yambiri, komanso nyengo, pamene mikhalidwe yabwino yaulimi, pamodzi ndi kutentha, ikupita kumpoto, kumakhala koyenera kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - fungicides. Kupatula apo, matenda m'mikhalidwe yatsopano nawonso amayamba kupita patsogolo. "
Kwa mbewu zapayekha, chifukwa cha matenda awo komanso nyengo, ndizotheka kutaya mpaka 20% ya zokolola, ngati simunatengepo nthawi yodyetsa ndi kuteteza mbewu. Ponena za tizirombo, chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa, chomwe chinateteza mbewu, chinaperekanso nyengo yozizira kwa tizilombo akuluakulu ndi ma pupa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri amawona kuti chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga kabichi njenjete chatsika mu 2020, nthawi zambiri, mphamvu za anthu ake zikuchepa, ndipo chaka chino siziyenera kuyambitsa mavuto aakulu kwa olima ulimi kapena alimi omwe amakakamizika. kuchepetsa kuthawa kwa tizilombo pokonza minda.
"Ndikufuna kuyembekezera kuti chaka chino tidzadutsa chisanu cha Epulo ku Southern Federal District, chifukwa chikuwopseza kuwononga mbewu zomwe zakula bwino m'nyengo yozizira, komanso masamba omwe ali m'minda ya zipatso za maapulo, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu. maapulo ndipo, motero, mtengo wawo m'tsogolo." , - akuwonjezera Dmitry Belov.
Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zingakhudze kukolola, akatswiri akuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa magawo ndi ntchito zogulitsa kunja kwa tirigu, rye, chimanga ndi balere, komanso mbewu zamafuta. Alimi angapo ndi akatswiri alengeza kale kuchepetsa komwe kungachitike m'derali. Komabe, tirigu m'mafakitale aku Russia amawerengera 50% kapena kupitilira madera onse ofesedwa, ndipo mu 2021 chipinda chowongolera alimi akuluakulu chidzachepetsedwa chifukwa cha mapaki opangidwa ndi makina apadera aulimi, mawonekedwe a kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndi zina. zinthu. Koma m'tsogolomu, zoletsa msika zitha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu pakukula kwa mbewu.
Mitengo yazamasamba munyengo yaulimi ya 2020/2021 itha kukhudzidwanso ndi zovuta zakuyenda kwa anthu akunja kupita kumadera aku Russia chifukwa cha mliri wa coronavirus womwe ukupitilira. "Ngati pali zofunikira pa izi, ndikupempha kuti atumize ophunzira ku mayunivesite a zaulimi, kuphatikizapo maunivesite onse, - monga akunena, kuti amve fungo lamfuti," akutero Dmitry Belov. "Kuchita m'munda kotereku, kumatha kukhala chilimbikitso pakukula kwazinthu zatsopano: akatswiri amtsogolo, akuwona momwe ntchito ya wolima m'munda ndi yovuta, amaganizira za momwe angachepetsere ndikuwongolera."