KODI MUNGAPEZE BWANJI KUBOLOLA KWABWINO KWA MBATA NGATI KUpereŵera KWA MTIMA M’CHIGAWO ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINAKHALA ZONSE, NDIPO KUYANKHULA KWA MTHIRIRIKI M’FAMU KUKALIBE (KOMA KONSE) NDIKOSATHEKA?
AKATSWIRI AKUTHANDIZANI KUTI MUKHALE tcheru ZINTHU ZOSAVUTA MWAMO.
ZOSAVUTA KUWIRA KAPENA ZOSAVUTA KUNYENGA?
Choyamba, tiyeni tikambirane za terminology. Monga taonera Evgeny Simakov Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Pulofesa, Mtsogoleri wa Experimental Gene Pool Department of the FRC Potato yotchedwa A.G. Lorch, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro a "mitundu yosamva chilala" ndi "mitundu yosamva kutentha (yosatentha)". Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo zomwe zimatha kupirira chilala cha nthaka ndi mpweya. "Tikulankhula za mitundu yomwe imatha kupirira kusowa kwa chinyezi kwakanthawi (koma osati nyengo yonse!) - akufotokoza wasayansi, - ndi mitundu yosagwira kutentha imakhalabe yopindulitsa pa kutentha kwakukulu, koma pamaso pa ulimi wothirira". Mitundu yosamva kutentha imayimiridwa kwambiri pamsika. "Colomba, Arizona, Impala, Riviera amamva bwino, mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha Astrakhan, pa ulimi wothirira, - akuti Evgeny Simakov, - Favorit ndi Grand zitha kukhala zitsanzo zamitundu yapakhomo yosagwira kutentha.»
Mitundu yosamva chilala ndiyocheperako. "mu Soviet zaka kumadera akummwera mitundu ya Volzhanin inali yotchuka kwambiri, Katswiriyo akukumbukira idapangidwa ndi Stepan Afanasyevich Lezhepekov, woweta ku Ulyanovsk Experimental Station. Izi zosiyanasiyana angatchedwe mtundu wa kulekerera chilala muyezo. Imakulabe tsopano, koma nthawi zambiri pamafamu apayekha, pomwe mawonekedwe akunja sali ofunikira.mtundu wa tuber. Volzhanin anataya atsogoleri amasiku ano mu mawonekedwe owoneka (khungu loyipa, maso akuya) ndi zowonetsa zokolola".
"Mtundu wina wodziwika bwino wosamva chilala - Majestic (UK), - mothandizidwa ndi Pulofesa Simakov, - kum'mwera kwa Russia, anapereka zokolola za 15-20 t / ha atakula popanda glaze".
Mitundu yamakono, ndithudi, ilipo, ndipo imabzalidwa lero osati m'madera otentha okha.
PALI KUSANKHA
M'chigawo cha Chelyabinsk, mwachitsanzo, mahekitala 7,2 amaperekedwa kwa mbatata m'gawo lopanga, koma zida zothirira zimayikidwa m'mafamu ena apamwamba. Pakali pano, chilala m’derali chafala kalekale.
«Ku Urals, layamba kale kukhala lamulo kuti pafupifupi mwezi umodzi wachilimwe umadutsa popanda mvula, - mayiko Alexander Vasiliev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Wofufuza Wamkulu wa South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing (UNIISK), nthambi ya Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center ya Ural Branch ya Russian Academy of Sciences. - Talemba chilala kwa zaka zinayi zotsatizana, ndipo 2022, monga chomaliza, tikunena zazovuta kwambiri, popeza kunali mvula yochepa kwambiri panthawiyi kuposa mu 1975 (chaka chouma kwambiri m'derali panthawi yowonera)". Malinga ndi wasayansi, imodzi mwa mitundu yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi chilala ku Southern Urals, yomwe imatha kupereka zotsatira zabwino ngakhale nyengo yovuta kwambiri, ndi mitundu yaku Russia ya Tarasov. "Ali ndi mitundu ya Nevsky mwa makolo ake - pulasitiki kwambiri, - akufotokoza Alexander Vasiliev, - Chizoloŵezi cha chitsamba ndi chaching'ono, ndipo sichimapanga ma tubers ambiri. Pakati pa nyengo. Ili ndi mphamvu zokolola zambiri, pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino zokolola zimatha kufika 3 kg pa tchire (pafupifupi 120 t/ha), pafupifupi 90 t/ha. Ngati pali chinyezi nthawi ina mu nyengo, zomera zamtunduwu zimagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri".
Evgeny Simakov
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Pulofesa, Mtsogoleri wa Experimental Gene Pool Department of the FRC Potato yotchedwa A.G. Lorcha:
"Kalelo mu 2010, tidayamba kusiyanitsa mitundu yomwe ili pamzere wathu yomwe imatha kupirira chilala cha dothi ndi mpweya, ndipo malinga ndi zomwe adawona, ARIEL idakhala yolimbana ndi chilala, kenako SADON ndi METEOR. Masiku khumi aliwonse m'nyengo ino takhala dynamically kukolola, ndipo mitundu anasonyeza osachepera pang'ono kuwonjezeka, koma. M'mitundu ina pansi pamikhalidwe yomweyi, kuyambira nthawi inayake, palibe kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola. ”.
M'malo oyesera a YuUNIISK, mu nyengo youma ya 2019-2022, popanda kuthirira, mitundu ya Tarasov molimba mtima imapereka zokolola pafupifupi 40 t/ha. Malinga ndi katswiriyu, pali mitundu ina yomwe imawonetsa zotsatira zabwino pakutentha ndi chilala, koma mpaka pano sizikhazikika.
Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya Kashtak ndi Zakhar idadziwonetsa kukhala yoyenera mu 2021, koma mu nyengo yotsatira zizindikiro zidatsika kwambiri. Zokolola za Spiridon mu 2022 zinali 15% kuposa chaka chatha.
M'chigawo cha Moscow, chilala sichikhalanso chosowa. "В nyengo ino, tidabzala kuseri kwa masiku wamba, mbewuzo zidakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri kuchokera m'nyengo yozizira, koma kenako, chilimwe, palibe mvula imodzi yomwe inagwa m'chigawo chathu cha Shatursky, anati Evgeny Simakov.
Malo akuluakulu aulimi omwe amagwira ntchito m'derali amalima mbatata pothirira, koma minda yaying'ono imawonongeka m'zaka zouma.
M'dera la Samara, lodziwika bwino chifukwa cha nyengo yotentha komanso yowuma, apanga mitundu yawoyawo yamitundu yoyenera kumera nyengo yotentha kwambiri komanso kusowa kwamvula. M'chigawo chino, ntchito yasayansi yodziwira mitundu yaku Russia yosamva chilala yakhala ikuchitika kwa zaka zinayi ndi Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. Tulaykova - nthambi ya SamScience Center ya Russian Academy of Sciences.
«Bungwe lathu limatenga nawo gawo pazachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwekuyesa mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata yakunyumba (monga gawo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa Comprehensive Plan for Scientific Research on Development of Potato Breeding and Seed Production), - akufotokoza Alexey Bakunov, Wophunzira wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Wofufuza Wotsogola wa Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, - mutu wathu kafukufuku - "Giredi mitundu и wosakanizidwa zakuthupi mbatata pa kukana biotic ndi abiotic nkhawa zinthu mu mikhalidwe ya Middle Volga dera. Ntchitoyi ikuchitika limodzi ndi Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, kusanthula zonse zofunika za biochemical kumachitika pamaziko a IEVB RAS.".
Kuyesa koyamba kwazaka zitatu kunatha mu 2021. Mwa mitundu 45 yoperekedwa ku Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, asayansi adazindikira ziwiri zabwino kwambiri (zomwe zidawonetsa zokolola zambiri komanso kukana matenda a virus nthawi zonse) - awa ndi Krasa Meshchery ndi Siversky.
Zokolola zapamwamba kwambiri zamtunduwu zidawonetsedwa mu 2019, pomwe mikhalidwe yokulira inali yabwino. Nyengo ziwiri zotsatira zinali zotentha ndi zouma, kutentha kwa mpweya m'miyezi yachilimwe nthawi zambiri kunkapitirira 40°C, kutentha kwa nthaka: 50°C. Mbatata mu ziwembu kuyesera anakula popanda ulimi wothirira. Nthawi yomweyo, zokolola zamtundu wa Krasa Meshchery kwa zaka zitatu zinali 30 t/ha, Siversky - 29 t/ha.
Kuchepa kwa zokolola kuyambira nyengo ndi nyengo (makamaka kutchulidwa kwa mitundu ya Siversky), malinga ndi asayansi, makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo, koma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ma tubers, kudzikundikira kwa matenda a virus (njira iyi imakhala yovuta kwambiri nyengo yotentha. ).
Mitundu ya Utro, Terra, Alaska, Debyut idakhala yabwino kwambiri pamayeso, koma zokolola zawo zidatsika katatu kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2022. Mitundu ina yonse inapereka zokolola zabwino mu nthawi yoyamba ya kukula, ndiye kuti kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito.
ZIZINDIKIRO ZONSE
Koma ntchito yayikulu ya ofufuza a Samara sikunali kungotchula atsogoleri, koma kudziwa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zambatata zomwe zingasonyeze kukana kutentha kapena chilala, kuti athe kusankha mitundu yotere molingana ndi "zovomerezeka". makhalidwe”, popanda kuchita mayesero aatali.
«Chizindikiro chachikulu cha kukana kutentha ndi chilala chimakhalabe chokolola, - akukumbutsa Alexey Bakunov, - tikuyesera kuyang'ana ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa magawo a thupi ndi biochemical a chomera nawo. Malinga ndi zomwe tawonera, choyamba, njira yopangira zinthuzo imakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zili mu photosynthetic pigment, kuchuluka kwa lipid peroxidation, komanso momwe ma cell membranes amagwirira ntchito.". Pakuyesaku, asayansi adapezanso kuti mitundu ya mbatata yamagulu osiyanasiyana akucha imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira kuti zikhale zovuta.
«Kumayambiriro kukhwima mitundu zokolola zimatsimikiziridwa ndi milingo yayikulukusowa kwa photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll b) ndi kuchepa kwa stomata pa tsamba lililonse. Pakatikati mwa nyengo, mawonekedwe osinthika amawonedwa: mulingo wa utoto wa photosynthetic ndi wotsika pang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwa stomata pa tsamba lililonse ndikwambiri. Kuonjezera apo, m'magulu apakati-oyambirira, kukhazikika kwakukulu kwa dongosolo la nembanemba ya selo kunawululidwa patsogolo pa kuwonjezeka kwa ma tubers (mu July). Ndipo mitundu yapakati pa nyengo (monga mitundu yokhala ndi nyengo yayitali kwambiri) ambiri kuchuluka kwa proline (amino acid).inu amene mumateteza chomera pansi pazovuta) komanso zochepa mlingo wa lipid peroxidation", - Alexei Bakunov akugawana malingaliro ake.
Kutengera zomwe adapeza, ofufuzawo adatha kupanga zitsanzo zoyeserera za kudalira kwa mitundu ya mbatata yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yakucha pamikhalidwe yolima hydrothermal. Makamaka, asayansi atsimikiza kuti mu mitundu yoyambirira, zokolola zimadalira kwambiri kutentha kwa mpweya kusiyana ndi chinyezi cha nthaka (ali ndi nthawi yogwira chinyezi cha masika). M'malo mwake, ma genotypes apakati komanso okhwima amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chinyezi m'nthaka ndipo samadalira kwambiri kutentha kwa mpweya. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zapakati zakucha zimadalira kutentha kusiyana ndi pakati pa oyambirira, popeza njira ya tuberization imakulitsidwa mwa iwo.
Zitsanzozi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera zokolola zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata. Koma kafukufuku sanathe. Kuyambira 2022, Samara Research Institute of Agriculture yapita ku gawo lotsatira la ntchito, tsopano asayansi akuyenera kuyesa mayeso athunthu amitundu 55 yatsopano ya mbatata yolimbana ndi chilala. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti mulingo uwu ukukula kwambiri polima mbewu?
KUDZAKHALA KUTENGA
Oweta sanazindikire kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa mitundu ya mbatata yolimbana ndi chilala pamsika ndipo ali osamala pakulosera kwawo.
«Olima zaulimi m'dera lathu amawonongeka chifukwa cha chilala chomwe chimabwera chaka ndi chaka, koma mitundu ya mbatata yomwe imabwera. olimidwa m'minda, amakhalabe chimodzimodzi - akuti Alexander Vasiliev, Wofufuza wamkulu wa South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing, - ndi pempho la chilalakugonjetsedwa mbatata ife makamaka anakumana ndi oimira nyumba ziwembu. Mwina ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa zokolola za mbatata m'mabanja a anthu a dera la Chelyabinsk ndikwambiri ndipo sikutsalira kumbuyo kwa minda ya anthu wamba, ngakhale ukadaulo wosiyana kwambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito.kulima gies.
Mitundu yolimbana ndi chilala ku Southern Urals ikufunika tsopano, koma ndizovuta kwambiri kukonzekera zam'tsogolo. Poganizira mayendedwe akusintha kwanyengo, sitingasiyane kuti m'zaka 5-10 sizingachitike kulima mbatata mdera lathu. popanda kuthirira".
Meteor
Evgeny Simakov akuganiza kuti chidwi cha olima m'magawo akuluakulu a mbatata ku Russia mumitundu yosamva chilala chidzakula m'zaka zikubwerazi.
«Ngati nyengo mu lamba wosakhala wa chernozem, komwe kupezeka kwa ulimi wothirira m'minda ya mbewu mpaka posachedwa sikunali kofunikira, pitilizani kusintha kutenthetsa, ndipo chilala chimakhala chokhazikika, olima alimi adzakakamizika kusamutsa ambiri mwa iwo. mbewu mpaka ulimi wothirira, koma sizidzakhala zophweka kukhazikitsa ntchito za ulimi wothirira pamlingo waukulu chifukwa palibe magwero ambiri a madzi; - akutero katswiri. Komanso, musaiwale za mtengo, osati mlimi aliyense angakwanitse kugula zipangizo zoterezi..
Tidzalimbana kwambiri ndi kusankha mitundu ya mbatata yosamva chilala, koma tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti njirayi ndi yayitali. Ndipo m'pofunika kudziwa kuti chitukuko cha mbali imodzi, monga lamulo, ndi kuvulaza ena.".
Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. Tulaykova, nthambi ya SamRC RAS, athokoza ogwira ntchito ku Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin RAS chifukwa cha thandizo lawo pochita kafukufuku "Kuwunika mitundu ndi mitundu yosakanizidwa ya mbatata kuti ipewe kupsinjika kwa biotic ndi abiotic m'mikhalidwe ya Middle Volga dera": O.A. Rozentsvet, E.S. Bogdanov, V. N. Nesterov.