Sergey Banadysev, Dokotala wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi, Mutu wa pulogalamu yosankhidwa ya SSC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Kuthekera ndi kuthandizira kwakanema kwa mitengo yobzala nthawi yobzala tsopano kukukulira kwambiri. Ngati m'mbuyomu ntchito yayikulu ikuluikulu inali kuthana ndi kachilomboka, mbuto zamtundu wa Colorado ndi mbande, tsopano akatswiri ali ndi zida zonse zothandizira kuthana ndi matenda omwe amapezeka kale, matenda oyamba ndi dothi omwe sanachedwe, anthracnose ndi pitium, ma aphid m'nthawi yoyamba kubzala, tsinde nematode, ndikusintha nthaka microbiota. Kuphatikiza pa feteleza wamkulu, ndikofunika kuyambitsa kufufuza zinthu ndi zinthu zina zokula mu mizu ndi mbewu mukabzala limodzi ndi kukhazikika.
Ku Russian Federation, amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera 18 za fungicides, zopangira 10 za mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kukonzekera kwa 15 kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi fungicidal yothandizira mbewu. Zowonjezera (dvv-va) ndizothandiza kuthana ndi matenda a mbatata: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, fluapxapododa. Mwa mankhwala 30 ogulitsa, omwe ali ofanana kwambiri ndi Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 8 ndi Maxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zili ndi ma dvs awiri. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + dientafiodeloxamethoxamolol ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Ogasiti). Wolemera kwambiri wa fungicide Deposit (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) ndi fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Mankhwala ena onse ndi gawo limodzi kapena kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) komanso kuphatikiza mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) ikulimbikitsidwa kuti kulima nthaka m'ngalande, zinthu zina zonse - kwa tubers.
Mndandanda wazomera zovomerezeka zochizira tubers nthawi yobzala ndiwowonjezereka. Amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi a.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifentrin, fipronil, clothiadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprol, oxamil. Mwanjira imeneyi, teflutrin (Force, Syngenta) ndi oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) ali ndi mawonekedwe amakono a granles ndipo amalowetsedwa m'nthaka. Mankhwala otsala amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kuvala, mu yankho limodzi ndi fungicides. Maonekedwe a zochita za tizirombo touluka ndi tizirombo toyambitsa nthaka, kachilomboka ka mbatata ku Colorado ndi nsabwe za m'minda. Kuponderezedwa kwa Nematode - kuikidwa kwa Vidat nematicide. Kuvomerezedwa panjira yolumikizira sikumawonetsedwa mumalamulo, ngakhale machitidwe azaka zaposachedwa awonetsa kuti kugwira ntchito kwa zinthu zingapo zogwirizana ndi izi zowopsa sikuli kofanana. Zokonzekera zambiri zamalonda zimachokera ku imidacloprid, clothiadinine, ndi thiamethoxam. Pali zosankha ziwiri: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Ogasiti), imidacloprid + bifentrin (Imidalit, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprol (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
The assortment of kwachilengedwe fungicides ku Russian Federation imaphatikizapo zikhalidwe zokhala ndi metabolites ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas ndi barnivorous fungi kuchokera ku mtundu wa Trichoderma. Pazonse, pamndandanda wa 2020, zokonzekera zamalonda 15 zalembedwa pamatumba. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga ndi Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), yomwe pazifukwa zina imadutsa mu rejista ngati feteleza wa tizilombo. Nafe mu 2017-2019 Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwamakono kwa mitundu yonse ya biapuicides pa mbatata kwawunikiridwa. Zosangalatsa komanso zothandiza kwambiri zoyeserera zinapezeka zomwe ziyenera kulingaliridwa mosiyana ndipo zidzasindikizidwa.
Kukonza mbewu kuyenera kuteteza kuteteza ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu ndi chitukuko, komanso nthawi yomweyo kukhala kwamatekinoloje okwanira, omangidwa moyenera. Kuchita bwino kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusankha molondola kwa mankhwala ndi mtundu wa kukonza. Kusankhidwa kwa mankhwala kuyenera kutengera kumvetsetsa momwe ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito fungicides imagwiritsidwira ntchito ndikuganizira zovuta za phytopathological za gulu linalake lodzala ndi gawo linalake. Ndondomeko yaboma yamankhwala ophera tizilombo ku Russian Federation ili ndi zambiri zochepa. Mafungicides ovala tubers amalembedwa ngati othandizira ku rhizoctonia, nkhanambo wamba ndi nkhanambo zasiliva. Palibe chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi mphamvu ya mankhwala motsutsana ndi anthracnose, chilonda chamadzi chowola, matenda oyenda mochedwa panthaka, omwe afalikira m'zaka zaposachedwa. Pali zitsanzo za zochitika zingapo zazikuluzikulu. Chifukwa chake, TMTD yakale ili ngati njira yothanirana ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa nthawi, rhizoctonia, nkhanambo, zowola zowononga bakiteriya ndi fusarium. Izi zimadzetsa kukayikira koyenera, popeza masiku ano zida zitatu zokha za fungic Idicum ndizofanana - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia.
Kutsatsa kwa opanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumapereka malangizo ena, koma kutsimikiza pankhaniyi sikutsimikizika. Zida zotsatsa ziyenera kuyesedwa ndi kudziletsa komanso mwanzeru, poganizira zofuna zamalonda opanga zoteteza. Inde, amapereka umboni wokwanira wa maubwino amankhwala ena kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo pazomwe amapanga. Pali lamulo lachitsulo pano: mankhwala anu amapambana, wopikisana nawo nthawi zonse amataya. Pazinthu zomwe kampani ikupikisana nazo, zonse zili chimodzimodzi. Chitsanzo cha kuyerekezera komwe kuli kuchuluka kwa zochitika zamatenda ophera tizilombo akuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa cholinga chenicheni ndi mphamvu yazinthu zonse zomwe zapezeka pazodzitchinjiriza. Izi m'mayiko otukuka omwe akutukuka amasinthidwa chaka ndi chaka ndi mabungwe odziyimira pawokha ndikudziwitsa akatswiri. Mwalamulo, kwaulere komanso pasadakhale. Popeza boma silinaperekenso ntchito yofananira kwa omwe amapanga zaulimi ku Russian Federation, chidziwitso chopezeka kwa ogwira ntchito zakunja ndi magwero otseguka chiyenera kutengedwa ngati maziko, kusintha kwa ndalama zomwe zilipo. Gulu 2. njira zamakono zopezera matenda ofala a mbatata omwe akumana nawo, akuwonetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amatsimikiziridwa kuti ali ndi mphamvu yoletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Izi ndizofunikira, popeza ma molekyulu ambiri oteteza amatetezedwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma mamolekyulu omwe agwira ntchito adapangidwa posachedwa: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, yomwe idatsegula mwayi watsopano woyang'anira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mukamabzala.
Tebulo 2. Njira zamatekinoloje zothetsera matenda a mbatata (malinga ndi M.Fiers et al., 2011)
Pathogen / matenda | Sevo-board | Feteleza | Kulanda | Kuyatsa, kusamalira, kuyeretsa | Mankhwala ophera tizilombo |
Colletotricum coccode / Anthracnose | Kutembenuka kwa zaka zopitilira 5 ndi tirigu, clover wofiira, nyemba, chimanga, zitsamba, mafuta, balere. Kuphatikiza pa mpiru wachikasu, soya, kugwiriridwa | - | 30 cm kutaya kulima | Pewani kupsinjika kwa madzi, kuyeretsa koyambirira. Kutalikirana kwapakati pakukolola ndi kukolola | Amapereka oxamyl. Amachepetsa imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpichonil ndi propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium youma zowola | Osachepera zaka zitatu kuzungulira ndi red clover | Humus | Kukonza zochepa | Kuyeretsa koyambirira. Kutalikirana kwakanthawi pakati pa kukolola ndi kukolola, kuchiritsa kwa mabala | Chlorine dioxide, fenpichonil, ndi chisakanizo cha thiabendazole, imazalil ndi mancozeb |
Helmintosporium solani / siliva nkhanambo | Osachepera zaka zitatu kuzungulira ndi red clover | - | Kukonza zochepa | Kuyandikira kochepa kachulukidwe, kutchera mochedwa ndi kukolola koyambirira | Mankoceb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomyl |
Phoma ssp./ Fomose youma zowola | - | - | - | Kukulula koyambirira, kukumba pamatenthedwe pamwamba 8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptica / Pink Rot | Zaka zitatu zokhala ndi barele ndi clover wofiira | - | - | Minda yotsekemera bwino, kuyeretsa nyengo yozizira, kuchepetsa kuvulala | Mephenoxam, metalaxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, nkhanu zam'madzi | - | - | - | Kuyeretsa koyambirira | Imazalil, prochlorase (umuna), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium Ultimum / Wawonongeka madzi owola | - | Humus | - | Minda yotsekemera bwino, kuyeretsa nyengo yozizira, kuchepetsa kuvulala | Mephenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, nkhanambo yakuda | Osachepera zaka zitatu, kupatula tirigu, nyemba, ryegrass | Humus, udzu | Kukonzanso kochepa, kudula kwa yophukira kudula | Kubzala kosazama (5 cm), kutentha kwamtunda, kutsika kochepa. Nthawi yochepa pakati pa kukulira ndi kukumba. | Imakwiyitsa 1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb ndi epoprofos. Amachepetsa pencicuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / Chikombole choyera | Zazaka 4-5 zokhala ndi mbewu yamphesa, zitsamba zamphesa | - | - | Kuwongolera kuthirira | Fluazinam, iprodion, thiophanate methyl, boscalide |
Spongospora subterrania / Powdery nkhanambo | Zaka zochepa 10, palibe msipu | Osagwiritsa ntchito ndowe | Osalima masika | Tikafika mochedwa paminda yopanda madzi | Fluzulfamide, Fluazinam, Mancocheb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / Khansa ya Mbatata | Kutalika kwakutali kwambiri (zaka 30) | Urea | - | Minda yokutidwa bwino | Urea = urea |
Verticillium dahliae / Wokhala, Verticillez | Kuzungulira kwa zaka zitatu ndi clover wofiira, udzu waku Sudan, chimanga. Kupatula nthunzi, nandolo, mafuta, mpunga, mbewa, namsongole | Ammonium lingosulfate | Kukonza zochepa | - | Mancozeb, kapiteni, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / mphete zowola | Ndi anyezi | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Kutulutsidwa kwa monoculture, kusinthana ndi tirigu, clover wofiira, barele kapena udzu | Osatinso nayitrogeni | - | Minda yotsekemera bwino, Kuchotsa mbewu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, kupewa khungu | Chlorine dioksidi, aluminium ndi bisulfite mchere, Casugamycin, streptomycin, koloko benzoate, benzoic acid, mkuwa oxychloride + metalaxyl kapena cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Streptomyces nkhanambo / wamba nkhonya | Ndi lupine, rye yozizira kapena seradella. Kuphatikiza pa beets shuga, kaloti, msipu | Potaziyamu, phosphorous, ammonium lingosulfate, kompositi, manyowa a nkhumba | Kumasula kwakuya | - | Amapereka oxamyl. Muli boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine |
Ditylenchus owononga | - | - | - | - | Oxamyl |
Globodera rostochiensis / cyst kupanga nematode | Kutembenuka kotalika ndi nandolo, fulakesi, rye, oats ndi ryegrass | Phosphorus | - | Pewani kufalikira kwa matenda ndi njirayi | Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, nkhandwe, A.C. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gallic nematode | Steam wakuda / Kuphatikiza pa mbewu zambiri - kaloti, beets, clover wofiira, chimanga, mbuzi | - | - | - | Nthaka zonse zotumphukira |
M'mayiko a EU, pali njira yofananira yogwirira ntchito, ngakhale mwamphamvu komanso mopitilira muyeso ulimi. Magulu ambiri azinthu zomwe achita zachotsedwa kale kapena kuchotsedwa pamalamulo ndi lamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndikosaloledwa. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yazogulitsa zotetezera mbewu yachepa kwambiri, monga tingawonere kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha Germany (Gulu 3). Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti ngati izi zipitilira, ndiye kuti kupanga mbewu zolimba, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso mbatata, kuyenera kuyimira ku Western Europe, chifukwa zikuvutikira kupeza zokolola zambiri komanso mtundu wazogulitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, mbali ziwiri za chitetezo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku EU zimayenera kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri: 1) fungicides potengera mkuwa wa hydroxide (kupita patsogolo kwa Funguran, Kuprozin patsogolo, palinso zofananira ku Russia, Koside 2000, mwachitsanzo) akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera bacteriosis; 2) kukonzekera kwama microbiological kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama. Kulimbana ndi mabakiteriya Pectobacterium ndi Dickeya mitundu, makonzedwe ovomerezeka amkuwa amatha kusakanizidwa ndi fungicides ina. Mkuwa ndi chinthu chofufuza ndipo pokonza ma tubers amapezeka kuzomera kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko. Mitengo ya mbatata yomwe imaperekedwa ndi mkuwa imagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi chisanu. Kuyamwa koyambirira kwa mkuwa kumathandizira pakupanga lignin, ndiye kuti, kupangika mwachangu kwa nthongo wolimba.
Tebulo 3. Kugawa mbewu zoteteza mbatata mutabzala, Germany, 2020
Mu 2020, alimi a mbatata aku Germany ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito njira khumi zokonzekera kuthira ndi nthaka mukamabzala. Kapangidwe kazinthu za fungicides ndi zokulitsa kukula, kuyambitsa ndi kukhazikitsa kwa microbiota ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi ku Russia. Zogulitsa zapezeka ndi mitundu ina ya mtundu wa Bacillus, osati Subtilis, koma Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Kuphatikiza pa gawo limodzi, Consortia ya mabakiteriya omwe akutsutsana ayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala a SOLANOVA® amakhala ndi mitundu isanu ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. Zoyeserera za SOLANOVA - zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tanthaka, tipeze michere yambewu, imathandizira kukula kwa mizu, imachotsa zotsalira zakufa m'nthaka, imalimbikitsa kupanga mahomoni azomera ndi ma enzyme, kumawonjezera kulolerana kwa nkhawa monga mchere, kutentha, chilala, kuzizira, ndi zina zambiri. mphamvu: imakula m'nthaka ndi mizu ndipo imapikisana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ta mizu yotuluka ngati chakudya choyambirira, imapanga zoletsa zazing'ono muzu la tizilombo tina, imalimbitsa kulimbana kwa zomera, mapangidwe a maantibayotiki a zomera, zimathandizira kukulira kwazomera zazing'ono.
Njira zathunthu zotetezera kubzala mbatata ku United States (Gulu 4,5). Mpaka pano, pali zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ufa (fumbi) zochizira mbewu mukamadula. Khalidwe lamtendere pakuwopsa kwa vuto lakumapeto kwa nthawi, kuwola kowuma komanso bacteriosis ikufalikira pakucheka komanso kudulidwa kwathunthu kwazinthu zazikulu ku United States kumafotokozedwa ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa ufa wa malonda kutengera mancozeb ndi pencycuron. Mwa njira, mpaka chaka chatha, 30% ya mbatata zonse ku England adachiritsidwa ndi pencycuron powder (Monceren, Bayer). Pofuna kuthira madzi, kuphatikiza pazinthu zomwe zimadziwika ku Russian Federation, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, ndi mabakiteriya Chenopodium quinoa saponins amavomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito. Sedaxan imaphatikizidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anayi oyamba padziko lonse lapansi ndi Syngenta, yomwe ku USA imatchedwa Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra kuphatikiza dvv fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Russian Federation yalengeza kuyambika kwa njira yophatikizira mankhwala omwewo m'kaundula wa mbatata; pa beet wa shuga, ma Vibrans omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana avomerezedwa kale (Gulu 4).
Tebulo 4. Kukonzekera kukonza mbatata za mbewu (malamulo aboma aku US mu 2020)
1 - mlingo = kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omalizidwa, pomwe oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (thumba) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - chinthu chololedwa pachikhalidwe ndi matenda; blank = mankhwala osapangidwira matenda enaake.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani ndi Helminthosporium solani. Mafangayi amayambitsa zowola zowuma, rhizoctonia ndi nkhanambo za silvery.
4 - kuphatikiza Erwinia, chifukwa chowola chowoneka bwino cha bakiteriya ndi Clavibacter, choyambitsa mphete.
Kusiyana kwakukuru ndi mwayi kwa njira yotetezedwa yaku America pobzala mbatata ndi gawo lalikulu lokonzekera ntchito m'nthaka. Kuphatikiza pa azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade ndi kukonzekera kwachilengedwe komwe kumaloledwa ku Russian Federation, amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina kuchokera ku gulu la strobirulins (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) ndi ambiri anti-phytoplastic agents (cyazofamide, fluazines, flutolanil, oxathiopron. Cholinga cha kubzala dothi ndikuwongolera Rhizoctoniosis, choipitsa mochedwa, pitium ndi anthracnose (Gome 5).
Tebulo 5. Kukonzekera dothi kubzala mbatata (malamulo aboma aku US 2020)
kumene ft ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 makilogalamu; A - maekala, 0,4 ha.
Kufufuza kwa chidziwitso chodziyimira pawokha kumakupatsani mwayi wosankha zinthu zoyenera kuthana ndi mbewu za mbatata. Mndandanda wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu tubers umangokhala ndi rhizoctonia, wamba ndi silvery nkhanambo, fusarium ndi phomosis (chithunzi 1). Kulima kapena kulima nthaka kumatheketsa kuchepetsa kupatsirana kwa rhizoctonia, anthracnose, vuto lochedwa kwambiri, bala lamadzi (pitya) ndi kuvunda kwa pinki. Pamwamba pa izi, kukonzekera kwazinthu zazing'onozing'ono komanso zamkuwa ndizothandiza polimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya.
Chinthu chilichonse chogwira ntchito chimakhala ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, penflufen ndi sedaxan ndizothandiza polimbana ndi nkhanambo, koma sizigwira ntchito polimbana ndi fusarium, pomwe mancozeb ndi difenoconazole, m'malo mwake, prothioconazole imathandizira kwambiri pakutsitsa nkhanambo zasiliva ndi pencycuron, ndi zina zambiri. Ngati Sercadis ikulimbikitsidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito padera mdziko lathu, ndiye ku USA, pokonza mizere, fluxapiroxade imasakanizidwa ndi pyraclostrobin (Priaxor drug). Ndipo izi siziri chifukwa chosachita kanthu, koma kuti tithandizire kuchuluka kwa zochita, imodzi d.v. siyokwanira. Pali zoletsa zingapo panthawi yakugwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ndibwino kuchiza mbatata yopanda mafuta, yopanda mafuta ndi fludioxonil. Imazalil amalimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa kokha, koma nthawi yomweyo ndi amodzi mwa ochepa omwe amaletsa oosporosis. Pali kusiyanasiyana pakuwunika kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ku Europe, amakhulupirira kuti azoxystrobin ndi ma strobirulins ena ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthaka yokha, sayenera kufikira ma tubers. Ku USA, palibe choletsa chotere, chinthuchi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa onse tubers ndi mizere. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti Western Europe, USA ndi Canada sadzasiya fumbi mtsogolomo, i.e. fumbi losavuta la ma tubers popanda ukadaulo waluso.
Kwa olima mbatata aku Russia, mchitidwe wofalitsa fumbi pa ma tubers mnyumbayi ndi njira yoiwalika ndipo masiku ano ndi njira yosavomerezeka. Ndizovuta ngakhale kulingalira kuti m'maiko otukuka njira yotereyi imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri, ndipo izi zili pansi pamalemba okhudzana ndi zachilengedwe (Zowona, ufa wochokera pa penflufen, flutolonil ndi fludioxonil waletsedwa kale ku EU ndi dzanja, kokha kudzera mwa omwe akuwagwiritsa ntchito). Pali njira ziwiri zokhalira kunyowa, kuthira madzi: pasadakhale kuchipatala komanso mukamabzala m'munda. Kutola koyambirira kumakhala ndi maubwino angapo - njira yodekha, mulingo wolondola wa njira yothetsera, ndi kuchulukitsa kubzala mbatata. Koma muyenera kudziwa kuti chithandizo chapamwamba kwambiri kuchipatala ndi kupopera mbewu mwamphamvu kwambiri komwe kumagwira madzi osapitilira 3 l / t. Izi ndizotheka mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma sprayer a disc (onani chithunzi 2,3) pamalo aliwonse ozungulira - ma roller oyenda, matebulo oyang'anira kapena zida zapadera za Mafex. Kutuluka kwamadzimadzi ogwira ntchito 10-20 l / t yololedwa ndi miyezo ya RF kuchipatala kuyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti ndi kolakwika komanso kosavomerezeka. Munthawi yamatenda am'thupi, zowoneka bwino za tubers ndizopangitsa dala kukula kwa matenda a bakiteriya. Mukalandira chithandizo kuchipatala, ngakhale usiku woti mubzala, mbatata ziyenera kuyanika. Ngati mukukonzekera kubzala, mbatata zonyamula zidanyamulidwa ndikupita nazo kumunda, koma idayamba kugwa ndi kubzala idayima kwa tsiku limodzi - nthawi yomweyo tsanulirani ndikuumitsa njere. Apo ayi, mavuto ndi kumera ndi kuvunda kwa tubers ndizosapeweka.
Kuchita ndi maula pakadaliwabwino. Palibenso chifukwa chotenthetsera, ma tubers owuma, palibe vuto logwiritsira ntchito zinthu zoteteza chomera posungira ndipo palibe zoopsa zachedwa kubzala mutatha kukonza, osati ma tubers okha, komanso dothi limakonzedwa. Koma ntchito yobzala idachedwetsedwa, kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe zikukhudzidwa zikuchulukirachulukira, pali zovuta pakuwona kayendedwe ka madzi nthawi zonse ndikusintha kayendetsedwe kabwino. Onse obzala mbatata amakono amaperekedwa zida zamatanki zachitetezo chomera. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu zapakhomo, zomwe sizimakonda kuthana ndi mayankho oyimitsidwa (onani chithunzi 4,5,6).
Syngenta imapatsa ogula othandizira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamafuta (chithunzi 4), omwe adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsa, amasiyana ndi 40% poyambira kuchokera pakumapeto kozungulira ndi torch yopanda pake, chifukwa kapangidwe kawo kosavuta sakuvula ndipo safuna kusefa. Amapangidwa ndikuyika awiriawiri. Ziphuphu zonsezo zimayikidwa pakona pa 45 ° mpaka kutsogolo ndipo zimayang'anana wina ndi mzake: mphuno yokhala ndi ngodya ya 20 ° (kutalika) kwa processing tubers imayikidwa mu casing yoyamba modziyimira; chopopera chopopera ndi chopendekera 70 ° (chifupi) chidapangidwa kuti chichepetse pansi pa mzere, mbali ina tuber, komanso dothi lophimba mzere, idayikidwa mchinyumba chachiwiri.
Kukhazikitsa kolondola kwa opopera mankhwala pamakina obzala mbewu kukuwonetsedwa pachithunzi 7,8. Kusintha ma tubers okha (chithunzi 7) ndikutaya kufunikira kwake, chifukwa ndi makonzedwe oterowo a phulusa la utsi, yankho lantchito lingayende. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala munthawi yomweyo ku tubers ndi nthaka kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, mphuno yakumaso yakutsogolo (1) imatha kupopera 1/3 yamadzimadzi motsetsereka mpaka ngalande yotseguka kumbuyo kwa mzere. Tuber ya mbatata kenako imagwera mumzera wokhala ndi madzi. Mphuno yachiwiri, yozungulira (2) imatha kubaya 2/3 wamadzi opopera mu nthaka yoyenda yomwe disc harrow imaphimba tubers. Tikulimbikitsanso kuti mugwiritse ntchito mtundu wosakanizidwa, kotero kuti gawo lina la yankho lantchitoyo lipita ku tubers.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito pokonzekera kuteteza ndi kulimbikitsa tubers mukamabzala imatha kukhala ndi zinthu zisanu: fungicide, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kukonzekera kwachilengedwe, feteleza wama micronutrient kapena wowonjezera kukula, wothandiza. Kusankhidwa kwa micronutrients yokhala ndi mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa michere, ma amino acid, ma adjuvants a kuzika bwino kwa mizu ndi kukula koyambirira ndikokulirapo. Zogulitsa zamakono ndizotsogola kwambiri ndipo zimagawidwa bwino, zimasakanikirana mumayendedwe amadzimadzi popanda mpweya. Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atsopano, izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi chitsanzo cha voliyumu yaying'ono. Payokha, pamafunika kuwonjezera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ma nematicides, omwe amaika ogwiritsa ntchito pazomwe amakonza (chithunzi 9,10). Wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amayambitsanso kukonzekera kwa anti-nematode kwachilengedwe Nematofagin-Mikopro kutengera bowa wolusa, chifukwa malinga ndi zomwe wopanga sizigwirizana ndi fungicides.
Mtengo wa kuvala ndi kulimbikitsa zinthu zobzala mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandiza kwambiri wawirikiza kawiri pazaka zisanu zapitazi ndikufikira 8-10 zikwi za ruble / ha. Ili ndi gawo lachitatu la chitetezo chonse, inde, chofunikira, koma chofanana ndi mtengo wa tani imodzi ya mbatata. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama kuchokera pakukonzedwa kumakhala kochulukirapo kuposa mtengo, osati zochulukirapo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zokolola, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malonda. Nthawi yomweyo, kukonza mbewu kumayenera kuchitidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Mitengo yovunda ndi yovulala iyenera kuchotsedwa kaye mosamala kwambiri, apo ayi kukonza kwawo kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zowola, makamaka mukamabzala dothi lodzaza madzi kapena losakwanira, zomwe zingayambitse kumera kwa mbatata. Kupitilira muyeso wogwiritsa ntchito moyenera, kumwa mopitirira muyeso kwa zinthu zoteteza kuzomera sikuyenera kuloledwa, awa ndi mankhwala olimba, mbewuzo zimatsalira m'mbuyo kwakanthawi. mavalidwe sangasinthe mbewu zapamwamba kwambiri.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kudziwika kuti chithandizo chamankhwala omwe amateteza ndi kuteteza mbewu ndi gawo loyenera komanso lotetezera pakukula kwa mbatata. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala kupita patsogolo kwakukulu m'derali ndipo mwayi watsopano ukutsegulidwa. Kuphunzira ndi kusanthula zakunja kumapereka mwayi woti tiwonetsetse zomwe zikuchitika poteteza mbatata. Uku ndiko kukulitsa kwa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kusintha kuchokera kumodzi mwa zigawo ziwiri kukhala mankhwala atatu-anayi, kusintha kuchokera ku tubers kupita kukulima kwa nthaka ndikupanga zinthu zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndi chitetezo chachilengedwe. Poganizira za kusintha kwa phytopathological, chidwi chachikulu chiyenera kulipidwa ku nkhanambo wa silvery, pithium, anthracnose, matenda ena apadziko lapansi ndi bacteriosis. Mitundu ya fungicides yomwe ikupezeka ku Russian Federation ndichachikale komanso chosiyanasiyana. Omwe akutsogola padziko lonse lapansi pazoteteza zitsamba sakufulumira kupereka mitundu ingapo ya d.v-v ku Russia, koma makampani aku Russia (Ogasiti, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) okhala ndi zinthu zingapo za Idikum, Deposit ndi King Combi amawoneka oyenera komanso opikisana. Pankhani yolima nthaka ndi fungicides ku Europe, kuphatikiza Russian Federation, pali zotsalira kumbuyo kwa kutsidya kwa nyanja, koma pali zambiri zoti muphunzire ndipo pali china choti mutenge monga chitsanzo, nkhokwe yayikulu yowonjezera mphamvu yoteteza mukabzala ili pano. Ponena za kukonzekera kwa ma microbiological, utsogoleri, inde, ndi wamakampani aku Europe. Mndandanda wa biofungicides ku Russian Federation ndiwokulirapo, koma woperewera mwazinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zanenedwa kuti ndizothandiza polimbana ndi matenda ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa pochita. Njira zopewera matenda a bakiteriya pogwiritsa ntchito fungicides yamkuwa ndi bakiteriya wazachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri.